17 and 18

What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth century medical science?

conquest of smallpox

Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for

discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

greater prosperity and a growing population

What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?

he critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

the land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers

Within the family, the operation of the loom

was reserved for male head of household

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in pre-industrialist Europe were conditioned mostly by

high infant mortality rates

Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

masters began to hire more female workers, often defiance of guild rules

A young women entering domestic service could expect

to work hard on an endless array of jobs

Wet-nursing practices included

rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system`

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?

they were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

the elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners

Which of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

Britain's mercantilism system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

as the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar

In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of

bread and vegetables

Why did Europe slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

it permitted European to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashion and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes

Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because

of community pressure on a couple to marry when the women became pregnant

What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850?

social and economic transformations made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

the Atlantic economy

As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?

the chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints

The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?

the growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?

the rural poor worked for low wages

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumes products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

there was a steady drop in the prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

they accepted members of the community of the laboring poor

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples

What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?

a new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives

The industrious revolution was a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impracticable rules

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

the Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe