1550CLTA Intro to Cultural Anthropology Quizzes 1-12 Study for Final- All Right Answers for 7 and 8
Fieldwork involves
becoming involved in people's lives
Animal call systems
do not combine calls to make new meanings
What social distinction classifies people according to descent?
ethnicity
Long-term damage to soil quality is typical of
intensification
An important ethical concern for anthropologists is to
protect their informants
Globalization is the
widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries
A surrogate mother is a
woman who agrees to have an embryo implanted in her womb
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
All humans are born with some culture.
False
Contemporary cultural anthropologists rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced" to categorize human diversity. (True or False)
False
Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.
False
In order to study culture one must travel to distant, far-off places. (True or False)
False
It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.
False
There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world
False
When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same. (True or False)
False
Three broad theories of social structure dominate the social sciences. They are
Functionalism, conflict, and interactional
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?
Hobbes and Locke
Which of the following groups were considered nonwhite racial groups?
Jews, Italians, and Finns
You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of
Mediation
_______ are people who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.
Migrants
Animal call systems lack the ability (found in human languages) to produce an infinite number of word combinations. This ability in human languages is called __________.
Productivity
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based
True
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
In some cultures, bride price (wealth) or dowry is a way of acquiring a bride: dowry is
a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husbands family
Talking about sports as a battlefield is an example of
a metaphor
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but gets paid only $15
The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to
accumulate prestige
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
acephalous
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
What is "fortress conservation"?
an approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
An anthropologist interested in a cultural insider's perspective on that insider's culture is seeking
an emic perspective
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called
archeology
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
Throughout human history, humans have tended to adapt to the land in a way that is supportive of population size, a practice referred to as
carrying capacity
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
A clan that reckons descent through both their mother and father is called a
cognatic clan
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practices is called
cultural anthropology
The process of promoting one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, is referred to as
cultural imperialism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called
cultural relativism
The importance of a phenomenon like "revenge suicide" in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the nonpowerful have ways of exercising political power
The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental _____________.
determinism
Foodways are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships, and trends, suggesting that they are
dynamic
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
Interest within environmental anthropology concerned with how non-Western societies classify natural phenomena is called ___________.
ethnoscience
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
If you live in a household with your mom and dad, your grandfather, as well as your aunt and two cousins, you live in what kind of family?
extended family
Which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology?
fieldwork
The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distributions, and consumption of food is referred to by anthropologists as
foodways
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
What do anthropologists call the structural process of forgetting whole groups of relatives?
genealogical amnesia
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
According to Itzaj and many Native American beliefs
humans and nature exist in the same realm
The "one drop rule" enlarged slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on the
informal exchange of favors and goods among members
The people anthropologists gather data from are called
informants
A process that increases yields and includes prepping soil, technology, a large labor force, water management, and plant and soil modification is
intensification
Cultural differences are often caused and amplified by
interconnections between societies
A symbol
is something that conventionally stands for something else
Which of the following is a feature of language?
it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
During anthropological fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
learn the local language, record people's economic transactions, and study how environmental changes affect agriculture
Culture is
learned and shared
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
Which method is an extended conversation that can shed light on how social institutions change over time?
life histories
If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
Eating practices are
marked by identities such as gender, age, and ethnic group
"Mother nature" and "natural resources" are a good example of
metaphors of human-nature interaction
The study of how sounds combine together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
Why were American birth rates low from 1942 to 1946?
most young married men were serving in the military
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?
natal family
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is referred to as
natural selection
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
neoclassical economics
Traditional ecological knowledge is
not well known in the West because some species and ecological interactions exist in only one place
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
The human diet is
omnivorous
All biological approaches to race are problematic because
one trait is assumed to be representative of the others characteristics like intelligence and personal character
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
___________ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "just hanging out."
participant observation
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called lactase
persistence
For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
persuasion
For anthropologists, political power refers to how
power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
A preformed, usually unfavorable, opinion about people who are different is
prejudice
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
The purpose of fieldnotes is to
provide written records of information that an anthropologist collects
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________ study.
qualitative
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
racialization
Brent Berlin and Paul Kay found that if a language had only three color terms, they would be black (dark), white (light), and _______.
red
In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is
respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
Censuses interest anthropologists because they
reveal the governments role in classifying and categorizing people
A good example of disguised discrimination is when
shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as _______________.
social evolution
A major social impact of industrial agriculture is __________, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.
social stratification
Violence is
socially construed
Which of the following do Americans traditionally inherit patrilineally?
surnames
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
the Industrial Revolution
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
the cultural constructions of insects as food
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the culture or species they study
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
the domestic mode of production
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
Matrilineal descent is traced through which relative?
the mother
The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things-by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is
the naturalization of race
An anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because
there is a conflict of violence in the field site
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they articulate how and why cultures converge through mixture and hybridity
James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists
to expand state power
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
Some social networks are so spatially disbursed that migrants participate in a community that spans multiple countries, referred to as a
transnational community
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
Does race have biological consequences?
yes, because of racism
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
The idea that maize has a soul
The neo-evolutionary typology of political systems would classify the role of president of the city council in your hometown as
a bureaucrat in a centralized state
Early British settlers in the 1600's mistakenly perceived the new landscape in North America as an unpeopled wilderness when, in fact, is was a/an
anthropogenic landscape
In the Melanesian concept of time, the future is spatially located
behind the body
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
Words that came form the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Clans come in three types: matrilineal, patrilineal, and
cognatic
Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?
colonial history
Anthropologists have studied hundreds of different kinship systems around the world over the past century, but they can all be grouped into six different patterns based on terms for which group of relatives?
cousins
Hybridization is about
cultural mixing
Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or identity is called
discrimination
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished 3 kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except
elaborating symbols
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is
exogamous
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
Why is meat eating important for human biological development?
it provides high-quality protein for human brain development
The social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage is called _______.
kinship
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
learning happens best when students are being talked at
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of
limited-purpose money
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
Control over symbolic, material, and human resources are important dimensions of
political power
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?
religious practices and beliefs
Which of the following groups of people were instrumental in the development of categorizing humans into distinct races?
scientists
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?
structural-functionalism
A good illustration of the naturalization of race is
the processes involved in approving BiDil for use among African Americans
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making.
True
Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists. (True or False)
True
Nuclear family units occur in and are important to nearly every society around the world.
True
A key reason anthropologists study people's pursuit of cool things is that
it's an important avenue through which people express and change their social relationships
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistics anthropology
A key difference between anthropologists of development and developmental anthropologists is
the first work in development agencies; the second work outside of agencies
Anthropologists think of bride price as being about not buying anyone but compensation for rights in women-her labor, her support for family affairs, her looking after children, and rights of sexual access. What other social payment is structurally most dissimilar to a bride price payment from this perspective?
a fathers purchase of a new car for his daughter when she goes off to college
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
a way of explaining how the world works
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is
action anthropology
How do religious rituals function politically?
by legitimating community authority
According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?
economic systems
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
Ethical Issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except
ensuring informant confidentiality
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensures long-term sustainability of the landscape
The Serpent Mound in Ohio, and Woodhenge in Missouri are examples of
information about solar and lunar patterns embedded in art and religion
An ____________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Geertz, Turner, and Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.
interpretive
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships
intersubjuctive
Anthropologists are interested in a situation like the way the new heart drug BiDil was created and approved because
it shows how cultural, political, and economic processes can work together to promote the idea that race is biologically based
Examples of social institutions are
kinship, marriage, and farming
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
A stoplight is a visual example of which of the following?
sign
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
they (the administrators) assume nature must be uninhabited by people
Women who practice polyandry tend to marry
two or more brothers
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake. (True or false)
True
Which project would be best suited to parachute ethnography?
a study of community response to a disaster
According to anthropologist Sherry Ortner's analysis, the American flag is an example of
a summarizing symbol
Food security refers to
access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
adjudication
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
class
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
cultural landscape
Push-pull factors
describe the factors that "push" people to migrate from their homes and that "pull" them to host countries
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interactions
If you wanted to study patterns of kin relations in a community, which method would you use?
genealogical method
The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of
localization
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
meat consumption increased
The individual sounds used in languages to symbolically produce meanings are called
phonemes
When a woman marries more than one man she is practicing
polyandry
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims
In Latin America, "blackness" and "whiteness" are based on
social behaviors
