1984: Appendix (Newspeak)

A beautiful landscape that Winston sees in his dreams. It is a symbol of purity... A land untouched by humans (and not altered by the government).

(The) Golden country

What were key concepts of the Grammar of Newspeak?

1. Complete interchangeability between different parts of speech (thought is now think, doing job for both noun and verb); and 2. regularity (all inflections follow the same rules).

When was Newspeak expected to supercede Oldspeak (standard English)?

2050 (almost 70 years after 1984)

How were adjectives and adverbs created in Newspeak?

Adjectives: add -ful; Adverbs: add -wise.

Formally called England. This term demonstrates Orwell's distain for American influence Europe. It seems that Oceania (America, England, South America, Australia) looks upon Britain as little more than an 'airstrip' ... a launching ground into the European theater of war. It appears that Orwell was predicting the minor role that England would play in the global politics of the future.

Airstrip One

Why is it ironic that the C Vocabulary consisted of scientific and technical words?

Because there is no word for Science in Newspeak

Full emotional understanding. Blind, enthusiastic acceptance of a concept

Bellyfeel

Similar to America's "Uncle Sam", except this individual is the leader - possibly a fictional leader - of the nation. In Oceania, he is worshiped almost as if he were a god. He represents the omnipresence of the government.

Big brother

The ability to accept whatever "truth" the party puts out, no matter how absurd it may be. Orwell described it as "...loyal willingness to say black is white when party discipline demands this. It also means the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know black is white, and forget that one has ever believed the contrary.

Blackwhite

Were any adjectives retained?

Certain of them were, such as good, strong, big, black and soft, but many were cut.

The "haunt of painters and musicians. There was no law, not even an unwritten law, against frequenting the Chestnut Tree Cafe, yet the place was somehow ill-omened. The old, discredited leaders of the Party had been used to gather there before they were finally purged

Chestnut tree cafe

Chocolate ration. The chocolate ration in 1983 was 30 grams per week. (For comparison, a standard Hershey's Chocolate Bar is 43 grams) In the year 1984, the chocolate ration went up to 25 grams per week.

Chocorat

Explain what is in the "B" vocabulary of Newspeak. Give examples.

Containing compound words deliberately created for political purposes, it is intended to impose a desirable mental attitude on the person using them (e.g., goodthink, thinkpol, Minipax).

Orwell's definition: "The faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logical errors, of misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. In short....protective stupidity."

Crimestop

To even consider any thought not in line with the principles of Ingsoc. Doubting any of the principles of Ingsoc. All crimes begin with a thought. So, if you control thought, you can control crime

Crimethink

These are areas of the world NOT permanently included in any of the Superstates: The quadrilateral between Tangier, Brazzaville, Darwin, and Hong Kong; Equatorial Africa; Middle East; Southern India; and the Indonesian Archipelago. These areas are always occupied by one of the three superstates, but are constantly changing hands.

Disputed territories

A prefix used to create the superlative form of an adjective or adverb. i.e. - pluscold and doublepluscold meant, respectively, 'very cold' and 'superlatively cold'.

Doubleplus

What concept is Winston describing: To know and not to know, to be conscious of complete truthfulness while telling carefully constructed lies, to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancelled out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them, to use logic against logic, to repudiate morality while laying claim to it, to believe that democracy was impossible and that the Party was the guardian of democracy, to forget whatever it was necessary to forget, then to draw it back into memory again at the moment when it was needed, and then promptly to forget it again: and above all, to apply the same process to the process itself. That was the ultimate subtlety: consciously to induce unconsciousness, and then, once again, to become unconscious of the act of hypnosis you had just performed. Even to understand the word '_________' involved the use of _________

Doublethink

reality control. The power to hold two completely contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accept both of them

Doublethink

To speak without thinking. Can be either good or bad, depending on who is speaking, and whether they are on your side

Duckspeak

Smallest of the three superstates.(Political System: Death Worship/Obliteration of Self) Comprised of China and the countries to the south of it, Japan, and a large (but fluctuating) portion of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Tibet. ___________ was Oceania's ally at the start of the book, and by the end ___________ had always been Oceania's enemy.

Eastasia

The supreme enemy of the state. He was once a high-ranking member of the party, until he supposedly betrayed the party and began engaging in revolutionary activities. He is the supposed head of the "resistance". _____________ is to Ingsoc what Satan is to Christianity... The embodiment of pure evil.

Emmanuel Goldstein

One of the three superstates. (Political System: Neo-Bolshevism) Comprised of the whole northern part of the European and Asiatic land-mass, from Portugal to the Bering Strait. ___________ was Oceania's enemy at the start of the book, and by the end ___________ had always been Oceania's ally

Eurasia

Orwell's definition : "It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander when you were in any public place or within range of a telescreen. The smallest thing could give you away. A nervous tic, an unconscious look of anxiety, a habit of muttering to yourself -- anything that carried with it the suggestion of abnormality, of having something to hide. In any case, to wear an improper expression on your face (to look incredulous when a victory was announced, for example) was itself a punishable offence. There was even a word for it in Newspeak: ___________, it was called."

Facecrime

huge sea bases; gigantic battleships. This term has its roots in the real-life term for bombers during WWII, flying fortress.

Floating fortress

One of the greatest acts of heresy that a citizen of Oceania can possibly commit is to read ______________ _________, The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism. The government portrays the book as the centerpiece of the Resistance -- the ultimate tome of all that is evil -- which is the reason Winston coveted it so. But when you get right down to it, all this book does is explain the structure of society in straightforward and honest manner. And under a totalitarian regime, that is the single greatest act of thoughtcrime possible

Goldstein's book

One who strongly adheres to all of the principles of Newspeak

Goodthinker

Week in which Oceanian citizens all attend rallies and parades to inflame hatred of Party enemies and heighten their efforts on behalf of Oceania.

Hate week

What were some key words that cease to exist entirely?

Honor, justice, morality, internationalism, democracy, science and religion.

English Socialism

Ingsoc

Official party members. Upper class. About six million individuals (or 2%) of the population in Oceania fall into this class. They possess most of the comforts of today's middle class (with the addition of two or three servants and possibly a helicopter).

Inner party

The A Vocabulary is intended for what purpose?

Intended to express simple, purposeful thoughts, usually involving concrete objects or physical actions.

The B Vocabulary contained what?

It held the name of every organization, doctrine, country, body of people, institution, public institution. It was a sort of verbal shorthand, more accurate and forcible than ordinary language.

Explain what is in the "A" vocabulary of Newspeak.

It is designed for business and everyday life (cooking, working, gardening, etc.), and has rigid definitions of words.

Is it possible to translate all Oldspeak to Newspeak?

It is not possible to do so directly.

What is Newspeak?

It is the approved language of the Party.

What was the greatest difficulty faced by the compilers of Newspeak, as regards the B Vocabulary?

It was to make sure what ranges of words they canceled by each word's existence.

What is the purpose of Newspeak?

It will make all modes of thought impossible - thought diverging from principles of the Party should be literally unthinkable - and diminish the range of thought rather than extend it.

Forced-labor camp

Joycamp

When the Times reports a fact which the government later deemed untrue. You see, the government is never "wrong"; the paper merely reports the facts incorrectly

Malreported

A system of pipes, similar to pneumatic tubes, which were used to destroy documents. A document stuffed in the memory hole would be conveniently whisked away to the furnaces below - quickly & easily wiped from history.

Memory hole

Ministry of Love (law and order). "The Ministry of Love was the really frightening one. There were no windows in it at all. Winston had never been inside the Ministry of Love, nor within half a kilometer of it. It was a place impossible to enter except on official business, and then only by penetrating through a maze of barbed-wire entanglements, steel doors, and hidden machine-gun nests. Even the streets leading up to its outer barriers were roamed by gorilla-faced guards in black uniforms, armed with jointed truncheons... One did not know what happened inside the Ministry of Love, but it was possible to guess: tortures, drugs, delicate instruments that registered your nervous reactions, gradual wearing-down by sleeplessness and solitude and persistent questioning."

Miniluv

Ministry of peace (war)

Minipax

Ministry of Plenty (rationing). The Ministry of Plenty controlled the entire economy

Miniplenty

Ministry of Truth (propaganda) - Department of the government in charge of all record keeping, history re-writing, and prolefeed: "It was an enormous pyramidal structure of glittering white concrete, soaring up, terrace after terrace, 300 meters into the air. The Ministry of Truth contained, it was said, three thousand rooms above ground level, and corresponding ramifications below. Scattered about London there were just three other buildings of similar appearance and size. So completely did they dwarf the surrounding architecture that from the roof of Victory Mansions you could see all four of them simultaneously. They were the homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided."

Minitrue

What aspect of the B vocabulary outweighs almost all others?

Most prominent is euphony, the quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words. It features the tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation.

The official language of Oceania. It is "politically correct" speech taken to its maximum extent. It is based on standard English, but all words describing "unorthodox" political ideas have been removed. In addition, there was an attempt to remove the overall number of words in general, to limit the range of ideas that could be expressed.

Newspeak

How many adverbs remained from Oldspeak in Newspeak?

No adverbs (for instance, well was replaced by goodwise.).

One of the three superstates. (Political System: Ingsoc) Winston Smith's home. Comprised of North and South America, Britain, Australia, and southern portions of Africa. Newspeak is the official language of ____________, but standard English is still spoken by many

Oceania

Standard English. Newspeak is based on ________________, with all words which represent unpopular (or politically incorrect) ideas removed.

Oldspeak

Holding on to old ideas and patterns of thought not consistent with current government policy (Ingsoc). Maintaining a belief that is no longer acceptable, but was normal just a few years prior.

Oldthink

Middle class. Bureaucrats, and other government employees. Comprising approximately 13% of population. There is a huge gap between the standard of living of Inner and _________ _______ members. The members have very little possessions, and almost no access to basic consumer goods. All _________ _______ members have a telescreen in every room of their pathetic excuse for an apartment.

Outer party

Individualism and eccentricity. A desire to do something for your own benefit. (i.e. hobbies, ownership of property, love, or any other thoughtcrime)

Ownlife

morning exercises. Participation was mandatory for all outer party members. These exercises took place every day 3 minutes after the morning wake-up call, which for office workers was at 7:15 am.

Physical jerks

proletarians. Approximately 85% of Oceania's population is in this class. Members of the party viewed them as animals. They are not as rigidly observed as members of the party, and very few (if any) have telescreens in their home. They are permitted to indulge in acts considered thoughtcrime, simply because it would be impossible to observe all of them as rigidly as the party observes its own members. Plus, allowing them to indulge in these "little joys" helps to keep the masses content.

Prole

trashy "entertainment" and spurious news which the Party handed out to the masses. This includes written literature, movies, music, and other various propaganda created for the proles.

Prolefeed

What words were allowed to keep irregularity?

Pronouns, relative and demonstrative adjectives and auxiliary verbs did so; Words which were difficult to utter or liable to be misunderstood were given extra letters.

Records Department - Department of the Ministry of Truth in which Winston Smith worked. Department responsible for correcting "mistakes" in past newspaper articles.

Recdep

Colony for children made homeless during the Atomic Wars

Reclamation centre

the revolutionary group which was supposedly led by the arch-traitor, Emmanuel Goldstein. There is some question as to whether or not this group actually existed. The novel seems to imply that the ______________ was simply fabricated by the government, or at the very least, that the police had agents posing as real ____________ members in order to catch possible recruits.

Resistance

The final punishment for thoughtcriminals in the Ministry of Love. "The thing is in _________ _____ is the worst thing in the world....The worst thing in the world varies from individual to individual. It may be burial alive, or death by fire, or by drowning, or by impalement, or fifty other deaths..... "

Room 101

Voice recognition machines. (A fairly 'futuristic' concept, considering that this book was written in 1948)

Speakwrite

In Newspeak, how does the word free differ from the current meaning?

Stripped of unorthodox meaning in "politically free" or "intellectually free" and of secondary meanings, it could only be used in instances such as, "This dog is free of lice."

Two way television. All party members have one in every room of their apartment. Because of this, the party member is never out of earshot of the latest party propaganda, and not one second goes by that they are not under the surveillance of the party. There was no way to change the channel, and the _______________ could not be turned off except by members of the Inner Party.

Telescreen

What does it mean when they say of the B Vocabulary that many words were euphemisms?

That they meant the exact opposite of what they appeared to mean

What are the three distinct classes of Newspeak words?

The A vocabulary, the B vocabulary and the C vocabulary

Which Vocabulary was words made for political purposes: intended to impose desirable mental attitude upon person using them?

The B Vocabulary

What is the final, perfected version of Newspeak dictionary?

The Eleventh Edition

What's the full name of Goldstein's book?

The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism

took place during the 1950's. Colchester, England is the only city that was specifically mentioned as being nuked, but the book does say that many cities were destroyed in North America, Europe, and Russia. It was out of the chaos of these wars that Party emerged and seized control

The atomic wars

What two things about Newspeak grammar are peculiar?

There is almost complete interchangeability between different parts of speech (any word can be used as a noun, verb, adjective or adverb); all verbs in the preterite/past participle are formed by adding -ed; all plurals made by -s,-es; and all adjectives by adding -er, and -est.

ThoughtPolice. Police force in charge of eliminating crimethink. The thought police monitor the public by way of spies (narcs), helicopters, and telescreens.

Thinkpol

Explain what is in the "C" vocabulary. Who uses this part of the language? For what is there not a word, and why?

This contains solely scientific and technical terms, used by scientific workers and technicians. "Science" has no word, because anything it could mean was already covered by the principles of IngSoc.

Explain the term, "Ingsoc."

This is an abbreviation of the term, "English Socialism." As Orwell writes, "There is no word for 'science,'. . . (so) 'Ingsoc' covers any meaning that such a concept could possibly have."

Daily telescreen specials in which various elements of crimethink were packaged into a parade of horrible images and sounds, at which, the viewers were expected to boo, hiss, curse. and release any negative emotions upon

Two Minutes Hate

Person that has been erased from existence by the government for breaking the law in some way. A ____________ is completely erased from history. All records of their existence is removed from record, and all party members are expected to removed them from memory. To mention their name is considered thoughtcrime. This eliminates any possibility of martyrdom.

Unperson

The act of being executed by the state, and having all records of your existence erased. Becoming an unperson.

Vaporized

A writing machine. A mechanical device that produced "literature" and "music" for the masses. This was necessary so that a party member would not be forced to cloud their mind with such frivolous concepts. It produced trashy newspapers containing almost nothing except sports, crime and astrology, sensational five-cent novelettes, and sentimental songs.

Versificator

Mandatory children's group under control of the Thought Police. Similar to the "Hitler Youth." Their member's primary task is to monitor the activities of their parents.

Youth league

artificial insemination; the government is pushing this method of childbirth as the ONLY method, to aid in the destruction of the family unit.

artsem