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Connects all of the parts of a computer together contains integrated circuits, connected though busses, which help establish control of all peripherals of the computer

Motherboard

intended for more than one node

Multicast

network interface that can be added to a device allow connection to a medium on a network responsible for converting data back and forth to meet the signal encoding specifications of the medium

Network Interface Card

repsonsible for switching data traffic between endpionts

Network Intermediate Devices

focuses on addressing, routing between networks, and fragmenting e

Network Layer (3)

oriented toward networking environments manages network resources and allows sharing of them across network

Network Operating System (NOS)

Seperated portion within the network can share the same default gateway and be part of the same broadcast domain

Network Segments

network divides traffic to maximize efficieny and scalability, prevent collisions, and reduce unnecessary dupplication area

Network Traffic Buses

way devices find each other across a network

Network addressing

connection point that interconnects a network node with the actual medium

Network interface

describes network layout

Network topologies

connection point, redistribution point, or communication endpoint that can receive an address within a network

Node

doesn't lose its contnents; permanent until removed

Non-volatile memory

inter-networking device that connects networks and separates broadcast domains can serve as default gateways

Router

uses linked networks with satellites orbiting the Earth

Satellite

amount of data each host can handle, the destination port for each packet sequence in which each sement should arrive

Segment Header

process of dividing data into smaller pieces in a sequence

Segmentation

Data flows one bit at a time

Serial Bus

provides services and information to other hosts on a network

Server

host that provides services and info to other hosts on a network

Server (HOST)

initializing and terminating comms while allowing id and recognition of users. resolve the bitrate they will transfer data dnd determine if they will transmit half or full duplex

Session Layer (5)

Addres, Data, Control (ADC)

3 types of I/O buses

standard method for finding a host's MAC address when only its network layer address is available

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

specifies a a phsyical address for data

Address bus

defines the connection of storage devices such as drives Chip that controls the drive in on the drive itself. allows flexibility for the drive to work with virtually any type of CPU

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA)

focuses on applications themselves and needs each application might have

Application Layer (7)

software written for a unique and specific purpose

Application Software

houses multiple protocols which operating sys, network operting sys, and appls utilize to comm with each other

Application layer (layer 4)

performs all arithmetic and logical operations

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Provides multiples service types encapsulating data link layer frames into fixed-sized cells bit rates between 1.5 Mbps and 2488 Mbps

Asynchronous Transfer "Mode (ATM)

distortion and or weakening of a signal. As it traverses the media longer the media the more _____

Attenuation

external interfaces that connect speakers or headsets to output sound

Audio Ports

first system software a computer system runs initializes comms with all hardware devices and performs a power on self test Load operating system from secondary memory helps operating system and the CPU interact with I/O devices

Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

expressed in a binary code (0 and 1) present themselves as on-off pulsed voltages, "Positive-negative" magnetic fields, high-low radio frequencies. Works in octal and hexadecimal groupings. Binary Digit

Bit

refers to total number of physically transferred bits in one seond over a comm link

Bit Rate

interconnecting two or more different network segments any device that can connect, filter, and forward data traffic from one network segment to another

Bridge

intended for all nodes

Broadcast

logical part or division of a network where devices can reach each other by broadcasts without the need of a routing device

Broadcast Domain

Expansion slot connects motherboard to the circuit boards. CB's add extra features or upgrades to a computer system

Bus interface

number of bits each bus or "individual lane" can transfer regardless of wether the bus works in serial or parallel.

Bus width

8 bits kilobyte = 1024 bytes base themselves on binary system, data measured in powers of 2

Byte

Host or device must make sure that no other transmission is in progress if no other device is transmitting, sender can begin transmitting event of collision, all tranmissions stop as each hosts acknowledges the collision

CMSA/CD

Control unit, Arithmetic logic unit, Registers, and Cache memory

CPU composed of

host or device monitors the spectrum for the presence of a data signal if signal is not present the sender first sends a notification across the medium of its intent to send data the sender transmits the data signal

CSMA/CA

Closest available memory for the cpu

Cache Memory

improving signal quality and transfer speed support 2.5 Gbps

Cat 6

improved for faster speeds greater number of twist per length and stricter signal quality standards for higher interference tolerance 1 GBPS

Category 5 enhanced (Cat 5e)

Performs basic operations of system, exhanges data with the system's memory or peripherals, and manages the system's other components. Very fast and can handle high levels of data processing Multi core processing

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

is a host that requests and obtains information from a server

Client

places control of network resources on a dedicated server mostly dependent upon the server in order to access resources

Client-server

provides computing resources over networks aka interwebs allow users to use or rent data storage

Cloud Server Service

central conductive core to encode the signal, initial layer of insulation to protect the core, a mesh of conductive woven braid to absorb EMI, outer protective jacket for enviormental protectoin

Coaxial cable

only one device transmits at any time, especially if that device is sharing the same medium with other devices

Collision Domain

user makes request to system by typing in commands at a prompt

Command driven interface

electronic or mechanical device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory. accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use

Computer

collection of wires though which the data transmit from one part of a computer to another backbone component of (I/O)

Computer Buses

most basic part of any computer system. Enclosure that house all computers components

Computer Case

collection of unorganized facts data is composed of raw unorganized bits

Computer Data

2 or more devices connected together to share data

Computer Network

can be intentional or non intentional and the truth is that they can be everywhere

Computer Security Threats

electrical circuit that links one device to another. shared boundary across which 2 seperate components of a computer system exchange data

Computer interface

prevent attack agaisnt us

Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

PC designed to stay on a desk and not designed for portability

Desktop

shows who your dns server is and if it is working correctly will reslove an IP address from a domain name

Domain Name Lookup (NSLOOKUP)

links names to IP addresses and vice versa

Domain Name System (DNS) Service

low-level program that allows an OS to control devices. translates between raw I/O data devices require, to the higher level data the OS works with

Drivers

most utlized type of secondary memory

Drives

Automatically manages IP addresses assign these IP address to connecting hosts

Dynamic Host Config Protocol Service

generates from powered devices or radio transmissions in proximity to your medium

Electromagnetic Interference

allow user to transmit and receive messages over comm networks

Email

10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1Gbps

Ethernet Fast ethernet Gigabit ethernet

Extremely thin cylindrical glass core, surrounded by a concentric layer of glass called cladding, and a protective jacket to protect the cable from the elements use laser or LED technology to encode signal through core

Fiber Optic

allows a server to act as a remote disk drive, functs as a high speed central computer that will store programs and data files for its intended users

File server Service

Provides pictures rather than just characters

Graphical User interface

provides pictures rather than just character

Graphical User interface

secondary memory storage device that uses magntism to store data. Moving arm-magnet magnetically writes the data on rapidly rotating circular platters with magnetic surfaces.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

can connect to a network and can offer users services and applications that help share and obtain resources from the network

Host

specific to each device on a network

Host ID

serves as basic central connecting point extends the medium by repeating signal all nodes connected to a _ are in same collision domain and same broadcast domain

Hub

standard for use with wireless media estabs Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CMSA/CA) allows host to transmit wirelessly without colliding at all

I-EEE 802.11 Wireless Lan (WLAN)

stablished for use with wire media estabs Carrier Sense Multilpe Access with Collisoin Detection (CSMA/CD) allowed host in the same collision domain to monitor use of the medium and minimize collisions

I-EEE 802.3 ethernet

identifies packet characteristics include size, sending host's ip, receiving host's IP and sequence number of the packet

IP Header

32-bit binary address divided into four 8 bit octets separated by a dot

IPv4

reference number very similar to IPv4 address helps devices determine the network ID and host ID prefixes of their IPv4 address

IPv4 Subnet Mask

internal command used to display the IP setting for all interfaces and possible connections of your host

Internet Protocol Configuration (ipconfig)

corresponds to the physical and data link layers of OSI includes specific protocols to handle all the hardware etails of interfacing with the media and connecting devices to the network

Network Access Layer (Layer 1)

network devices that you as a user are most familiar with

Network End Devices

binary portion of IPv4 address that id's a unique ipv4 network where host resides

Network ID

127.0.0.1 testing internal network interfaces

Loopback

converts analog signals into digital signals and vice versa though the process of modulation and demodulation

MOdem

large companies use them to preform critical tasks that invovlve bulk data processing like transactions, census information, statistical data, and banking transactions

Mainframe

refers to undesired effects caused by programs or parts of programs created with intent to damage

Malicious Logic

referred to as a physical hardware address hexadecimal coded address that uniquely id's specific nodes within a network

Media Access Control (MAC) address

refers to anything that can severely affect the quality of signal encoding

Media Disturbances

2 Categories

Memory

interconnects users with computer resources in geo area college or military installations

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Programmable circuit that contains all or most of the functions of a CPU. CPU and MP used interchangably ANy cpu to large to fit on intergrated circuit would not be considered a micro processor

Micro-Processor

uses much higher frequencies than that of radio, ranging between 11 GHz, and 14 GHz

Microwave

gives user list of commands

menu driven interface

refers to mediums composed of conductive material such as metal

wire mediA

set of insturctions that put a computer to work; tells computer what to do and when to do it b

Software

no moving mechanical components

Solid State Drive (SSD)

provides tables for holding information accounting ledger

Spreadsheet programs

generate meaning

Stacked compiled and organized begins to

processing capability and helps scientist by processing immense calculations

Supercomputer

network intermediate device utilized to connect end devices while moving and managing the dta within a network devices connected to a ____ are part of same broadcast domain

Switch

Chip or circuit that provides the timing signals which syncs all operations of the mother board

System Clock

relies on transmitting towers within line of sight

Terrestrial

helps determine the path to a host while also providing hop info to the host

Traceroute (TRACERT)

complication of protocols that allow comms between devices and different networks standard protocol for internetwork connectivity

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

refers to the actual physical comm channel used for transmission in the network

Transmission Media

focuses on data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery

Transport Layer (4)

Same as transport layer of OSI model responsible for data flow control, segmentation, and error recovery Transmit Control Protocol, which handles reliable delivery for data

Transport Layer (Layer 3)

disguises itself as one type of app but carries out another set of instructions

Trojan Horse

consists of pairs of insulated wires twisted together Each pair intertwines together to enhance signal quality and minimize cross talk

Twisted pair

carries electromagnetic signals that represent binary digits of data using radio or microwave frequencies

Wireless Media

level allows you to enter text into document

Word Processors

more powerful processors, faster memory with greater space, and intense graphics capabilities Perform specific kinds of work such as programming, game development, video or sound editing, and graphic design

Workstationg

have the capability to replicate and travel without human action.

Worm

all devices relay data for the network

Physical Mesh

All devices share the same central connecting node

Physical Star

All devices connect using radio waves or infrared waves without a physical medium

Physical Wireless

focuses on hardware used to move bits across these medium from one point to another

Physical layer (1)

id's the physical connections and the shape of the network refers to how the network devices connect to each other by their mediums

Physical topologies

Converts AC into DC to supply the power needed to run all electronic components of a computer system.

Power Supply

network secruity, file transfers, and formatting of the data at each end of comms.

Presentation Layer (6)

Primary - Preferred memory of computer systems because of its speed fast enough to keep up with the speed demands of microproccesors and cpus Secondary- non volatile memory that serves as perm storage for a computer system not fast enough to keep up with cpu.... copy data from secondary memory to primary memory so thy can work witb it more effiecently

Primary and secondary Memory

provides access to print devices and manages information sent by users to a networked printer

Print Service

Goal of any computer system

Process data and represent it to the user as intelligible information

Spans a large Geo area World Wide Web

Wide Area Network

169.254.0.1 - 169.254.255.254 device that lost network connection

APIPA

carries commands to and from the CPU to all devices connected to motherboard

Control Bus

Directs operations of the CPU itself to include input and output Responsible for interpreting instructions and determining the sequences of data processing

Control Unit (CU)

transfers or carries the actual data back and forth from the CPU to primary memory, peripheral devices, and secondary memory

Data Bus

Process of packaging one message format inside another message format in a sequence

Data Encapsulation

focuses on controlling access to the medium and encoding the medium's signal

Data Link Layer (2)

Organizes data so it can be easily accessed, managed and updated

Database Management Program

network device that provides access outside the LAN

Default Gateway

every time a device transmits, data will go to all nodes on the network

Logical bus

portable device that plugs into a specific port and stores dating using ROM technology

Flash Drive

non volatile memory that can be electronically erased and reprogrammed

Flash memory

composed of many logic gates, are circuits that can store data Backbone to "sequential logic and electronic memory"

Flip-Flop

contains info about the type of media used and the encoding for the media

Frame Header

indicates the end of the frame, and more importantly, contains an error dectection element to allow for error checking

Frame Trailer

composed of glass or plastic material which carry data in the form of modulated light beams

Glass media

when one wire induces a voltage across another wire though EM induction

Inductive coupling (Crosstalk)

Input, Process, Output, Storage, serves as a basic representation of how copmuters manipulate different types of data, process it, and produce an output result

Information processing cycle

focuses on setting standard for local area network topologies, mediums and network access methods

Institute of Electric and Electronics Engineers (I-EEE)

chips or microchips Solid State devices capable of processing and storing data

Integrated Circuits (IC)

responsible for creating reference standards for routing protocols

International Organization of Standardization (ISO)

assigns policies for the responsible coordination of IP addresses, allocation, domain names management and application of protocols

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

responsible for addressing, routing packets between networks and fragmenting. Includes necessary Ip, able to decipher best way to route packets

Internet Layer (layer 2)

serves as logical pointer to a node on a network

Internet Protocol Address (IP Address)

portable suitable for traveling

Laptop

High-speed network limited in geographical scope. no larger than building

Local area network (LAN)

Tiny device that receives two inputs and provides only one output

Logic Gate

Every time a device transmits, the data will move from one node to the next

Logical Ring

id's how data flows through the physical network

Logical Topologies

program that manages a computer's hardware and software. manages and controls flow of data and information in and out of the computer

Operating systems

uses electromagnetic (EM) waves as part of its data reading and writing process

Optical Disk Drive (ODD)

used to test connectivity to a particular hosto across an IP network Sending ICMP 'echo request' packets to target host and listening for 'echo response'

Packet Inter-Network Groper (Ping)

Data flows as several bits traveling together, or as a simultaneously traveling group

Parallel Bus

contains all the encapsulated data from the upper layers

Payload

all devices share the same abilities to use resources available on the network

Peer-to-Peer (Workgroup)

serial interface standard design used to connect internal hardware devices to a computer's motherboard. can interface with 1, 4, 8, 16 lines mohterboard can have multiple pci's

Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI)

geared towards the average consumer for personel use

Personal Computer

the network composes itself of different physical topologies to achieve full network connectivity

Physical Hybrid

application layer gateway breaks connection between sender and receiver and acts as intermediary between the two

Proxy Server Service

utilizes : HF, Vhf, and UHF

Radio

volatile primary memory serves as temporary electrical storage space for insturctions and data consists of memory chips that utilize the system clock to constantly refresh data within themselves can read from and write to these chips as a means to hold data

Random Access Memory

non volatile CPU can read but not change as easily refers to manufactured memory chips typically soldered to some type of logic board

Read Only Memory

Small areas within the CPU used to store temporary results and control data

Registers

you can use to troubleshoot network malfunctions

Reserved IPv4 Addresses

term that refers to the quality of a video display device width x height

Resolution

facilitates open development and Internet use around the world develops, describes, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP

The Internet Society (ISOC) Task Forces

7 layer reference model that describes how info moves from one computer to another

The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (OSI/RM)

intended for only one particular node

UNicast

serial interface standard for attaching external I/O devices to a computer. Allows peripherals to connect using a single standardized interface socket

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

external interface that helps provide video output through a display device

Video output ports and resolutions

executed by a user or another program and attaches itself to a file's internal code, altering it to achieve a desired affect

Virus

loses it contents once power is lost or removed

Volatile memory

software application for locating, retrieving and viewing information from a remote or distant server computer

Web browsers

software application for locating, retrieving, and viewing information from a remot or distant server computer

Web browsers


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