20th Century Art History Part Two

Drowning Girl

By: Roy Lichtenstein Date: 1963 Movement: Pop Art in USA; Appropriation Comic Book Imagery (From Dramatic comics) Things to notice: Conversation bubble/ thought bubble, Flat color, Ben-day dots, stylized waves. Meaning: comment on how women are portrayed in comic books and elsewhere as helpless w/o man or totally focussed on him.

After Walker Evans

By: Sherrie Levine Date: 1981 Movement: Appropriation: From collage to Postmodernism Meaning: Challenges modernist tents of originality and individuality Evans a champion of "straight" photography

X Portfolio (Just know about it)

By: Robert Mapplethorpe Movement: Controversial Art Contains images described as erotic, homoerotic, and sadomasochistic, also includes child nudity.

Spiral Jetty

By: Robert Smithson Date: 1970 Place: Great Salt Lake, Utah Movement: Environmental Art > legend of the whirlpool and the source of the Lake, also suggests DNA spiral? galaxies? spiral shells? > made of natural materials moved by bulldozer

# Valie Export's Action Pants: Genital Panic

Abramovic 1969 Performance Art > pants with crotch removed, leather jacket, machine gun, stares at spectators, making them uncomfortable for 7 hours.

# Lips of Thomas

By: Abramovic Date: 2005 Movement: Performance art > Abramoviv is nude, sits down, eats honey, drinks wine, then cuts star in abdomen with razor blade, weeps during Slavic tragic song, lays on a bed of ice on shape of cross, then whips her body, gets up, body shaking from cold. > spectators very uneasy , tried to get her to stop

The Artist is Present Exhibition

By: Abramovic Date: 2010 Movement: Performance Art Exhibition of re-performances of her previous works

# Chicken

By: Allan Kaprow Date: 1962 Type: Happening Movement: The Performative Impulse: From DADA to Contemporary Era > beyond action painting however to 'pure action' > portrays cycle of chicken's life > encouraged participants to make own connections Credits pollock for moving art beyond the canvas

# Household

By: Allan Kaprow Type: Happening commissioned by Cornell Date: 1964 Movement: The Performative Impulse: From Dada to Contemporary Era > Participants lick strawberry jam from car, which is later set on fire; > unscripted, improvisatory;

Piss Christ

By: Andres Serrano Date: 1987 Movement: Controversial Art His use of religious iconography and the human body can be seen very in his: Fluid Abstractions series (1987-1990) In this series he incorporated various body fluids; he photographed a number of statues in various fluid such as milk, menstrual blood and semen. Offensive?

# Green Coca-Cola Bottles

By: Andy Warhol Movement: Pop Art in USA; Appropriation Made out of Silkscreen of coke bottles Warhol credited with being first to use silkscreen in non-commercial art) Meaning: Sameness/ a negative comment on mass produced consumer culture? or Appreciation of that culture?

Marilyn Diptych

By: Andy Warhol. Date: 1962 Movement: Pop Art in the USA; Appropriation Marilyn had just recently committed suicide Meaning: just another commodity in our throw away culture? commenting on fleeting nature of fame, shallowness of being a sex symbol? Sympathetic view of Marilyn (her rise and fall)?

Untitled (Your Gaze Hits the Side of My Face)

By: Barbara Kruger Date: 1981 Movement : Appropriation: collage to postmodernism Meaning: Explores power of the male gaze women positioned as objects that are subject to the visual fixation of the male (the male gaze spoken of in Feminist criticism.) makes viewer feel like a voyeur, we know she doesn't want anyone looking at her.

Untitled (Your Body is a Battleground)

By: Barbara Kruger Date: 1989 Movement: Appropriation: Collage to postmodernism Medium: Photographic silkscreen on vinyl Meaning: Originally used for pro-choice march in DC allowed image to be used for support abortion, birth control, and woman's rights. Also used to critique how symmetry is used to judge female beauty in advertisements.

Shoot

By: Chris Burden Date: 1971 Movement: Performance Art Meaning? • just bold act, demonstrating freedom, audacity, boldness? • inspired by violent Hollywood films, the Vietnam War? (acknowledgement of the death and disfigurement that resulted from the war, which was still going on); • Shock people into acknowledging the existence of violence in America? Influence by Duchamp

# Through the Night Softly

By: Chris Burden Date: 1973 Movement: Performance Art Footage used for 10 second TV ad on Los Angeles TV; took some convincing; normal commercials seen, then this sadomasochistic ad, then back to normal commercials;

The Holy Virgin Mary

By: Chris Ofili Date: 1996 Movement: Controversial Art The Painting: A black Madonna Surrounded by golden background of enamel dots and glitter Exposed breast of elephant dung 2 clumps of dung at bottom with words "Virgin" and "Mary" Surrounded by collage elements (100 cutouts of female genitalia and anuses) Offensive?

Wrapped Reichstag, Berlin

By: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Date: 1971-95 Movement: Environmental Art > aesthetically powerful image > content dealing with time > highly imaginative and new (see sight in new ways, provokes thought) > process = art

Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California

By: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Date: 1972-76 Movement: Environmental Art > 3.2 mil > aesthetically powerful image > content dealing with time > highly imaginative and new (see sight in new ways, provokes thought) > process = art

Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Greater Miami, Florida

By: Christo and Jeanne-Claude Date: 1980-83 Movement: Environmental Art > 3.5 mil > aesthetically powerful image > content dealing with time > highly imaginative and new (see sight in new ways, provokes thought) > process = art

Untitled Film Stills (1/5 images #21)

By: Cindy Sherman Date: 1977 - 78 Movement: More Overtly Feminist-Themed Art (Identify each of the 5 images) She is both the photographer and the subject and goes beyond a self-portrait Comment on how women are perceived, especially in movies Woman alone in city: vulnerable, helplessness, anxiety

God Bless America

By: Faith Ringgold Date: 1964 From the American People Series #13 Movement: Guernica to the Contemporary Period > Colors suggest American Flag and all it stands for > early 1960s nation still embroiled in Civil Rights struggle; (Voting rights act passes that year) > many wanted to cling to the segregated past. Bars suggest jail cell.

Untitled (Portrait of Ross in LA)

By: Felix Gonzalez-Torres Date: 1991 Movement: Guernica to the Contemporary Period Meaning: >depleting pile: although periodically replenished, represents Ross's deteriorating body (weight loss) pile weights 175 Ross's initial weight before AIDS

The Two Fridas

By: Frida Kahlo Date: 1939 Movement: The Feminist Impulse Heritage as part Mexican part European > Parts of herself coexist uneasily in her psyche > Share blood; hold hands > effects of relationship with Diego Rivera who loved the Mexican Frida > Mexican Frida holds portrait of Diego as a boy Surreal? Unreal combo, unreal environment, like a dream (2 parts of self)

# Self- Portrait with Thorn Necklace

By: Frida Kahlo Date: 1939 Movement: The Feminist Impulse Kahlo with exotic pets (she had some), both self portraits have elements around her neck in a threatening way, with the one at right also having the element of thorns and a dead bird, the thorns draw blood Sad, Angry --> physical and emotional pain Unibrow --> Trademark enclosed or trapped by surroundings

Untitled (Loverboy)

By: Félix González-Torres Date: 1990 Movement: Guernica to the Contemporary Period > Minimal and block-like, but changes and has deep meaning >interaction important to artist meaning: > reference partner, Ross Laycock at the time suffered with AIDS; he is in a sense disappearing from the artists life and losing weight > the blue represents his visits to the beach with partner.

Black Iris

By: Georgia O'Keeffe Date: 1926 Movement: The Feminist Impulse Meaning: Just a close up of a flower which is one of her favorite subjects but critics saw sexual imagery in her flower paintings

How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare

By: Joseph Beuys Date: 1965 Movement: Performance Art > felt and fat ; German fighter pilot; shot down over Crimea, rescued by Tartars, who nursed back to health; called performances "actions" > What is the artist trying to say? acting as shaman, difficulty in explaining creative process; human "rational" nature impedes understanding >For Beuys: - hare also symbolizes birth: born and burrows underground, then emerges; - honey suggests bees, symbol of warmth and brotherhood; -gold: alchemy; -iron: metal of Greek god Mars (symbolizes masculine strength and affinity with the earth)

The Dinner Party

By: Judy Chicago Date: 1979 Movement: More Overtly Feminist- Themed Art Celebrates notable women from history and legend a collaborative effort Media: ceramics, needle point (materials traditionally used by women)

The Dinner Party, Georgia O'Keeffe place setting

By: Judy Chicago Collaborative work with 39 place settings one is Georgia O'Keeffe's place setting

# Gone: An Historical Romance of a Civil War as It Occurred b'tween the Dusky Thighs of One Young Negress and Her Heart

By: Kara Walker Date: 1994 Movement: Controversial Art Cut Paper on Wall Inspired by Gone with the Wind Focus on race; Wants us to examine racial history in all of its facets

# Insurrection (Our Tools Were Rudimentary, Yet We Pressed On)

By: Kara Walker Date: 2002 Movement: Controversial Art Involves: cut paper and adhesive on wall, light projection. Viewer becomes part of work because of shadows. Portrays rebellion "as a sexual melee"

# Polar Stampede

By: Lee Krasner Date: 1960 Movement: The Feminist Impulse Style method more like De Kooning (Aggressive, slashing application) not on the floor like Pollock Very Abstract, suggestion of figures in much of her work but not much in this painting

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

By: Marcel Duchamp Date: 1912 Movement: Controversial Art Very abstract; Cubist (angular abstraction, faceting, limited palette) and Futurist characteristics. What abstract elements convey movement down a staircase? Multiple rhythmic repetitions of figurative lines and shapes, swooshed; downward directional forces; implied movement of body.

Balkan Baroque

By: Marina Abramovic Date: 1997 Place: Venice Biennale Movement: Performance Art • war in Balkans going on at this time (1997); • Abramović upset by war; portrays violence, lack of freedom; Consists of 3 large video projections; Key parts: • Artist was there (live), sitting for 6 hrs a day for 4 days on mountain of cow bones, sang mournful songs, rubbed flesh from bones • 3 projections: 1) images of herself (lecture on killing rats, then dancing in seductive manner); 2) her father puts gun to his head; 3) mother covers eyes;

Seven Easy Pieces

By: Marina Abramovic Date: 2005 Movement: Performance Art For seven nights, starting on November 9, 2005, for seven hours each day, at the Museum. She did a series or performances recreating historical performances.

TV Buddha

By: Nam June Paik Date: 1974 Movement: Non- Performative Work video installation • Buddha meditating in front of monitor, with image of himself; • Meditating on his own image, rather than enlightenment; should be emptying self; • White wall common in Buddhist meditation (but Buddha focuses on self, not wall); What might Paik be saying here? • Searching the inner self? • Inappropriate preoccupation with self? • Comment on the numbing effects of TV? • A critique of Buddhist meditation?

Sextronique

By: Nam June Palk Date: 1967 Movement: Performance Art > video taped performance; Moorman topless; at Filmmakers Cinematheque performance she was arrested, later convicted for public indecency; she became known as "topless cellist"; at one point Paik becomes the "cello"

TV Bra for Living Sculpture

By: Nam June Palk Date: 1969 Movement: Performance Art • Influenced by Marshall McLuhan (who saw media as both positive and negative, as did Paik); • Both concerned with "numbness" due to the "hyper stimulation of our electronic culture"; • So Paik wanted to humanize it;

Untitled (Cowboy)

By: Richard Prince Date: 1991 - 92 Movement: Appropriation Re-contextualizes Meaning: Cowboys have become mythical and the way we think of them is a construct that isn't totally based in reality. Hes commenting on the making of the virile male into a commodity and deconstructing this archetype of American life American dream = myth

# Sex Obsession Food Obsession Macaroni Infinity Nets & Kusama

By: Yayoi Kusama Date: 1962 Movement: Installation Art she is naked on phallic themed sofas; repetition and sexual theme are common in her work; surrounded by macaroni feminist statement; conquering her own aversion to sex and male body; herself as an object of male desire.

# Obliteration Room

By: Yayoi Kusama Date: 2002 - present Movement: Installation Art > it begins as an entirely white space, furnished as a monochrome living room; people are invited to obliterate the room with stickers and explosion of color

# Infinity Mirror Room - Phalli's Field

By: Yayoi Kusama Date: 1965 Movement: Installation Art This is her first work where she uses mirrors; • Also includes 100s of soft phalluses; the room is about 25 square meters; • The idea to use mirrors occurred to her as a way to save time making so many phalluses for one work; by using mirrors she could duplicate the ones she did make; it created the illusion of thousands of phalluses; • Again, the phalluses become a form of self-therapy, as she grapples with her aversion to sex and the male body; • She uses humor to deal with it;

# Narcissus Garden

By: Yayoi Kusama Date: 1966 Movement/Type: Installation at the Venice Biennale > the spheres are very reflective, which ties into the Narcissus myth in Greek mythology, in which Narcissus admired his own reflection (he ends up drowning because he was so preoccupied with his image) Self-promotion and her protest of the commercialization of art

Infinity Mirrored Room - The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away

By: Yayoi Kusama Date: 2013 Movement: Installation Art > Again she creates an immersive environment in which the viewer becomes a part

The Swing (after Fragonard)

By: Yinka Shonibare Date: 2001 Movement: Guernica to the Contemporary Period Portrays a female mannequin, with no head (both typical of Shonibare); • here dressed as an aristocratic woman from the 18th-century • with foliage made to look sort of like the painting; • shoe has been kicked off, as in the painting; • Dress is made out of a fabric with an African print on it; • The men have been omitted;

Untitled Film Still (4/5 Images #2)

Cindy Sherman

Untitled Film (5/5 images #3)

Cindy Sherman > Domestic duties > shy but alluring as if she is looking at a significant other off the picture

# Untitled No. 224, Hisory Portraits Series

Cindy Sherman 1990 More Overtly Feminist- Themed Art > Female artist in the role of a male artist in the role of the roman god of wine > Sexual identity has been seen as fluid

Untitled Film Still (2/5 images #15)

Cindy Sherman > Focuses on male gaze > vulnerable woman in NY

Untitled Film Still (3/5 Images #10)

Cindy Sherman > role of women at home performing domestic duties > looks a bit upset or overwhelmed as a bag of groceries has spilled on the floor

Sugar Cane

Diego Rivera 1931 Fresco Guernica to the Contemporary Period > Represents a sugar plantation in Mexico, during the colonial period, but with Contemporary meaning > Style: representational, but with distortions for visual effect (and to convey meaning) > meaning clear: a Marxist critique of capitalism • exploitation and oppression of worker, like slave labor; • even children work; • rich landowners have easy life; wealth for a few; • Overseer (just left of middle, on a horse) has lighter skin and hair); there to keep workers in line. • Woman at left is Indian (hair braided, typical of Indian women); her children work alongside her;

What is the Proper Way to Display a U.S. Flag?

Dread Scott 1989 Guernica to the Contemporary Period > name comes from Dread Scott v. Sanford case of 1856 - slave sues for freedom; supreme court rules against him 7-2

Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada through the Last Weimar Beer Belly Cultural Epoch of Germany

Hannah Hoch Made in 1919-1920 Movement: Appropriation Photocollage (photomontage): harsh commentary on Weimar Republic; Support for DADA and DADA slogans; Corruption of Weimar leaders Anarchy, turmoil, hectic nature suggested by disjointed, chaotic combination of varied imagery: points to military tendency to paste heads on earlier pictures; Kathe Kollwitz, antiwar artist (tosses head in center); Weimar leaders pushed to side (symbolic), shown as anti-DADA and anti- leftist causes; (Dada very left-wing) A feminist Statement: portrays a number of women; map with European countries hat had given women the right to vote.

# The Artist is Present (Individual Work)

Marina Abramovic 2010 Performance Art > Artist sat at a table and visitors waited in a long line to sit across from her; once you sat down you could stay as long as you wanted to. > At one point her ex sat across from her; she didn't know he was coming

# Vito Acconci's Seedbed (og: 1972)

Marina Abramovic 2005 Performance Art > She hid under a circular stage and continually masturbated. Reached climax and said "Darling, I am tired; I am going to pee" then urinated, then started again. >Feminist response to Acconi? >Asserting a position of equality to men?

Guernica

Picasso 1937 Social and Political Critique and Commentary: From Guernica to the Contemporary Period > protest of war and injustice, Spanish basque town bombed by Hitler's planes; Franco, Fascist leader of Spain, Spanish Civil War (Between fascist and those wanting democracy) Disemboweled horse (run-through with a javelin) > represents the people?; lamp > symbol of conscience of humanity?; bull > symbol of Spain?, of brutality? the artist himself?; eye > all-seeing eye of God?

Just What Is It That Makes Today's Homes So Different, So Appealing?

Richard Hamilton Made in 1956. Collage Movement: Pop Art in Berlin; Appropriation Pop due to: - Popular culture (imagery from American Pop culture - picked in reference to title) - Images taken from American Magazines; advertising (Hamilton had an advertising background), comics, etc.; - First Satellite image of earth; He was Anti-Capitalist but loves USA pop culture