17 and 18
What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth century medical science?
conquest of smallpox
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
greater prosperity and a growing population
What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
Within the family, the operation of the loom
was reserved for male head of household
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in pre-industrialist Europe were conditioned mostly by
high infant mortality rates
Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
masters began to hire more female workers, often defiance of guild rules
A young women entering domestic service could expect
to work hard on an endless array of jobs
Wet-nursing practices included
rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system`
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
the elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilism system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
as the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of
bread and vegetables
Why did Europe slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
it permitted European to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashion and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
of community pressure on a couple to marry when the women became pregnant
What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850?
social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
the Atlantic economy
As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?
the chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints
The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
the growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
the rural poor worked for low wages
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumes products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
there was a steady drop in the prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
they accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples
What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
The industrious revolution was a result of
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impracticable rules
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
the Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe