BUAD 309 Chapter 5

What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality? A) It has an excess of classifications which tends to confuse a person. B) It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. C) It does not have a clear demarcation between different personality types. D) It tends to overemphasize intuitive traits over analytical traits. E) It indicates results related exclusively to job performance.

* It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another. * A problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is that it forces a person into one type or another. For instance, if one is not introverted or extraverted, there is no in-between, though in reality people can be both extraverted and introverted to some degree.

Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) which consisted of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values. A) instrumental; terminal B) fluid; stable C) flexible; essential D) unique; general E) flexible; enduring

* instrumental; terminal* Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS). It consists of two sets of values, namely, instrumental and terminal values.

When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system. A) intensity B) content C) context D) fluidity E) flexibility

* intensity * A value system is defined as a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual's values in terms of their intensity.

John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types? A) analytic B) imaginative C) practical D) investigative E) intuitive

* investigative* John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. These types are realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic.

During an annual review, Michel Godfrey made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the organization has the capacity to undertake. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues like it should have. I also believe that I do not just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality? A) minimalism B) monasticism C) stoicism D) narcissism E) machiavellianism

* narcissism* Michel is a narcissist. Narcissism is the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

Which of the following does the heredity approach state? A) An individual's personality is determined by the the social background one is brought up in. B) An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes. C) An individual's personality is influenced by the economic settings he is surrounded by. D) A person's personality traits are created by the company he keeps i.e., his friends and family. E) A person's personality traits are largely influenced by global trends and characteristics.

*An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.* Heredity refers to factors determined at conception. The heredity approach argues that the ultimate explanation of an individual's personality is the molecular structure of the genes, located in the chromosomes.

The ________ is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions which encompass most of the significant variation in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) Big Five Model C) Birkman Method D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter E) Forté Profile

*Big Five Model* The Big Five Model is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions which encompass most of the significant variations in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China, to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a 3-week diversity training program to help them learn about their new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? A) Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. B) Bryan is proficient in Chinese. C) Bryan traveled to Beijing last year on a different assignment. D) Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations. E) Bryan sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self.

*Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations.* Of the Big Five traits, openness to experience would be most important to effectiveness in international assignments. Open people are more likely to be culturally flexible — to "go with the flow" when things are different in another country. If Bryan is uncomfortable in ambiguous situations then he would most likely not be able to manage well in a foreign environment. If he is proficient in Chinese or has traveled to Beijing in the past, then it would only increase his chances of being selected. The fact that he has had little exposure to Chinese culture is not very relevant as he will have to attend a diversity training program, if he is chosen for the assignment. The fact that he sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self does not influence his chances of being selected.

Which of the following, if true, would increase the likelihood that Bryan will be selected? A) Bryan's application was rejected the last time he applied for an international assignment. B) Bryan has trained several employees in the last six months. C) Bryan has had little exposure to Chinese culture. D) Bryan displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self. E) Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

*Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."* Of the Big Five traits, openness to experience would be most important to effectiveness in international assignments. Open people are more likely to be culturally flexible — to "go with the flow" when things are different in another country. If Bryan is sociable and can "think on his feet" then this would strengthen his chances of being selected. Just because his application was rejected the last time he applied for an international assignment does not mean he will be given a chance this time around. Similarly, it cannot be argued that he is the right person for this job just because he has trained people in the past. The fact that he sometimes displays striking contradictions between his public persona and his private self does not influence his chances of being selected.

________ is as important for managers as for front-line employees and, among all Big Five Model traits, is most consistently related to job performance. A) Extroversion B) Agreeableness C) Conscientiousness D) Emotional stability E) Openness to experience

*Conscientiousness * Conscientiousness is the Big Five trait most consistently related to job performance. Conscientiousness is as important for managers as for front-line employees.

________ refers to bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person. A) Core self-evaluation B) Authoritarianism C) Self-monitoring D) Machiavellianism E) Agreeableness

*Core self-evaluation * People who have positive core self-evaluations like themselves and see themselves as effective, capable, and in control of their environment. Those with negative core self-evaluations tend to dislike themselves, question their capabilities, and view themselves as powerless over their environment.

According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

*FALSE* According to Hofstede's framework, power distance describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.

According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer ambiguous activities that allow creative expression.

*FALSE* According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities.

According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are disorderly, impractical, and emotional.

*FALSE* According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are shy, genuine, stable, conforming, practical, and persistent.

According to the Big Five Model, a drawback of introverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than extraverts and engage in risky behavior.

*FALSE* According to the Big Five Model, a drawback of extroverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than introverts and engage in risky behavior such as unprotected sex, drinking, and other sensation-seeking acts.

According to the Big Five Model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar.

*FALSE* According to the Big Five Model, a person who scores low on the openness to experience dimension tends to be conventional and finds comfort in the familiar. On the other hand, extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive.

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification, people belonging to the feeling type use reason and logic to solve problems.

*FALSE* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the feeling type rely on their personal values and emotions. People belonging to the thinking type use logic and reason to solve problems.

High Machs do exceptionally well in jobs which are administrative in nature and do not involve face-to-face communication.

*FALSE* High Machs flourish (1) when they interact face to face with others rather than indirectly; (2) when the situation has minimal rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisation; and (3) when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to winning distracts low Machs.

Individuals high in self-monitoring have a high behavioral consistency between who they are and how they behave.

*FALSE* Individuals high in self-monitoring have considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors. On the other hand, people low in self-monitoring tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation. Hence, they have a high behavioral consistency between who they are what they do.

People who are more other-oriented will help others when they expect to be helped in the future.

*FALSE* People who are other-oriented feel more obligated to help others who have helped them, whereas those who are more self-oriented will help others when they expect to be helped in the future.

People with positive core self-evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment.

*FALSE* People with positive core self-evaluations like themselves, and see themselves as capable, effective, and in control of their environment. In contrast, people with negative core self-evaluations dislike themselves, and view themselves as powerless over the environment.

As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

*FALSE* Research suggests that observer-ratings surveys are a better predictor of success on the job.

The conscientiousness dimension of the Big Five Model captures a person's comfort level with relationships.

*FALSE* The extraversion dimension captures a person's comfort level with relationships.

Who defined personality as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment? A) Leon Festinger B) Dr. Sigmund Freud C) Gordon Allport D) Abraham Maslow E) Ivan Pavlov

*Gordon Allport * The definition of personality most frequently used was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years ago. He said that personality is "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment."

John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Hardley has over the past 6 months managed to get the company to an all time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley? A) Hardley is a low self-monitor. B) Hardley is a narcissist. C) Hardley scores high in machiavellianism. D) Hardley has a proactive personality. E) Hardley is a low risk-taking person.

*Hardley has a proactive personality.* People with proactive personalities identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, persevere until meaningful change occurs. They create positive change in the environment regardless of constraints or obstacles.

With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people? A) Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people. B) Highly agreeable people are less compliant and less rule abiding than less agreeable people. C) Highly agreeable people tend to be less satisfied in their jobs than less agreeable people. D) Highly agreeable people engage in less organization citizenship behavior than less agreeable people. E) Highly agreeable people have more tendency to engage in organizational deviance than less agreeable people.

*Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people.* Agreeable individuals tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service. They also are more compliant and rule abiding and less likely to engage in organizational deviance.

Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts? A) Introverts tend to be happier in their jobs in comparison to extroverts. B) Introverts express feelings more freely compared to extroverts. C) Introverts experience more positive emotions than extraverts. D) Introverts are generally more assertive than extraverts. E) Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

*Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts. * As compared to introverts, extraverts tend to be happier in their jobs and in their lives as a whole. Extraverts are more socially dominant than introverts and experience more positive emotions than introverts. Extraverts are also more assertive than introverts and more impulsive than introverts.

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report surveys? A) It can hold only a limited number of questions. B) It involves a large number of people in the evaluation process. C) It may have biased results if the surveyor's judgement is biased. D) It comprises of a large number of complex statistical data. E) It may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.

*It may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression.* The most common means of measuring personality is through self-report surveys. Though self-report measures work well when well constructed, one weakness is that the respondent might lie or practice impression management to create a good impression.

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected? A) Kate generally considers herself to be better than her colleagues. B) Kate is a go-getter — she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead. C) Kate has a conventional mindset and focuses on being efficient at her work. D) Kate often conforms to other's ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own. E) Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

*Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.* If Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals then this would strengthen her chances of being selected as, at the expo, she would have to market her company as well as meet with other industry professionals. If she considers herself to be better than her colleagues, then this would imply that she is narcissistic and hence, this would weaken her chances of being selected. If she is prepared to go to any length to get ahead, then this would imply that she is a high-Mach and might even act unethically; hence, this would not strengthen her position. If she has a conventional mindset and focuses on being efficient at her work, then this would imply that she is not very creative which would weaken her chances of being selected. Lastly, if she often conforms to other's ideas and opinions rather than come up with her own, then this would imply that she is very agreeable but lacking in original thought, and hence this would weaken her chances of being selected.

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights.Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected? A) Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation. B) Kate behaves differently in different situations, and occasionally presents striking contradictions between her public persona and her private self. C) Kate has a strong sense of independence and often gets work done without any support from others. D) Kate is often in agreement with other's ideas and opinions. E) Kate is gregarious and comfortable in changing contexts and ambiguous situations.

*Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.&* If Kate is socially inept and displays her true disposition and attitude in every situation, then this would imply that she is a low self-monitor. Considering she cannot adjust her behavior to situational demands, she would not be a good choice for the team. If Kate is gregarious and comfortable in ambiguous situations, and if she gets work done without any support from others, then this would increase her chances of being selected. If Kate conforms to other's ideas and opinions then this would suggest that she is high on agreeableness, which would increase her chances of getting selected. If she behaves differently in different situations, and occasionally presents striking contradictions between her public persona and her private self, then this would imply that she is a high self-monitor and this would make her a suitable choice for the delegation.

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100-questions where respondents are classified as extraverted-introverted, sensing-intuitive, thinking-feeling, and judging-perceiving. A) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator B) Birkman Method C) Karolinska Scales of Personality D) Keirsey Temperament Sorter E) Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis

*Myers-Briggs Type Indicator* The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most widely used personality assessment instrument in the world. It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. Respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive,thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving.

________ refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement. A) Asceticism B) Stoicism C) Cynicism D) Narcissism E) Machiavellianism

*Narcissism* Narcissism refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement. Evidence suggests that narcissists are more charismatic and thus more likely to emerge as leaders, and they may even display better psychological health.

Which of the following statements is true about personality? A) Personality is free from the influence of the environment. B) Personality remains constant over time. C) Personality can be measured solely through personal interviews. D) Personality is influenced by hereditary factors. E) Parents highly influence the development of our personality.

*Personality is influenced by hereditary factors.* Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. Personality appears to be a result of both hereditary and environmental factors and it changes over time. Research suggests that parents don't add much to our personality development.

________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. A) Talent B) Skill C) Knowledge D) Heredity E) Personality

*Personality* Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy.

*TRUE* A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy. For instance, a good candidate may be in a bad mood when taking the survey, and that will make the scores less accurate.

According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.

*TRUE* According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition.

According to the Big Five Model, the agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.

*TRUE* According to the Big Five Model, the agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type prefer control and like their world to be ordered and structured.

*TRUE* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the "judging" type want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured.

High Machs perform better when they interact face-to-face with others rather than indirectly.

*TRUE* High-Machs flourish when they interact face-to-face with others instead of indirectly. They also do well when a situation has minimal rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisation.

Millennials have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous.

*TRUE* Millenials who are also knows as Generation Yers grew up during prosperous times. They have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous.

An individual's willingness to take a chance affects how much time and information he or she needs to make a decision.

*TRUE* People differ in their willingness to take chances, a quality that affects how much time and information they need to make a decision.

An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's value in terms of their intensity.

*TRUE* Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's value in terms of their intensity.

Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.

*TRUE* Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. They contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.

Alex was sent to Beijing to help local managers solve the problem of growing worker dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a town hall meeting with the workers to understand the problems that they were facing and the reasons for their discontent. The turnout at the meeting was substantial; however, when asked for their opinions and suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Alex was unable to determine the reason for employee dissatisfaction.Which of the following, if true, best explains this situation? A) A small portion of the workers at the facility belong to the Baby Boomers generation. B) There is an unequal distribution of power in the company. C) The employees are genuinely concerned about improving their lot. D) Alex was sent to Beijing as he was one of the few employees who were conversant in the local language. E) On previous occasions, the company has yielded to employee demands.

*There is an unequal distribution of power in the company. * If there is an unequal distribution of power within a company, then employees would be reluctant to do anything that would be considered an act of insubordination, such as voicing their opinions. Hence, this would explain the employees' silence. If the employees were genuinely concerned about improving their lot, and the company had yielded to employee demands in the past, then the workers would have voiced their opinions. Additionally, if Alex was conversant in the local language, then this would imply that there were no language barriers between him and the workers and that they could understand him, yet they chose not to respond. It is irrelevant that a small portion of the workers at the facility were Baby Boomers.

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations ? A) They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals. B) They view themselves as powerless over their environment. C) They tend to question their capabilities and capacities. D) They lack persistence to achieve goals. E) They tend to be disliked by superiors and co-workers.

*They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals.* People with positive core self-evaluation set more ambitious goals, are more committed to their goals, and persist longer in attempting to reach these goals. They are more popular with co-workers than those with negative core self-evaluation.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding people with proactive personalities? A) They react passively to situations. B) They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation. C) They tend to be selfish and exploitive and believe others exist for their benefit. D) They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders. E) They are narcissistic in nature and require constant admiration.

*They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.* People with proactive personalities identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, persevere until meaningful change occurs. They create positive change in the environment regardless of constraints or obstacles. They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders and to act as change agents.

Which of the following is true of a narcissist? A) They go out of their way to be helpful to colleagues. B) They have an inferiority complex about themselves. C) They are more likely to emerge as leaders. D) They do not require admiration or importance of people. E) They are meek, timid, and shy in nature.

*They are more likely to emerge as leaders. * In psychology, narcissism describes a person who has a grandiose sense of self-importance, requires excessive admiration, has a sense of entitlement, and is arrogant. Because narcissists often want to gain the admiration of others and receive affirmation of their superiority, they tend to "talk down" to those who threaten them, treating others as if they were inferior. Narcissists also tend to be selfish and exploitive and believe others exist for their benefit. Evidence suggests that narcissists are more charismatic and thus more likely to emerge as leaders.

Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five Model? A) They engage in numerous risky behaviors such as smoking and drinking. B) They tend to indulge in irresponsible behavior and be disorganized. C) They do not adapt well to changing contexts. D) They focus on learning instead of performing a job efficiently. E) They emphasize excessively on being creative.

*They do not adapt well to changing contexts.* According to the Big Five Model, highly conscientious people are organized and structured, and do not adapt well to changing contexts. They are generally performance oriented and have more trouble learning complex skills early in the training process because their focus is on performing well rather than on learning.

Which of the following is most likely to be true regarding people with a high level of other-orientation? A) They feel obligated to help people who have helped them. B) They help people when they expect to be helped in the future. C) They tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation. D) They believe that others exist for their benefit. E) They tend to be selfish and exploitive in nature.

*They feel obligated to help people who have helped them.* People with other-orientation are concerned about other people's well-being and feelings. Those who are other-oriented feel more obligated to help others who have helped them, whereas those who are more self-oriented will help others when they expect to be helped in the future.

Which of the following is true of the baby boomer generation? A) They lead lives shaped mainly by globalization. B) They are more questioning and entrepreneurial than the other generations. C) They give high importance to achievement and material success. D) They give the highest importance to flexibility and life options. E) They rate highest in friendship and pleasure on the RVS.

*They give high importance to achievement and material success.* Boomers entered the workforce from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s. They place a great deal of emphasis on achievement and material success. They believe that ends can justify means and work hard to enjoy the fruits of labor.

Which of the following is true of values ? A) They are void of a judgmental element. B) They are invariably fluid and flexible in nature. C) They have content and intensity attributes. D) They never change irrespective of external factors. E) They are always established in a person's later years.

*They have content and intensity attributes.* Values contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. Values have both content and intensity attributes. Values tend to be relatively stable and enduring. A significant portion of the values we hold is established in our early years. Values may change, but more often they are reinforced.

A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions? A) a manager who leads team members in different geographic locations B) an executive who has to follow stringent rules while closing a sale C) a legal liaison who works from home and coordinates with people through the phone D) a freelance researcher whose work is free from interpersonal communication E) a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

*a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission* High Machs flourish (1) when they interact face to face with others rather than indirectly, (2) when the situation has a minimal number of rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisation, and (3) when emotional involvement with details irrelevant to winning distracts low Machs.

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the investigating type prefer ________. A) activities that involve helping and developing others B) activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding C) physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination D) ambiguous and imaginative activities that allow creative expression E) activities in which there are opportunities to influence others

*activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding * With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the "investigating" type prefer activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding.

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others? A) conscientiousness B) agreeableness C) extroversion D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

*agreeableness * The agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.

As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________. A) tend to be more adaptable to external situations B) pay closer attention to the behavior of others C) have low consistency between personalities and actions D) are less likely to emerge as leaders E) show less commitment to their organizations

*are less likely to emerge as leaders* Evidence indicates high self-monitors pay closer attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming than are low self-monitors. They also receive better performance ratings, are more likely to emerge as leaders, and show less commitment to their organizations. High self-monitoring managers tend to be more mobile in their careers.

With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. A) uncertainty avoidance B) long-term orientation C) masculinity D) collectivism E) power distance

*collectivism * Collectivism emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability? A) extroversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

*conscientiousness * The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.

People belonging to the ESTJ type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification. A) irrational B) perplexed C) decisive D) disoriented E) emotional

*decisive* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ESTJ category are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, and decisive and have a natural head for business or mechanics.

Among the Big Five Model traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. A) extroversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) emotional stability E) openness to experience

*emotional stability * Of the Big Five traits, emotional stability is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels. This is probably true because high scorers are more likely to be positive and optimistic and experience fewer negative emotions.

Which of the following dimensions of the Big Five Model indicates a person's ability to withstand stress? A) emotional stability B) extroversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

*emotional stability * The emotional stability dimension, often labeled by its converse, neuroticism, taps a person's ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers. A) realistic B) conventional C) artistic D) enterprising E) investigative

*enterprising * With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the enterprising type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers.

People scoring high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five Model are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior than those who score low. A) agreeableness B) conscientiousness C) openness D) extraversion E) emotional stability

*extraversion* Extraverts are more impulsive than introverts; they are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior.

Ellen Athers works as a communication executive at a travel house. She is known to be friendly with her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to build strong work relationships. She knows that her rapport with her co-workers is a crucial part of her work and invests time in these relationships. In addition, while making decisions, she is assertive and colleagues take her decisions seriously. Which of the following personality types is Athers most likely to be characterized by according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) perceiving B) brooder C) extraverted D) introverted E) solitary

*extraverted* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, extraverted people are outgoing, sociable, and assertive whereas introverted people are quiet and shy.

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for? A) enthusiastic/ingenious B) emotional/impulsive C) extraverted/introverted D) emotive/illustrative E) empathetic/innovative

*extraverted/introverted * In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, individuals are classified as extroverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving

Amber Downing, a human resource executive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her organization. During the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. The organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection process. However she believes that it is rude not to give them an update. She thus makes sure that she send them e-mails informing them all about the selection process. Which of the following personality types is Downing characterized by according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) sensing B) judging C) thinking D) feeling E) introverted

*feeling* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, feeling types of people rely on their personal values and emotions.

Which of the following terms refers to factors such as one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup determined at conception? A) social identity B) heredity C) behavioral contagion D) self-concordance E) social loafing

*heredity* Personality appears to be a result of both hereditary and environmental factors. Heredity refers to factors determined at conception. Physical stature, facial attractiveness, gender, temperament, muscle composition and reflexes, energy level, and biological rhythms are generally considered to be either completely or substantially influenced by one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup.

With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________. A) high on individualism B) low on masculinity C) high on power distance D) low on uncertainty avoidance E) high on long-term orientation

*high on power distance* Power distance describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. A high rating on power distance means that large inequalities of power and wealth exist and are tolerated in the culture, as in a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility.

Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations. A) low on openness B) high on narcissism C) low on agreeableness D) high on self-monitoring E) low on conscientiousness

*high on self-monitoring * Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors. Individuals scoring high in self-monitoring show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior to external situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behave differently in different situations.

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, the ENTP type of people are most likely to be ________. A) illogical B) innovative C) intuitive D) skeptical E) stubborn

*innovative* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, the ENTP type of people are conceptualizers, innovative, individualistic, versatile, and attracted to entrepreneurial ideas. Such kinds of people tend to be resourceful in solving challenging problems but may neglect routine assignments.

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior. A) terminal B) critical C) instrumental D) essential E) flexible

*instrumental * According to the Rokeach Value Survey, instrumental values refer to preferable modes of behavior.

Ellaine Chamberlain works as a research executive at an environmental organization. Though her colleagues are helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact with her co-workers to a high extent. Which of the following personality types is Chamberlain most likely to be characterized by according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) social B) introverted C) exhibitionist D) gregarious E) extraverted

*introverted* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, extraverted people are outgoing, sociable, and assertive whereas introverted people are quiet and shy.

According to the Big Five Model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. A) low on emotional stability B) low on openness to experience C) high on agreeableness D) high on extraversion E) low on conscientiousness

*low on conscientiousness* According to the Big Five Model, a person who scores low on conscientiousness is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.

Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means? A) extraversion B) machiavellianism C) agreeableness D) self-concordance E) narcissism

*machiavellianism * Machiavellianism refers to the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________. A) economist B) teacher C) mechanic D) lawyer E) biologist

*mechanic * Realistic personalities prefer physical activities that require skill, strength, and coordination. They thrive in jobs such as mechanics, drill press operators, assembly-line workers, and farmers.

Tracy Winter works at a publishing firm in London and recently received an e-mail from the human resource department of her company, asking her to study a colleague, Cindy Camp's behavior and attention toward her work without her knowledge. Winter now needs to scrutinize her behavior and notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient importance to her tasks. Which of the following is Winter conducting? A) observer-ratings survey B) informational interview C) knowledge survey D) participant observation E) focus group survey

*observer-ratings survey* Observer-ratings surveys provide an independent assessment of personality. In such surveys, a co-worker or another observer does the rating, with or without the subject's knowledge.

In ________, a co-worker or another observer does an independent assessment of personality, with or without the subject's knowledge. A) observer-ratings surveys B) paid surveys C) knowledge surveys D) deviation surveys E) cadastral surveys

*observer-ratings surveys* Observer-ratings surveys provide an independent assessment of personality. In such surveys, a co-worker or another observer does the rating, with or without the subject's knowledge.

Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality ? A) extroversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability

*openness to experience * The openness to experience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.

According to the Big Five Model, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty. A) emotional stability B) extroversion C) openness to experience D) agreeableness E) conscientiousness

*openness to experience* The openness to experience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive.

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are flexible and spontaneous. A) thinking B) judging C) introverted D) sensing E) perceiving

*perceiving * According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the perceiving type are flexible and spontaneous. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions while handling problems. Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems.

Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach value survey? A) economic success B) social recognition C) personal discipline D) world peace E) meaning in life

*personal discipline* Instrumental values refer to preferable modes of behavior, or means of achieving the terminal values. Personal discipline is an instrumental value and all other options are terminal values.

Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics about Lugo indicate her ________. A) talent B) skill C) knowledge D) genealogy E) personality

*personality* Personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

According to Gordon Allport, ________ is defined as the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment. A) cognitive dissonance B) heredity C) personality D) descent E) genealogy

*personality* The definition of personality we most frequently use was produced by Gordon Allport nearly 70 years ago. He said personality is "the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment."

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________. A) are quiet, shy and introverted B) rely on unconscious processes C) prefer their world to be ordered D) are flexible and spontaneous E) rely on personal values and emotions

*prefer their world to be ordered * According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured.

Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations. A) high self-monitoring B) proactive C) high Mach D) type A E) narcissist

*proactive* Those with a proactive personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.

Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) preferring routine and order and focusing on details B) outgoing, sociable, and assertive in nature C) relying on unconscious processes and looking at the overall picture D) using reason, rationality, and logic to handle problems and situations E) relying on their personal values and emotions to make decisions

*relying on unconscious processes and looking at the overall picture* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the intuitive type rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture."

According to the Big Five Model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________. A) distracted, disorganized, and unreliable B) calm, self-confident, and secure C) cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic D) responsible, organized, and dependable E) reserved, timid, and quiet

*responsible, organized, and dependable* The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent.

Which of the following is the most common means of measuring personality? A) in-depth interviews B) self-report surveys C) career portfolio D) reference interviews E) stress interviews

*self-report surveys* The most common means of measuring personality is through self-report surveys. In such surveys, individuals evaluate themselves on a series of factors, such as "I worry a lot about the future."

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details. A) sensing B) extraverted C) feeling D) perceiving E) intuitive

*sensing* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification, people belonging to the sensing type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details.

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of S versus N stand for? A) sensing/intuitive B) social/perceiving C) stable/negligent D) sympathetic/thinking E) shrewd/feeling

*sensing/intuitive * In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, individuals are classified as extroverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving ( J or P).

Help Aid, a non-profit organization in Indonesia, works at providing education in underdeveloped countries. They are now looking to hire a teacher who can educate children in Namibia and help get into jobs which can sustain themselves. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to which of the following personality types will best suit Help Aid's requirement? A) conventional B) realistic C) enterprising D) artistic E) social

*social * According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, social personalities are friendly, sociable, cooperative, and understanding. Careers for social personalities include social worker, teacher, and counselor among others.

Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach value survey? A) personal discipline B) self-reliance C) goal-orientation D) social recognition E) self-improvement

*social recognition* According to the Rokeach value survey, terminal values refer to desirable end-states. These are the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime. Social recognition is an end-state goal. The other answers are means which a person could use to get to that goal.

Individuals low in self-monitoring ________. A) tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation B) are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe ends can justify means. C) have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and are arrogant. D) are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. E) tend to dislike themselves and view themselves as powerless over their environment.

*tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation* Individuals low in self-monitoring tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation; hence, there is high behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do.

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states. A) essential B) instrumental C) critical D) flexible E) terminal

*terminal * According to the Rokeach Value Survey, terminal values refer to desirable end-states.

Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutinization and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification? A) intuitive B) introverted C) thinking D) feeling E) perceiving

*thinking* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, thinking types of people use reason and logic to handle problems.

According to Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured to unstructured situations. A) collectivism B) power distance C) long-term orientation D) uncertainty avoidance E) individualism

*uncertainty avoidance * According to Hofstede's framework, the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations defines their uncertainty avoidance. Cultures low on uncertainty avoidance are more accepting of ambiguity, are less rule oriented, take more risks, and more readily accept change.

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"? A) values B) attitudes C) emotions D) feelings E) traditions

*values * Values represent basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. Values contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable.

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted/ intuitive/ thinking/ judging type of people are ________. A) visionaries B) organizers C) conceptualizers D) executors E) methodists

*visionaries* According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the INTJ (Introverted, Intuitive, Thinking, Judging) type are visionaries with original minds and great drive. They are skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.