207 summer last exam

Classify each description as corresponding to adrenergic nerve fibers or cholinergic nerve fibers.

Adrenergic nerve fibers - secrete norepinephrine, include the majority of sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers Cholinergic nerve fibers - secrete acetylcholine, include all autonomic preganglionic nerve fibers, include all parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers

Select the statements that accurately describe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or its functions in the central nervous system (CNS).

CSF provides buoyancy that allows the brain to float in the skull. CSF removes waste from the CNS. CSF is a clear, water‑like fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord.

Match each description with the appropriate division of the nervous system. Not all descriptions will be used.

Central nervous system - anatomical division that includes brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - anatomical division that includes all cranial and spinal nerves

Match each function with the appropriate brain region.

Cerebral cortex - cognition Ventricles - production of cerebrospinal fluid Cerebellum - coordinating movement Brain stem - regulation of digestion Midbrain - initial processing of sound Diencephalon - regulation of sleep cycles

Which of the statements describes saltatory conduction?

Conduction occurs exclusively at nodes of Ranvier.

Classify the given memories as examples of either declarative or procedural memory.

Declarative memory: the price of coffee at a café a recipe for pancakes the location of a specific key on a keyboard Procedural memory: how to sip from a mug how to pour milk how to type on a keyboard

Match each description to the corresponding part of the neuron.

Dendrite - one or more branching processes that allow the neuron to receive signals via one or more synapses Cell body - contains the majority of organelles, making it the main biosynthetic center of the neuron Axon - single branching process that allows the neuron to conduct signals toward one or more target cells

Use the Action Potential tab of the Membrane Potentials interactive to help you answer the question. Depolarization of a region of a cell membrane occurs when the membrane potential becomes less negative than the resting value. Repolarization occurs when the membrane potential returns from the depolarized value to the resting value. Hyperpolarization occurs when the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting value. Classify each type of channel according to the effect that opening the channel has on the membrane potential.

Depolarization - voltage‑gated sodium channels excitatory ligand‑gated channels Repolarization or hyperpolarization - voltage‑gated potassium channels inhibitory ligand‑gated channels

What is localization of function in the context of the central nervous system?

Different areas of the brain are associated with specific processes.

Match each statement with the meninx it describes.

Dura mater: tough, fibrous membrane has sinuses that collect venous blood Arachnoid mater: elastic, web like membrane circulates cerebrospinal fluid Pia mater thin, delicate membrane adheres directly to the brain

Match each type of neuroglia to its function.

Electrically insulateneurons - oligodendrocytes Produce cerebrospinal fluid - ependymal cells Phagocytize foreign matter - microglial cells Regulate chemical environment of neurons astrocytes - astrocytes

Match each description to the appropriate type of neuron.

Preganglionic neuron - originates the central nervous system, axon extends to a second neuron Postganglionic neuron - originates in the peripheral nervous system, axons extend to target tissue

Identify the function of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a given synapse.

Presynaptic neurons - transmit signals Postsynaptic neurons - receive signals

Each region of the cerebral hemisphere has a specialized function. Match each function with the corresponding cerebral hemisphere.

Primary somatosensory cortex: integrates somatic and proprioceptor sensory information to identify the body region being stimulated Primary visual cortex: receives information from retina Pia mater thin, delicate membrane adheres directly to the brain Somatosensory association area: integrates sensory inputs to determine what is being felt Wernicke's area: comprehends and produces language

Label each region of the brain with the appropriate term.

Q17 chpt 12

Label the gross anatomy of the brain.

Q19 chpt 12

Label the functional regions of the cerebral cortex.

Q32 chpt 12

The frontal lobes of the cerebrum contain the motor areas that control voluntary movement. The primary motor cortex , located in the precentral gyrus of each hemisphere, directly controls the contraction of most skeletal muscles.

Q7 chpt 12

Label the structures of the diencephalon and brain stem.

Q8 chpt 12

Match each structure with the component of a reflex arc that describes it.

Receptor - pain receptor in the finger Afferent neuron - sensory neuron Integration center - interneuron Efferent neuron - motor neuron Effector - muscle fibers in the thigh

Categorize the following examples of sensory integration as occurring at either the receptor level or the perceptual level.

Receptor level - adaption to stimulus Perceptual level - magnitude estimation, pattern recognition

Match each definition to the correct type of membrane potential. All of the definitions will be used.

Resting membrane potential - the difference in charge across the membrane of an unstimulated cell Action potential - depolarization that occurs once the membrane potential meets the voltage threshold, degree of depolarization is independent of the strength of initial depolarizing stimulus Graded potential - degree of depolarization diminishes with distance along the membrane from the stimulus

Determine whether each description pertains to sensory neurons, motor neurons, or interneurons.

Sensory neurons - collect and relay information from sensory organs pain receptors in the skin Interneurons - connect two neurons together found within the brain and spinal cord Motor neurons - transmit information from the brain to muscles and glands cell body is located in the spinal cord, and the axon projects out to a muscle

Select the statements that describe cooperative interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.

Sympathetic stimulation causes ejaculation; parasympathetic stimulation causes penile erection., Sympathetic stimulation increases salivation; parasympathetic stimulation increases salivation

Select the statements that describe antagonistic interactions between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Sympathetic stimulation causes pupil dilation; parasympathetic causes pupil constriction. Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate; parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate.

Classify each postganglionic nerve fiber (axon), neurotransmitter, or target organ receptor as part of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic- adrenergic postganglionic axon, a adrenergic receptors, norepinephrine neurotransmitter Parasympathetic - cholinergic postganglionic axon, muscarinic receptors, acetylcholine neurotransmitter

Match each sensory receptor to the appropriate category.

Tactile receptor - hair follicle receptor (hair root plexus) lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle tactile (Meissner's) corpuscle Thermoreceptor - cold receptor Pain receptor - nociceptor Proprioceptor - joint kinesthetic receptor tendon organ

Match each function with the corresponding cranial nerve.

Trochlear nerve (IV) - controls ability to look down Trigeminal nerve (V) - relays signals from face and controls mastication Abducens nerve (VI) - controls ability to look sideways

Referred pain is pain felt at a location different from the actual location of the pain stimulus. By what mechanism does referred pain occur?

Visceral afferent nerves converge upon somatic afferent nerves in the spinal cord, and the brain interprets visceral pain as somatic pain.

Classify each phrase as descriptive of either gray or white matter.

White matter: myelinated comprised of tracts of neuron axons superficial layer of the spinal cord Gray matter: comprised of neuron cell bodies unmyelinated constitutes the cerebral cortex

What is a synapse?

a junction between two neurons where a signal passes from one cell to another

What is a mixed nerve?

a nerve that carries impulses to and from the central nervous system

What is a nerve plexus?

a network of related efferent and afferent spinal nerve fibers

Select the description of a neuromuscular junction.

a site where a motor neuron transmits a signal to a muscle fiber

What is a dermatome?

a specific region of skin innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves

Select the statement that best describes one aspect of the fight‑or‑flight response.

an autonomic response to a perceived threat that involves decreased digestion

What is the effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter?

causes a postsynaptic neuron to depolarize, which can lead to the firing of an action potential

Select the description of sensory receptors.

cells that detect changes in the body or external environment

Label each region of the brain.

chpt 10 Q10

What is temporal summation?

combination of postsynaptic potentials due to the repeated stimulation of a single synapse

Select the statement that describes an electrochemical gradient.

combined chemical and electrical forces acting on ions across a membrane

What is perception?

conscious recognition of sensory stimuli

What is memory consolidation?

converting short-term memories into long-term memories

Ms. Alameda has come to you after slipping on ice. She fell against a wall, hitting her right hand, arm, and shoulder. She is able to move her fingers, forearm, and arm, but she reports numbness and tingling in her right hand and several fingers. Which injury is the most likely cause of her symptoms?

damage to afferent fibers of a peripheral nerve

Select the description of a free nerve ending.

dendritic endings of a sensory neuron that are not enclosed by other tissue

Which structures are part of the limbic system?

dentate gyrus amygdala

Your patient, Ms. Alameda, has numbness and tingling in her right palm and several fingers after falling and injuring her median nerve. Which structure ultimately transmits sensory information from the peripheral nervous system to the spinal cord?

dorsal (posterior) root

Which of the statements are functions of neuroglia?

electrically insulate axons of neurons remove cell waste and pathogens

Which of the glial cells are responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

ependymal cells

Select the statements that describe the blood-brain barrier and its interactions with the central nervous system (CNS).

exists in capillaries located in the CNS allows nutrients to pass from the general circulation into the CNS comprises endothelial cells in capillaries

What are the functions of the limbic system?

facilitates memory formation regulates motivation

What is the name of cranial nerve IX? Is cranial nerve IX a sensory, motor, or mixed nerve?

glossopharyngeal nerve motor and sensory

Which structure is part of the diencephalon?

hypothalamus

What is aphasia?

impaired ability to produce or understand language

What is hyperpolarization?

increase in magnitude of an existing charge difference between the inside and the outside of a membrane

Use the Action Potential Propagation tab in the Membrane Potentials interactive to answer the question. Complete the statement to explain why an action potential will fail to propagate across a region of axon membrane where voltage‑gated sodium ion channels are not present. Without voltage‑gated sodium ion channels,

localized depolarization to threshold does not take place.

From which nerve plexus do the femoral and obturator nerves arise?

lumbar plexus

Which structures are part of the reticular formation?

medial cell nuclei raphe nuclei

In which part of the central nervous system is the decussation of pyramids found?

medulla oblongata

What are the three major regions of the brain stem?

medulla oblongata pons midbrain

Select the statements that accurately describe consciousness.

mental state maintained by the reticular activating system awareness of self and surroundings

What is the name of the highlighted lobe of the brain?

middle orange is insula

What is depolarization?

neutralization or loss of charge difference between the inside and the outside of a membrane

What is the name of cranial nerve III? Is cranial nerve III a sensory, motor, or mixed nerve?

oculomotor nerve motor

Identify four types of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS).

oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells

What is the name of cranial nerve II? Is cranial nerve II a sensory, motor, or mixed nerve?

optic nerve sensory

Select the definition of referred pain.

pain felt in an area of the body other than where it originates

The brain sometimes perceives pain in tissue that no longer exists.

phantom limb pain

Which statement describes the functions of Broca's and Wernicke's areas?

process and construct word sounds and grammatical structures

Which are examples of visceral reflexes?

pupillary reflex, swallowing reflex

Label the parts of the neuron in the diagram. Not all terms will be used.

question 40 chpt 11

What is repolarization?

reestablishment of charge difference between the inside and the outside of a membrane

Which of the functions is a function of the medulla oblongata?

regulating rate and depth of breathing

Select all of the types of glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

satellite cells Schwann cells

Select the functions of the myelin sheath.

saves neuron energy aids regeneration of damaged PNS axons improves impulse transmission speed

Your patient, Ms. Alameda, fell against a wall and injured her right arm. She is able to move her fingers and wrist, but she reports numbness and tingling in her palm and first three fingers. What type of nerve fiber was most likely damaged?

somatic afferent

What are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

What is a membrane potential?

the difference in charge across the cell membrane

What is retrograde amnesia?

the inability to recall memories formed prior to a particular event

Which phrase describes sympathetic tone?

the partially contracted state of smooth muscles in blood vessels

Select the factors that increase the conduction speed of a nerve fiber.

the presence of myelin a large axon diameter

What is the definition of myelination?

the process by which a Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte wraps around the axon of a neuron, providing an electrically insulating layer

Define the term dual innervation in relation to the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

the receipt of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve signals by an organ

Select the correct definition of cerebral lateralization.

the regional specialization of functions, such as rational thought and spatial awareness, between cerebral hemispheres

What is a threshold as it relates to an action potential?

the voltage at which an action potential is initiated

What is antagonism with respect to the autonomic nervous system?

two nerves that stimulate opposing tissue actions

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the largest number of organs?

vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

Neurotransmitter activity at a synapse can be terminated by several different mechanisms. Through reuptake, the neurotransmitter enters astrocytes or reenters the presynaptic terminal of the neuron, where the neurotransmitter is either stored or destroyed. Through degradation, enzymes break down the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. Through diffusion, the concentration of neurotransmitters passively decreases, gradually moving away from the area around the postsynaptic receptors.

yep

What is the cause of synaptic delay?

Indirect communication, in the form of a neurotransmitter, is required to conduct an action potential across the synaptic cleft.

Place the components of a reflex arc in order of stimulation, from initial stimulus to reflexive response.

Initial stimulus receptor afferent pathway integration center efferent pathway effector Reflexive response

Place the events of synaptic transmission in order.

-Action potential is generated in the presynaptic neuron. -The action potential arrives at the axon terminal. -Voltage‑gated Ca2+Ca2+ channels in the axon terminal open, and Ca2+Ca2+ flows inward down its concentration gradient. -Cytosolic Ca2+Ca2+ stimulates synaptic vesicles to -release neurotransmitter via exocytosis. -Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific neurotransmitter receptors. -Binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels and causes a change in membrane potential. -Neurotransmitter effects are terminated.

Place the steps for the mechanism of action of G protein‑linked receptors in order from the time a neurotransmitter binds the receptor to the generation of a physiological response.

-Neurotransmitter binds receptorGTP binds to and activates a G protein.The - G protein binds to an effector protein. -A second messenger is generated. -Potassium ion channels open. -Physiological response

Action potentials in neurons involve opening and closing of voltage‑gated Na+Na+ and K+K+ ion channels. Place the events of an action potential in order, starting and ending with a cell at its resting membrane potential.

-Resting state -A graded potential brings the membrane to threshold potential. -Fast Na+Na+ and slow K+K+ channels are activated. Na+Na+ rushes into the cell, causing membrane depolarization. -K+K+channels fully open, and Na+Na+ channel inactivation gates close. -K+K+ rushes out of the cell, causing repolarization. -K+K+ channels close slowly, resulting in hyperpolarization. Na+Na+ channel gates reset. -Return to resting state

Use the Membrane Potentials interactive to help you label the presynaptic neuron, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic neuron in the diagram.

1. presynaptic neuron 2. synaptic cleft 3. postsynaptic neuron

The graph illustrates an action potential. Label when sodium and potassium channels are opening and closing.

1. sodium channels open 2. sodium channels close 3. potassium channels open 4.potassium channels close

Match each sensation to the cerebral lobe that is responsible for conscious awareness of it.

Parietal - touch and pain Temporal - hearing and smell Occipital - vision Insula - taste

Match the descriptions to the appropriate neuroglia.

Astrocytes - Their cytoplasmic extensions form perivascular feet that surround capillaries, stimulating formation of the blood-brain barrier. Ependymal cells - Cilia on their apical surface help circulate cerebrospinal fluid. Microglial cells - Their cytoplasmic extensions probe and surveil the nervous tissues for cellular debris, microorganisms, and other foreign matter. Oligodendrocytes - Their processes wrap nerve fibers (axons) of the central nervous system, forming the insulating myelin sheath.

Match each description with the appropriate division of the nervous system. Not all descriptions will be used.

Autonomic nervous system - functional division responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscles Somatic nervous system - functional division responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles

Classify each neurotransmitter according to its chemical structure.

Biogenic amine - norepinephrine Amino acid - GABA Peptide - substance P Purine - ATP Gas - nitric oxide Lipid - anandamide

Match the appropriate definition and example with each factor involved in long-term memory formation.

Emotional state: immediate storage of information following a shocking event recall what you were doing the day a national disaster occurred Rehearsal: repeating new information for long-term storage reread a character's lines from a playscript Association: relate new information to previously stored information recall the order of the planets with a mnemonic Automatic memory: unconsciously learning unimportant information recall an unrelated picture hanging in the lecture hall

Classify each statement as describing a fast‑adapting or a slow‑adapting receptor.

Fast‑adapting receptor - initially responds to a stimulus and then only responds to changes in the stimulus Slow‑adapting receptor - initially responds to a stimulus and then continues to respond for the duration of the stimulus

Select the statements that describe the operation of the sodium-potassium pump.

For every three sodium ions pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions are pumped into the cell. The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium against their concentration gradients.

Classify each sense as a general or special sense.

General - vibration, pain, temperature special - vision, gustation, hearing

Match the structures to the appropriate region of the diencephalon.

Hypothalamus: pituitary gland infundibulum Epithalamus: pineal gland

Select the statement that describes signal transmission at an electrical synapse.

Ions diffuse through gap junctions.

Match each definition with a feature of sensory perception.

Magnitude estimation - determines the stimulus intensity Perceptual detection - determines that a stimulus has occurred Feature abstraction - identifies specific properties among sensory stimuli Quality discrimination - differentiates among the submodalities of one sense

Match each stimulus with the primary type of receptor it stimulates.

Mechanoreceptor - touch, hair movement Thermoreceptor - warm water, cool air Chemoreceptor - sugar, odors Nociceptor - skin irritant, freezing temperatures Photoreceptor - dim light, blue light

Match the descriptions to the types of neurons.

Multipolar - Three or more processes extend from the cell body. Bipolar - Two processes extend from the cell body. Unipolar - One process extends from the cell body.

In terms of neurotransmitter action, what does indirect effect mean?

Neurotransmitters affect the membrane potential by coordinating release of second messengers.

Place the neurons of a long visceral reflex arc in the order that each neuron is stimulated.

Sensory receptor stimulation sensory neuron interneuron preganglionic neuron post ganglionic neuron Visceral effector response

Classify the reflexes as being controlled by either the somatic or autonomic nervous system.

Somatic - skeletal muscle reflex Autonomic - cardiac muscle reflex, glandular reflex

Classify each function based on whether it is controlled by the somatic division or autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system.

Somatic - stretch reflex, crossed extensor reflex, abdominal reflex, blinking autonomic - maintenance of blood pressure, pupil dilation, salivation, vomiting

Match each sensory receptor location to the type of pain caused by its stimulation.

Superficial somatic pain - skin Deep somatic pain - tendons, fascia, skeletal muscle Visceral pain - heart, bladder, peritoneum

Classify the characteristics based on whether they describe the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Sympathetic - short preganglionic axons, long postganglionic axons, postganglionic cells release norepinephrine, decrease digestive activity and other resting state functions, the thoracolumbar division Parasympathetic - ganglia in or near target organ, muscarinic receptors on effector cells, decrease heart and respiratory rates, the craniosacral division

Classify each response as a result of either sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation.

Sympathetic - sympathetic blood vessels constrict, pupils dilate, heart rate increases, bronchioles dilate, digestive organs decrease activity Parasympathetic - pupils constrict, systemic blood vessels unaffected or dilate slightly, heart rate decreases, bronchioles constrict, digestive organs increase motility and secretion

Classify the characteristics based on whether they describe the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Sympathetic - the thoracolumbar division, postganglionic cells release norepinephrine, decrease digestive activity and other resting state functions, Parasympathetic - the craniosacral division, postganglionic cells release acetylcholine, increase resting activity and other resting state functions

Mr. Luthra is a 51‑year‑old patient recently referred to you because he presents with a number of unusual symptoms. Mr. Luthra complains of impotence, an inability to form or maintain an erection; dizziness when he stands; and occasional incontinence. He has also observed that he sweats less than normal. You take Mr. Luthra's blood pressure while he sits and stands and note that he has hypotension, abnormally low blood pressure. You suspect an issue in the autonomic nervous system. Categorize each symptom according to whether it best represents a failure of the sympathetic nervous system or a failure of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Sympathetic failure - less sweating, hypotension Parasympathetic failure- impotence

Select the functions of the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus regulates fluctuations in body temperature. The hypothalamus secretes hormones onto the pituitary gland.

Complete the passage describing the somatic and visceral sensory divisions of the nervous system.

The nerve fibers of the somatic sensory division of the nervous system convey nerve impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints. The nerve fibers of the visceral sensory division of the nervous system carry nerve impulses from organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Both the somatic and visceral sensory divisions transmit nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

Which statement best describes the function of the nervous system?

The nervous system incorporates information acquired from internal and external stimuli and signals a response.

Select the best description of the sensory homunculus.

The neurons of the somatosensory cortex are organized such that the relative order of neurons directly maps to the body.

Select the statements that describe the distribution of ions across the membrane of a typical neuron.

There is substantially less sodium inside the cell than outside the cell. There is substantially less chloride inside the cell than outside the cell.

Classify each statement as describing tonic or phasic receptors.

Tonic receptors - constant activity, furnishes information about the duration of the stimulus Phasic receptors - variable activity, furnishes information about changes of intensity of the stimulus