19&20&21&22 review

What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? ingestion defecation peristalsis absorption

ingestion

What cells are categorized as agranulocytes? neutrophils and basophils eosinophils and basophils reticulocytes and erythrocytes lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? gas solubility in water partial pressure gradient temperature molecular weight of the gas molecule

partial pressure gradient

The most abundant component of plasma is __________. ions proteins water gases

water

What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma? 15% 45% 55% 75%

55 %

Which of the following accompanies emphysema? Pulmonary compliance decreases. Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost. Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. Increase in vital capacity.

Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost.

The universal blood donor is O- since this blood type lacks the A, B, and Rh antigens. True False

True

What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes? basophils natural killer (NK) cells antigen-presenting cells eosinophils

antigen-presenting cells

Self antigens usually generate an immune response in our own bodies. True False

False

Surface barriers, such as the cutaneous and mucous membranes, provide innate immunity against pathogens. True False

False

The partial pressure gradient of oxygen determines the direction of the movement of this respiratory gas. True False

True

The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning. True False

True

Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: thoracic cardiovascular organs. thoracic digestive organs. abdominal reproductive organs. abdominal digestive organs.

abdominal digestive organs.

During a transfusion, incompatible antigens can be introduced. Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or __________. activate coagulate granulate agglutinate

agglutinate

What is part of the respiratory zone? trachea alveoli nasal cavity nose

alveoli

Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense? mucus antibody keratin oil

antibody

The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)? antigen D antigens A and B antigen Rh antigen O

antigens A and B

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________. as carbaminohemoglobin dissolved in plasma as carbonic acid as the bicarbonate ion

as the bicarbonate ion

The respiratory system does NOT function in __________. speech production acid-base homeostasis odor detection blood cell production

blood cell production

How is most oxygen transported in the blood? bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin as carbonic acid in the plasma combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma

bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin

Cancer cells can suppress T cell activity by releasing: perforins. pyrogens. opsonins. cytokines.

cytokines

What is typical of restrictive lung diseases? decreased pulmonary compliance decreased alveolar surface tension decreased efficiency of expiration increased vital capacity

decreased pulmonary compliance

What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways? presence of surfactant degree of alveolar surface tension diameter of the conducting zone passageways elasticity of the lung tissues

diameter of the conducting zone passageways

The crown of a tooth is covered by: enamel. cementum. pulp. dentin.

enamel

Lymph capillaries form a two-way system that moves lymph to and from the heart. True False

false

Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged. True False

false

Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis? formation of fibrin thrombolysis formation of thrombin clot retraction

formation of thrombin

What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands? intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid (HCl) pepsinogen gastrin

gastrin

Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? gastrin secretin gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP) somatostatin

gastrin

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is __________. less than atmospheric pressure greater than atmospheric pressure less than intrapleural pressure equal to atmospheric pressure

greater than atmospheric pressure

What type of cell is activated in lymphatic tissue by macrophages presenting antigens during a viral infection? plasma cell memory B cell helper T (TH) cell natural killer (NK) cell

helper T (TH) cell

What cells decline in number during the final phase of HIV-1 infection, when an individual is said to have AIDS? B cells helper T (TH) cells memory B cells plasma cells

helper T (Th) cells

Which of the following triggers hyperventilation? high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood high partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood low concentration of hydrogen ions in arterial blood low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Respiratory acidosis results from __________. hypoxia hypoventilation hypocapnia hyperventilation

hypoventilation

T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are largely involved in scanning the cells in the body for tumor antigens, a function known as: complement. vaccination. agglutination. immune surveillance.

immune surveillance

What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis? liver spleen kidney pancreas

kidney

Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as: intracellular fluid. interstitial fluid. plasma. lymph.

lymph

Platelets are cell fragments formed from __________. monoblasts megakaryocytes myeloblasts lymphocytes

megakaryocytes

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: small intestine. mouth. esophagus. stomach.

mouth

Which of the following is NOT a cytokine involved in innate immunity? interferons interleukins tumor necrosis factor (TNF) opsonins

opsonins

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major processes of respiration? oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve pulmonary gas exchange gas transport pulmonary ventilation

oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

The most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________. partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary capillaries partial pressure of oxygen in systemic capillaries

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood

Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to __________. concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood concentration of hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood

partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell's DNA? interferons perforins interleukins cytokines

perforins

Hemostasis is mediated by __________. platelets monocytes lymphocytes erythrocytes

platelets

the majority of the nasal cavity is lined with __________. transitional epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which process of respiration relies on partial pressure gradients? pulmonary ventilation only pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange gas transport only gas transport and pulmonary ventilation

pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange

All red blood cells in an adult originate in the __________. heart spleen red bone marrow liver

red bone marrow

Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the __________. upper respiratory tract respiratory zone conducting zone larynx

respiratory zone

Where do T cells become immunocompetent? tonsils thyroid gland thymus bone marrow

thymus

Which lymphoid organ is required for the selection of a functional population of T lymphocytes (T cells) for the immune system? liver thyroid gland thymus tonsil

thymus

Vital capacity = __________ inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume + residual volume expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the: spleen. liver. kidneys. tonsils.

tonsils

The function of red blood cells is to __________. phagocytize bacteria transport nutrients to the body's cells and tissues transport oxygen and carbon dioxide stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Immunodeficiency disorders can result from a failure of one component of the immune system. True False

true

The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. True False

true

Blood transfusions between incompatible blood types results in: type I, or immediate, hypersensitivity type II, or antibody-mediated, hypersensitivity type III, or immune-complex mediated, hypersensitivity type IV, or delayed-type, hypersensitivity

type II, or antibody-mediated, hypersensitivity

Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis vascular spasms, coagulation, platelet plug formation, clot retraction, thrombolysis platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, thrombolysis, clot retraction

vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

What creates the mesentery? greater omentum muscularis externa parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation? vitamin K vitamin D vitamin E vitamin C

vitamin K

How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur? 2-3 minutes 2-3 hours 2-3 days 2-3 weeks

2-3 days

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately __________. 35 mm Hg 45 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 70 mm Hg

45 mm Hg

How much blood does the average adult have? 1.5 L 3 L 5 L 7 L

5 L

Normal blood pH should fall between __________. 6.95 and 7.15 7.15 and 7.25 7.35 and 7.45 7.65 and 7.85

7.35-7.45