1A3 Block 3
Connects all of the parts of a computer together contains integrated circuits, connected though busses, which help establish control of all peripherals of the computer
Motherboard
intended for more than one node
Multicast
network interface that can be added to a device allow connection to a medium on a network responsible for converting data back and forth to meet the signal encoding specifications of the medium
Network Interface Card
repsonsible for switching data traffic between endpionts
Network Intermediate Devices
focuses on addressing, routing between networks, and fragmenting e
Network Layer (3)
oriented toward networking environments manages network resources and allows sharing of them across network
Network Operating System (NOS)
Seperated portion within the network can share the same default gateway and be part of the same broadcast domain
Network Segments
network divides traffic to maximize efficieny and scalability, prevent collisions, and reduce unnecessary dupplication area
Network Traffic Buses
way devices find each other across a network
Network addressing
connection point that interconnects a network node with the actual medium
Network interface
describes network layout
Network topologies
connection point, redistribution point, or communication endpoint that can receive an address within a network
Node
doesn't lose its contnents; permanent until removed
Non-volatile memory
inter-networking device that connects networks and separates broadcast domains can serve as default gateways
Router
uses linked networks with satellites orbiting the Earth
Satellite
amount of data each host can handle, the destination port for each packet sequence in which each sement should arrive
Segment Header
process of dividing data into smaller pieces in a sequence
Segmentation
Data flows one bit at a time
Serial Bus
provides services and information to other hosts on a network
Server
host that provides services and info to other hosts on a network
Server (HOST)
initializing and terminating comms while allowing id and recognition of users. resolve the bitrate they will transfer data dnd determine if they will transmit half or full duplex
Session Layer (5)
Addres, Data, Control (ADC)
3 types of I/O buses
standard method for finding a host's MAC address when only its network layer address is available
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
specifies a a phsyical address for data
Address bus
defines the connection of storage devices such as drives Chip that controls the drive in on the drive itself. allows flexibility for the drive to work with virtually any type of CPU
Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)
focuses on applications themselves and needs each application might have
Application Layer (7)
software written for a unique and specific purpose
Application Software
houses multiple protocols which operating sys, network operting sys, and appls utilize to comm with each other
Application layer (layer 4)
performs all arithmetic and logical operations
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Provides multiples service types encapsulating data link layer frames into fixed-sized cells bit rates between 1.5 Mbps and 2488 Mbps
Asynchronous Transfer "Mode (ATM)
distortion and or weakening of a signal. As it traverses the media longer the media the more _____
Attenuation
external interfaces that connect speakers or headsets to output sound
Audio Ports
first system software a computer system runs initializes comms with all hardware devices and performs a power on self test Load operating system from secondary memory helps operating system and the CPU interact with I/O devices
Basic Input Output System (BIOS)
expressed in a binary code (0 and 1) present themselves as on-off pulsed voltages, "Positive-negative" magnetic fields, high-low radio frequencies. Works in octal and hexadecimal groupings. Binary Digit
Bit
refers to total number of physically transferred bits in one seond over a comm link
Bit Rate
interconnecting two or more different network segments any device that can connect, filter, and forward data traffic from one network segment to another
Bridge
intended for all nodes
Broadcast
logical part or division of a network where devices can reach each other by broadcasts without the need of a routing device
Broadcast Domain
Expansion slot connects motherboard to the circuit boards. CB's add extra features or upgrades to a computer system
Bus interface
number of bits each bus or "individual lane" can transfer regardless of wether the bus works in serial or parallel.
Bus width
8 bits kilobyte = 1024 bytes base themselves on binary system, data measured in powers of 2
Byte
Host or device must make sure that no other transmission is in progress if no other device is transmitting, sender can begin transmitting event of collision, all tranmissions stop as each hosts acknowledges the collision
CMSA/CD
Control unit, Arithmetic logic unit, Registers, and Cache memory
CPU composed of
host or device monitors the spectrum for the presence of a data signal if signal is not present the sender first sends a notification across the medium of its intent to send data the sender transmits the data signal
CSMA/CA
Closest available memory for the cpu
Cache Memory
improving signal quality and transfer speed support 2.5 Gbps
Cat 6
improved for faster speeds greater number of twist per length and stricter signal quality standards for higher interference tolerance 1 GBPS
Category 5 enhanced (Cat 5e)
Performs basic operations of system, exhanges data with the system's memory or peripherals, and manages the system's other components. Very fast and can handle high levels of data processing Multi core processing
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is a host that requests and obtains information from a server
Client
places control of network resources on a dedicated server mostly dependent upon the server in order to access resources
Client-server
provides computing resources over networks aka interwebs allow users to use or rent data storage
Cloud Server Service
central conductive core to encode the signal, initial layer of insulation to protect the core, a mesh of conductive woven braid to absorb EMI, outer protective jacket for enviormental protectoin
Coaxial cable
only one device transmits at any time, especially if that device is sharing the same medium with other devices
Collision Domain
user makes request to system by typing in commands at a prompt
Command driven interface
electronic or mechanical device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use
Computer
collection of wires though which the data transmit from one part of a computer to another backbone component of (I/O)
Computer Buses
most basic part of any computer system. Enclosure that house all computers components
Computer Case
collection of unorganized facts data is composed of raw unorganized bits
Computer Data
2 or more devices connected together to share data
Computer Network
can be intentional or non intentional and the truth is that they can be everywhere
Computer Security Threats
electrical circuit that links one device to another. shared boundary across which 2 seperate components of a computer system exchange data
Computer interface
prevent attack agaisnt us
Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
PC designed to stay on a desk and not designed for portability
Desktop
shows who your dns server is and if it is working correctly will reslove an IP address from a domain name
Domain Name Lookup (NSLOOKUP)
links names to IP addresses and vice versa
Domain Name System (DNS) Service
low-level program that allows an OS to control devices. translates between raw I/O data devices require, to the higher level data the OS works with
Drivers
most utlized type of secondary memory
Drives
Automatically manages IP addresses assign these IP address to connecting hosts
Dynamic Host Config Protocol Service
generates from powered devices or radio transmissions in proximity to your medium
Electromagnetic Interference
allow user to transmit and receive messages over comm networks
10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1Gbps
Ethernet Fast ethernet Gigabit ethernet
Extremely thin cylindrical glass core, surrounded by a concentric layer of glass called cladding, and a protective jacket to protect the cable from the elements use laser or LED technology to encode signal through core
Fiber Optic
allows a server to act as a remote disk drive, functs as a high speed central computer that will store programs and data files for its intended users
File server Service
Provides pictures rather than just characters
Graphical User interface
provides pictures rather than just character
Graphical User interface
secondary memory storage device that uses magntism to store data. Moving arm-magnet magnetically writes the data on rapidly rotating circular platters with magnetic surfaces.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
can connect to a network and can offer users services and applications that help share and obtain resources from the network
Host
specific to each device on a network
Host ID
serves as basic central connecting point extends the medium by repeating signal all nodes connected to a _ are in same collision domain and same broadcast domain
Hub
standard for use with wireless media estabs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CMSA/CA) allows host to transmit wirelessly without colliding at all
I-EEE 802.11 Wireless Lan (WLAN)
stablished for use with wire media estabs Carrier Sense Multilpe Access with Collisoin Detection (CSMA/CD) allowed host in the same collision domain to monitor use of the medium and minimize collisions
I-EEE 802.3 ethernet
identifies packet characteristics include size, sending host's ip, receiving host's IP and sequence number of the packet
IP Header
32-bit binary address divided into four 8 bit octets separated by a dot
IPv4
reference number very similar to IPv4 address helps devices determine the network ID and host ID prefixes of their IPv4 address
IPv4 Subnet Mask
internal command used to display the IP setting for all interfaces and possible connections of your host
Internet Protocol Configuration (ipconfig)
corresponds to the physical and data link layers of OSI includes specific protocols to handle all the hardware etails of interfacing with the media and connecting devices to the network
Network Access Layer (Layer 1)
network devices that you as a user are most familiar with
Network End Devices
binary portion of IPv4 address that id's a unique ipv4 network where host resides
Network ID
127.0.0.1 testing internal network interfaces
Loopback
converts analog signals into digital signals and vice versa though the process of modulation and demodulation
MOdem
large companies use them to preform critical tasks that invovlve bulk data processing like transactions, census information, statistical data, and banking transactions
Mainframe
refers to undesired effects caused by programs or parts of programs created with intent to damage
Malicious Logic
referred to as a physical hardware address hexadecimal coded address that uniquely id's specific nodes within a network
Media Access Control (MAC) address
refers to anything that can severely affect the quality of signal encoding
Media Disturbances
2 Categories
Memory
interconnects users with computer resources in geo area college or military installations
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Programmable circuit that contains all or most of the functions of a CPU. CPU and MP used interchangably ANy cpu to large to fit on intergrated circuit would not be considered a micro processor
Micro-Processor
uses much higher frequencies than that of radio, ranging between 11 GHz, and 14 GHz
Microwave
gives user list of commands
menu driven interface
refers to mediums composed of conductive material such as metal
wire mediA
set of insturctions that put a computer to work; tells computer what to do and when to do it b
Software
no moving mechanical components
Solid State Drive (SSD)
provides tables for holding information accounting ledger
Spreadsheet programs
generate meaning
Stacked compiled and organized begins to
processing capability and helps scientist by processing immense calculations
Supercomputer
network intermediate device utilized to connect end devices while moving and managing the dta within a network devices connected to a ____ are part of same broadcast domain
Switch
Chip or circuit that provides the timing signals which syncs all operations of the mother board
System Clock
relies on transmitting towers within line of sight
Terrestrial
helps determine the path to a host while also providing hop info to the host
Traceroute (TRACERT)
complication of protocols that allow comms between devices and different networks standard protocol for internetwork connectivity
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
refers to the actual physical comm channel used for transmission in the network
Transmission Media
focuses on data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery
Transport Layer (4)
Same as transport layer of OSI model responsible for data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery Transmit Control Protocol, which handles reliable delivery for data
Transport Layer (Layer 3)
disguises itself as one type of app but carries out another set of instructions
Trojan Horse
consists of pairs of insulated wires twisted together Each pair intertwines together to enhance signal quality and minimize cross talk
Twisted pair
carries electromagnetic signals that represent binary digits of data using radio or microwave frequencies
Wireless Media
level allows you to enter text into document
Word Processors
more powerful processors, faster memory with greater space, and intense graphics capabilities Perform specific kinds of work such as programming, game development, video or sound editing, and graphic design
Workstationg
have the capability to replicate and travel without human action.
Worm
all devices relay data for the network
Physical Mesh
All devices share the same central connecting node
Physical Star
All devices connect using radio waves or infrared waves without a physical medium
Physical Wireless
focuses on hardware used to move bits across these medium from one point to another
Physical layer (1)
id's the physical connections and the shape of the network refers to how the network devices connect to each other by their mediums
Physical topologies
Converts AC into DC to supply the power needed to run all electronic components of a computer system.
Power Supply
network secruity, file transfers, and formatting of the data at each end of comms.
Presentation Layer (6)
Primary - Preferred memory of computer systems because of its speed fast enough to keep up with the speed demands of microproccesors and cpus Secondary- non volatile memory that serves as perm storage for a computer system not fast enough to keep up with cpu.... copy data from secondary memory to primary memory so thy can work witb it more effiecently
Primary and secondary Memory
provides access to print devices and manages information sent by users to a networked printer
Print Service
Goal of any computer system
Process data and represent it to the user as intelligible information
Spans a large Geo area World Wide Web
Wide Area Network
169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 device that lost network connection
APIPA
carries commands to and from the CPU to all devices connected to motherboard
Control Bus
Directs operations of the CPU itself to include input and output Responsible for interpreting instructions and determining the sequences of data processing
Control Unit (CU)
transfers or carries the actual data back and forth from the CPU to primary memory, peripheral devices, and secondary memory
Data Bus
Process of packaging one message format inside another message format in a sequence
Data Encapsulation
focuses on controlling access to the medium and encoding the medium's signal
Data Link Layer (2)
Organizes data so it can be easily accessed, managed and updated
Database Management Program
network device that provides access outside the LAN
Default Gateway
every time a device transmits, data will go to all nodes on the network
Logical bus
portable device that plugs into a specific port and stores dating using ROM technology
Flash Drive
non volatile memory that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed
Flash memory
composed of many logic gates, are circuits that can store data Backbone to "sequential logic and electronic memory"
Flip-Flop
contains info about the type of media used and the encoding for the media
Frame Header
indicates the end of the frame, and more importantly, contains an error dectection element to allow for error checking
Frame Trailer
composed of glass or plastic material which carry data in the form of modulated light beams
Glass media
when one wire induces a voltage across another wire though EM induction
Inductive coupling (Crosstalk)
Input, Process, Output, Storage, serves as a basic representation of how copmuters manipulate different types of data, process it, and produce an output result
Information processing cycle
focuses on setting standard for local area network topologies, mediums and network access methods
Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (I-EEE)
chips or microchips Solid State devices capable of processing and storing data
Integrated Circuits (IC)
responsible for creating reference standards for routing protocols
International Organization of Standardization (ISO)
assigns policies for the responsible coordination of IP addresses, allocation, domain names management and application of protocols
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
responsible for addressing, routing packets between networks and fragmenting. Includes necessary Ip, able to decipher best way to route packets
Internet Layer (layer 2)
serves as logical pointer to a node on a network
Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)
portable suitable for traveling
Laptop
High-speed network limited in geographical scope. no larger than building
Local area network (LAN)
Tiny device that receives two inputs and provides only one output
Logic Gate
Every time a device transmits, the data will move from one node to the next
Logical Ring
id's how data flows through the physical network
Logical Topologies
program that manages a computer's hardware and software. manages and controls flow of data and information in and out of the computer
Operating systems
uses electromagnetic (EM) waves as part of its data reading and writing process
Optical Disk Drive (ODD)
used to test connectivity to a particular hosto across an IP network Sending ICMP 'echo request' packets to target host and listening for 'echo response'
Packet Inter-Network Groper (Ping)
Data flows as several bits traveling together, or as a simultaneously traveling group
Parallel Bus
contains all the encapsulated data from the upper layers
Payload
all devices share the same abilities to use resources available on the network
Peer-to-Peer (Workgroup)
serial interface standard design used to connect internal hardware devices to a computer's motherboard. can interface with 1, 4, 8, 16 lines mohterboard can have multiple pci's
Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI)
geared towards the average consumer for personel use
Personal Computer
the network composes itself of different physical topologies to achieve full network connectivity
Physical Hybrid
application layer gateway breaks connection between sender and receiver and acts as intermediary between the two
Proxy Server Service
utilizes : HF, Vhf, and UHF
Radio
volatile primary memory serves as temporary electrical storage space for insturctions and data consists of memory chips that utilize the system clock to constantly refresh data within themselves can read from and write to these chips as a means to hold data
Random Access Memory
non volatile CPU can read but not change as easily refers to manufactured memory chips typically soldered to some type of logic board
Read Only Memory
Small areas within the CPU used to store temporary results and control data
Registers
you can use to troubleshoot network malfunctions
Reserved IPv4 Addresses
term that refers to the quality of a video display device width x height
Resolution
facilitates open development and Internet use around the world develops, describes, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP
The Internet Society (ISOC) Task Forces
7 layer reference model that describes how info moves from one computer to another
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI/RM)
intended for only one particular node
UNicast
serial interface standard for attaching external I/O devices to a computer. Allows peripherals to connect using a single standardized interface socket
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
external interface that helps provide video output through a display device
Video output ports and resolutions
executed by a user or another program and attaches itself to a file's internal code, altering it to achieve a desired affect
Virus
loses it contents once power is lost or removed
Volatile memory
software application for locating, retrieving and viewing information from a remote or distant server computer
Web browsers
software application for locating, retrieving, and viewing information from a remot or distant server computer
Web browsers
