19&20&21&22 review
What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? ingestion defecation peristalsis absorption
ingestion
What cells are categorized as agranulocytes? neutrophils and basophils eosinophils and basophils reticulocytes and erythrocytes lymphocytes and monocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
What determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? gas solubility in water partial pressure gradient temperature molecular weight of the gas molecule
partial pressure gradient
The most abundant component of plasma is __________. ions proteins water gases
water
What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma? 15% 45% 55% 75%
55 %
Which of the following accompanies emphysema? Pulmonary compliance decreases. Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost. Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. Increase in vital capacity.
Alveoli collapse and surface area is lost.
The universal blood donor is O- since this blood type lacks the A, B, and Rh antigens. True False
True
What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes? basophils natural killer (NK) cells antigen-presenting cells eosinophils
antigen-presenting cells
Self antigens usually generate an immune response in our own bodies. True False
False
Surface barriers, such as the cutaneous and mucous membranes, provide innate immunity against pathogens. True False
False
The partial pressure gradient of oxygen determines the direction of the movement of this respiratory gas. True False
True
The stomach differs anatomically from other organs of the alimentary canal because it has an additional oblique layer of muscularis externa for churning. True False
True
Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: thoracic cardiovascular organs. thoracic digestive organs. abdominal reproductive organs. abdominal digestive organs.
abdominal digestive organs.
During a transfusion, incompatible antigens can be introduced. Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or __________. activate coagulate granulate agglutinate
agglutinate
What is part of the respiratory zone? trachea alveoli nasal cavity nose
alveoli
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense? mucus antibody keratin oil
antibody
The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)? antigen D antigens A and B antigen Rh antigen O
antigens A and B
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported __________. as carbaminohemoglobin dissolved in plasma as carbonic acid as the bicarbonate ion
as the bicarbonate ion
The respiratory system does NOT function in __________. speech production acid-base homeostasis odor detection blood cell production
blood cell production
How is most oxygen transported in the blood? bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin as carbonic acid in the plasma combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma
bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
Cancer cells can suppress T cell activity by releasing: perforins. pyrogens. opsonins. cytokines.
cytokines
What is typical of restrictive lung diseases? decreased pulmonary compliance decreased alveolar surface tension decreased efficiency of expiration increased vital capacity
decreased pulmonary compliance
What primarily determines airway resistance in the respiratory passageways? presence of surfactant degree of alveolar surface tension diameter of the conducting zone passageways elasticity of the lung tissues
diameter of the conducting zone passageways
The crown of a tooth is covered by: enamel. cementum. pulp. dentin.
enamel
Lymph capillaries form a two-way system that moves lymph to and from the heart. True False
false
Platelets can undergo mitosis and perform repairs if damaged. True False
false
Which of the following must occur first during hemostasis? formation of fibrin thrombolysis formation of thrombin clot retraction
formation of thrombin
What is released by the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands? intrinsic factor hydrochloric acid (HCl) pepsinogen gastrin
gastrin
Which hormone increases acid secretion by the stomach? gastrin secretin gastric-inhibitory peptide (GIP) somatostatin
gastrin
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is __________. less than atmospheric pressure greater than atmospheric pressure less than intrapleural pressure equal to atmospheric pressure
greater than atmospheric pressure
What type of cell is activated in lymphatic tissue by macrophages presenting antigens during a viral infection? plasma cell memory B cell helper T (TH) cell natural killer (NK) cell
helper T (TH) cell
What cells decline in number during the final phase of HIV-1 infection, when an individual is said to have AIDS? B cells helper T (TH) cells memory B cells plasma cells
helper T (Th) cells
Which of the following triggers hyperventilation? high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood high partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood low concentration of hydrogen ions in arterial blood low partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Respiratory acidosis results from __________. hypoxia hypoventilation hypocapnia hyperventilation
hypoventilation
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are largely involved in scanning the cells in the body for tumor antigens, a function known as: complement. vaccination. agglutination. immune surveillance.
immune surveillance
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis? liver spleen kidney pancreas
kidney
Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as: intracellular fluid. interstitial fluid. plasma. lymph.
lymph
Platelets are cell fragments formed from __________. monoblasts megakaryocytes myeloblasts lymphocytes
megakaryocytes
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the: small intestine. mouth. esophagus. stomach.
mouth
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine involved in innate immunity? interferons interleukins tumor necrosis factor (TNF) opsonins
opsonins
Which of the following is NOT one of the four major processes of respiration? oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve pulmonary gas exchange gas transport pulmonary ventilation
oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
The most important stimulus that induces changes in ventilation is __________. partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood partial pressure of oxygen in pulmonary capillaries partial pressure of oxygen in systemic capillaries
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Peripheral chemoreceptors are most sensitive to __________. concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood concentration of hydrogen ions in cerebrospinal fluid partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell's DNA? interferons perforins interleukins cytokines
perforins
Hemostasis is mediated by __________. platelets monocytes lymphocytes erythrocytes
platelets
the majority of the nasal cavity is lined with __________. transitional epithelium simple squamous epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which process of respiration relies on partial pressure gradients? pulmonary ventilation only pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange gas transport only gas transport and pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange
All red blood cells in an adult originate in the __________. heart spleen red bone marrow liver
red bone marrow
Pulmonary gas exchange occurs in the __________. upper respiratory tract respiratory zone conducting zone larynx
respiratory zone
Where do T cells become immunocompetent? tonsils thyroid gland thymus bone marrow
thymus
Which lymphoid organ is required for the selection of a functional population of T lymphocytes (T cells) for the immune system? liver thyroid gland thymus tonsil
thymus
Vital capacity = __________ inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + residual volume tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume + residual volume expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissues (MALT) include the: spleen. liver. kidneys. tonsils.
tonsils
The function of red blood cells is to __________. phagocytize bacteria transport nutrients to the body's cells and tissues transport oxygen and carbon dioxide stop blood loss from an injured blood vessel
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Immunodeficiency disorders can result from a failure of one component of the immune system. True False
true
The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. True False
true
Blood transfusions between incompatible blood types results in: type I, or immediate, hypersensitivity type II, or antibody-mediated, hypersensitivity type III, or immune-complex mediated, hypersensitivity type IV, or delayed-type, hypersensitivity
type II, or antibody-mediated, hypersensitivity
Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis. vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis vascular spasms, coagulation, platelet plug formation, clot retraction, thrombolysis platelet plug formation, vascular spasms, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, thrombolysis, clot retraction
vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis
What creates the mesentery? greater omentum muscularis externa parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation? vitamin K vitamin D vitamin E vitamin C
vitamin K
How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur? 2-3 minutes 2-3 hours 2-3 days 2-3 weeks
2-3 days
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood of pulmonary capillaries is approximately __________. 35 mm Hg 45 mm Hg 50 mm Hg 70 mm Hg
45 mm Hg
How much blood does the average adult have? 1.5 L 3 L 5 L 7 L
5 L
Normal blood pH should fall between __________. 6.95 and 7.15 7.15 and 7.25 7.35 and 7.45 7.65 and 7.85
7.35-7.45
