1550CLTA Intro to Cultural Anthropology Quizzes 1-12 Study for Final- All Right Answers for 7 and 8

Fieldwork involves

becoming involved in people's lives

Animal call systems

do not combine calls to make new meanings

What social distinction classifies people according to descent?

ethnicity

Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of

intensification

An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to

protect their informants

Globalization is the

widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries

A surrogate mother is a

woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb

The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that

women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

All humans are born with some culture.

False

Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity. (True or False)

False

Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.

False

In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places. (True or False)

False

It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.

False

There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world

False

When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same. (True or False)

False

Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are

Functionalism, conflict, and interactional

Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?

Hobbes and Locke

Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?

Jews, Italians, and Finns

You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of

Mediation

_______ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.

Migrants

Animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human languages is called __________.

Productivity

All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based

True

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

In some cultures, bride price (wealth) or dowry is a way of acquiring a bride: dowry is

a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husbands family

Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of

a metaphor

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is

a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

accumulate prestige

The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?

acephalous

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

advocates of poor and marginalized people

What is "fortress conservation"?

an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature

An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking

an emic perspective

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called

appropriation

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called

archeology

In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?

because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law

Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as

carrying capacity

A key difference between caste and social class is

caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms

A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a

cognatic clan

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporations to move factories from one country to another

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called

cultural anthropology

The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as

cultural imperialism

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called

cultural relativism

The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it

demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power

The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _____________.

determinism

Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are

dynamic

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

ethnocentrism

Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________.

ethnoscience

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

ethnoscience

If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?

extended family

Which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology?

fieldwork

The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distributions, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as

foodways

Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?

foraging

What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?

genealogical amnesia

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs

humans and nature exist in the same realm

The "one drop rule" enlarged slave population by

including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population

A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the

informal exchange of favors and goods among members

The people anthropologists gather data from are called

informants

A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is

intensification

Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by

interconnections between societies

A symbol

is something that conventionally stands for something else

Which of the following is a feature of language?

it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because

it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?

it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in

During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture

Culture is

learned and shared

The exercise of political power requires

legitimacy

Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?

life histories

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

Eating practices are

marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group

"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of

metaphors of human-nature interaction

The study of how sounds combine together to make meaningful units is called

morphology

Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?

most young married men were serving in the military

Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?

natal family

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as

natural selection

Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?

neoclassical economics

Traditional ecological knowledge is

not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place

Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in

obligation

The human diet is

omnivorous

All biological approaches to race are problematic because

one trait is assumed to be representative of the others characteristics like intelligence and personal character

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

___________ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."

participant observation

The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase

persistence

For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?

persuasion

For anthropologists, political power refers to how

power is used to attain goals for the good of the community

A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is

prejudice

Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as

prestige economies

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

proof of their primitive nature

The purpose of fieldnotes is to

provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.

qualitative

The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called

racialization

Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would be black (dark), white (light), and _______.

red

In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is

respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values

Censuses interest anthropologists because they

reveal the governments role in classifying and categorizing people

A good example of disguised discrimination is when

shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores

The importance of structural functionalism is that it

showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government

The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________.

social evolution

A major social impact of industrial agriculture is __________, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.

social stratification

Violence is

socially construed

Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?

surnames

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

the Industrial Revolution

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal

the cultural constructions of insects as food

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the culture or species they study

According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is

the domestic mode of production

The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because

the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies

Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?

the mother

The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things-by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is

the naturalization of race

An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because

there is a conflict of violence in the field site

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

they articulate how and why cultures converge through mixture and hybridity

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

to expand state power

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

traditions

Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a

transnational community

The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists

try to understand and predict economic patterns

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

Does race have biological consequences?

yes, because of racism

Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?

The idea that maize has a soul

The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as

a bureaucrat in a centralized state

Early British settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was a/an

anthropogenic landscape

In the Melanesian concept of time, the future is spatially located

behind the body

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropology

Words that came form the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

cognate words

Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and

cognatic

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

colonial history

Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?

cousins

Hybridization is about

cultural mixing

Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called

discrimination

Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually

eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished 3 kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

elaborating symbols

A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is

environmental justice

When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is

exogamous

One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that

foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving

When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in

generalized reciprocity

Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is

integrated

Why is meat eating important for human biological development?

it provides high-quality protein for human brain development

The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called _______.

kinship

If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that

learning happens best when students are being talked at

The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of

limited-purpose money

From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that

personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions

Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of

political power

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?

religious practices and beliefs

Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?

scientists

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?

structural-functionalism

A good illustration of the naturalization of race is

the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans

A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making.

True

Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists. (True or False)

True

Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.

True

A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that

it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistics anthropology

A key difference between anthropologists of development and developmental anthropologists is

the first work in development agencies; the second work outside of agencies

Anthropologists think of bride price as being about not buying anyone but compensation for rights in women-her labor, her support for family affairs, her looking after children, and rights of sexual access. What other social payment is structurally most dissimilar to a bride price payment from this perspective?

a fathers purchase of a new car for his daughter when she goes off to college

The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as

a way of explaining how the world works

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is

action anthropology

How do religious rituals function politically?

by legitimating community authority

According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?

economic systems

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

Ethical Issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except

ensuring informant confidentiality

A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists

have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensures long-term sustainability of the landscape

The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of

information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion

An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.

interpretive

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships

intersubjuctive

Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because

it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based

Examples of social institutions are

kinship, marriage, and farming

"Owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

Norms are stable because

people learn them when they are young

A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?

sign

One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is

they (the administrators) assume nature must be uninhabited by people

Women who practice polyandry tend to marry

two or more brothers

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured

Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake. (True or false)

True

Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?

a study of community response to a disaster

According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of

a summarizing symbol

Food security refers to

access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active

The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is

adjudication

When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of

class

The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called

cultural landscape

Push-pull factors

describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on

everyday interactions

If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?

genealogical method

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

localization

What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?

meat consumption increased

The individual sounds used in languages to symbolically produce meanings are called

phonemes

When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing

polyandry

The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called

redistribution

Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?

scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims

In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on

social behaviors