14-1 Anatomy & Physiology of Digestive System
liver; gallbladder
Bile is formed by the ________ and stored in the ________.
circular folds
Deep folds of both the mucosa and submucosa in the small intestine that increase surface are known as ________.
duodenum
Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into the ________.
pepsin
Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stomach for the conversion of pepsinogen to ________.
liver
Jaundice indicates that bile has backed up into the ________ rather than entering the small intestine.
rugae
Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called ________.
true
Muscularis externa typically contains an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
false
Pepsinogens are produced by parietal cells in the stomach.
false
Salivary glands produce enzymes that later break down all categories of digestible foods.
true
Teeth function in mastication.
false
The anal canal has a voluntary sphincter formed by smooth muscle only.
false
The ascending colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity, and then it enters the pelvis where it becomes the sigmoid colon.
true
The organs of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal, or GI, tract) are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
digestion
The process of physically and chemically breaking food particles down is referred to as ________.
true
The pylorus region of the stomach is continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter (valve).
true
The segment of the colon to which the appendix is attached is the cecum.
pyloric sphincter (valve) to the ileocecal valve
The small intestine extends from the ________.
true
The three subdivisions of the small intestine are duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
false
The villi, microvilli, and circular folds of the large intestine all increase the surface area.
liver
What accessory organ produces bile?
villi
What are the fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
starch
What does salivary amylase digest?
absorption of nutrients
What is one of the main functions of the small intestine?
to chew, grind and tear food into smaller pieces while in the mouth
What is the purpose of mastication?
gallbladder
What organ stores bile when food digestion is not occurring?
liver, gallbladder and pancreas
What organs release secretions into the duodenum of the small intestine?
labia
What protects the anterior opening of the mouth?
cardioesophageal sphincter
What sphincter regulates the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach?
ileocecal valve
What structure controls the movement of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine?
small intestine
Where is most of your food digested?
D. All of these conditions could lead to jaundice.
Which of the following conditions could lead to jaundice? A. cirrhosis B. gallstones C. hepatitis D. All of these conditions could lead to jaundice.
rugae
Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of the small intestine?
gallbladder
Which of these organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?
liver
Which of these produces bile?
Peyer's patches
Which one of the following is NOT a modification (which is designed to increase surface area for absorption within the small intestine?
duodenum
Which one of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which one of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal?
large intestine
Which organ is responsible for drying out indigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces?
external anal sphincter
Which sphincter operates under voluntary control?
pyloric
Which sphincter, or valve, controls food movement from the stomach into the small intestine?
cystic duct
Which tube brings bile directly back into the gallbladder for storage?
