24 Urinary System

Determine the correct order of the structure of the filtration membrane from deep to superficial. A. fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes B. basal lamina, podocytes, fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells C. fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, podocytes, basal lamina D. podocytes, basal lamina, fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells

A. fenestrated glomerular capillary endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes

The functional units of the kidneys are: A. nephrons. B. glomeruli. C. renal pyramids. D. renal sinuses.

A. nephrons.

Where are creatinine, ammonium ions, small amounts of urea, and drugs such as penicillin typically secreted? A. proximal tubule B. distal tubule C. ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) D. collecting duct

A. proximal tubule

The trigone of the urinary bladder is created by __________. A. the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice B. the internal and external urethral sphincters C. the internal and external urethral orifices D. the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra

A. the openings to the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice

Renal clearance is defined as __________. A. the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood B. the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane C. the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in 1 minute D. the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24-hour period

A. the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood

In the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle), the: A. thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions. B. thick segment is permeable to water but impermeable to sodium and chloride ions. C. movement of water and solutes is passive. D. thin segment is not permeable to sodium ions, chloride ions, or water.

A. thick segment is impermeable to water but permeable to sodium and chloride ions.

Consuming alcohol inhibits the release of ADH. As a result __________. A. urine volume will increase B. there will be more aquaporins in the membrane of cells from the distal convoluted tubule C. obligatory water reabsorption will decrease D. urine is more concentrated

A. urine volume will increase (If ADH is reduced, there will be less water reabsorption, therefore more water will remain in the filtrate, and therefore more urine will be produced.)

The yellow color of urine comes from the presence of: A. urochrome. B. sodium ions. C. glucose. D. ammonia.

A. urochrome.

Place these vessels in the correct order as blood flows into and through the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. efferent arteriole 4. glomerulus 5. interlobar artery 6. interlobular (cortical radiate) artery 7. renal artery 8. segmental artery A. 7, 8, 6, 2, 5, 1, 5, 3 B. 7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3 C. 7, 5, 8, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1 D. 7, 8, 2, 5, 6, 3, 4, 1

B. 7, 8, 5, 2, 6, 1, 4, 3

What does the countercurrent mechanism accomplish in the nephron loop? A. Production of very dilute urine B. Creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption C. Constriction of the arterioles to increase blood pressure D. Excretion of water and sodium ions into the filtrate

B. Creation of a steep concentration gradient for continued water reabsorption

Secretion happens via: A. Both passive and active transport B. Facilitated transport only C. Diffusion only D. Passive transport only

B. Facilitated transport only (Pumps or carriers are always required for secretion.)

The right kidney sits ________ to the left kidney due to the position of the liver. A. medial B. inferior C. superior D. posterior

B. Inferior

Where does blood in the arcuate artery travel next on its journey toward the glomerulus? A. Interlobar artery B. Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery C. Segmental artery D. Renal artery

B. Interlobular (cortical radiate) artery

Released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in response to a decrease in systemic blood pressure A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. renin C. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. angiotensin-II (A-II) E. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

B. Renin

Which of the following is a normal property of urine? A. specific gravity of 1.0 B. translucent C. contains leukocytes D. pH between 7.35 and 7.45

B. Translucent (Regardless of the color, urine should always be translucent. Cloudy urine indicates infection or presence of proteins in the urine.)

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? A. Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries. B. Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. C. Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate. D. Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered.

B. Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

A glomerulus is: A. attached to the collecting duct. B. a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. C. a hairpin loop segment of the renal tubule. D. the source of erythropoietin.

B. a set of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

The main force that promotes filtration in a nephron is: A. glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP). B. capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP). C. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP). D. colloid osmotic pressure (COP).

C. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP).

What process propels urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder in the ureters? A. secondary active transport B. segmentation C. peristalsis D. osmosis

C. peristalsis

Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP) is created by __________. A. systemic blood pressure B. fluids in the blood plasma C. proteins such as albumin in the blood D. filtrate in the capsular space

C. proteins such as albumin in the blood

Which of the following is NOT a component of the filtration membrane? A. basal lamina B. fenestrated glomerular capillaries C. podocyte filtration slits D. epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule

D. epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule (Filtrate collects inside the glomerular capsule, but the capsule itself is not part of the filtration membrane.)

Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? A. A-II promotes thirst. B. A-II dilates efferent arterioles. C. A-II decreases systemic blood pressure. D. A-II decreases blood volume.

A. A-II promotes thirst.

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate: A. blood pH. B. blood pressure. C. blood volume. D. blood solute concentration of sodium ions.

A. Blood pH.

The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the: A. hilum. B. pelvis. C. calyx. D. pyramid.

A. Hilium.

Most nutrients, such as glucose, are reabsorbed in the __________. A. proximal tubule B. nephron loop C. distal tubule D. glomerulus

A. Proximal tube (The proximal tubule is responsible for the reabsorption of nearly 100% of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and other organic substances.)

What are the two main subdivisions of the nephron? A. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule B. Renal cortex and renal medulla C. Glomerulus and peritubular capillaries D. Renal pyramids and renal columns

A. Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Which statement best describes the function of tubular reabsorption? A. Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood. B. Tubular reabsorption moves items from the peritubular capillary blood into the filtrate. C. Tubular reabsorption removes toxins from the blood that was not filtered. D. Tubular reabsorption moves blood plasma through the filtration membrane of the glomerular capillaries.

A. Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Urine is transported from kidney to the urinary bladder by the: A. ureter. B. inferior vena cava. C. urethra. D. aorta.

A. Ureter

Which hormones promote facultative water reabsorption? A. aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and parathyroid hormone

A. aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What will NOT stimulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? A. an increase in systemic blood pressure B. sympathetic nervous system stimulation C. low glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) D. stimulation from the macula densa cells

A. an increase in systemic blood pressure

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys to: A. regulate removal of metabolic wastes. B. regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow. C. conserve or eliminate hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. D. regulate blood solute concentration.

B. regulate red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the urinary tract? A. kidneys B. ureters C. urethra D. urinary bladder

A. Kidney (The kidneys are the organs that produce urine. The urinary tract stores urine and eliminates it. The kidneys are not part of the urinary tract.)

Fenestrated glomerular capillaries are typically impermeable to: A. albumin. B. nitrogenous wastes. C. glucose. D. amino acids.

A. Albumin

What external covering protects the kidney from physical shock? A. renal capsule B. adipose capsule C. renal pelvis D. renal fascia

B. adipose capsule

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the filtrate into the cells of the proximal tubule is by: A. diffusion. B. secondary active transport. C. facilitated diffusion. D. antiport.

B. secondary active transport.

The micturition reflex is initiated by __________. A the micturition center in the pons B. stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder C. sympathetic fibers that stimulate the detrusor muscle D. the detrusor muscle contractions and the internal urethral sphincter relaxing

B. stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder (The stretch receptors send a signal via sensory afferent fibers to the sacral portion of the spinal cord.)

How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24-hour period? A. 0.5 B. 0.9 C. 1.8 D. 4.3

C. 1.8

What is net filtration pressure (NFP) in the glomerular capillaries, in mm Hg? A. -5 B. 0 C. 10 D. 25

C. 10

What should NOT be found in filtrate? A. water B. electrolytes C. albumin D. glucose

C. Albumin

Which of the following solutes are not able to pass through the filtration membrane in a healthy kidney? A. sodium ions B. calcium ions C. albumin D. glucose

C. Albumin (Albumin is a plasma protein and is too large to pass through the filtration membrane.)

Which of the following hormones causes sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule? A. ACE B. ANP C. Aldosterone D. ADH

C. Aldosterone (Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex stimulates Na (and indirectly water) reabsorption and K secretion.)

Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the urinary system? A. maintenance of blood pressure B. removal of metabolic waste C. regulation of leukocyte production D. regulation of acid-base balance

C. regulation of leukocyte production (The urinary system is involved in the regulation of erythrocyte production, because the kidneys release the hormone erythropoietin, but it does not regulate production of leukocytes.)

What are the three main regions of the kidney? A. renal sinus, renal pelvis, renal cortex B. renal pelvis, renal sinus, renal fascia C. renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex D. renal sinus, renal medulla, renal cortex

C. renal pelvis, renal medulla, renal cortex

Which statement is TRUE regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? A. ADH is secreted in response to low potassium ions in the blood. B. ADH causes the kidneys to produce very dilute urine. C. ADH promotes water loss and increases urine output. D. ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.

D. ADH increases the permeability of the late distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts to water.

The distal tubule is a site for: A. secretion and filtration B. reabsorption and secretion C. reabsorption only D. filtration

B. reabsorption and secretion (Facultative reabsorption and secretion take place in the distal tubule of the nephron.)

How much urine, in liters, is typically produced in a 24 hour period? A. 4.3 B. 0.9 C. 1.8 D. 0.5

C. 1.8

Which of the following is an effect of angiotensin-II (A-II)? A. A-II promotes thirst. B. A-II decreases systemic blood pressure. C. A-II decreases blood volume. D. A-II dilates efferent arterioles.

A. A-II promotes thirst.

Reabsorption in which substances pass between adjacent tubular cells is called: A. extracellular B. intracellular C. transcellular D. paracellular

D. Paracellular (The paracellular route of reabsorption involves passage of substances between adjacent tubular cells.)

Which of the following is NOT true about tubular reabsorption? A. Tubular reabsorption moves items from the filtrate into the blood. B. Tubular reabsorption may involve hormonal control. C. Tubular reabsorption occurs via paracellular or transcellular routes. D. Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process

D. Tubular reabsorption is entirely a passive process

Which of the following would be a "potassium sparing diuretic," a drug that causes an increase in water loss, and a decrease in potassium loss in the kidneys? Choose the best answer. A. a drug that blocks the effect of ADH B. a drug that blocks the reabsorption of potassium C. a drug that blocks aquaporins D. a drug that blocks the effect of aldosterone

D. a drug that blocks the effect of aldosterone (If Aldosterone is inhibited, there will be less Na reabsorption, less water reabsorption, and less potassium secretion. Therefore, there will be increased water loss in urine, while potassium is "spared" and remains in blood.)

Each of the following is typical of urine except __________. A. yellow color B. translucency C. mild odor D. a pH of 3.0

D. a pH of 3.0

Converts angiotensin-I (A-I) to active angiotensin-II (A-II) A. angiotensin-II (A-II) B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) E. renin

D. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Promotes vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles and systemic blood vessels A. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. renin E. angiotensin-II (A-II)

E. angiotensin-II (A-II)

What is the normal value for the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in mL/min? A. 75 B. 125 C. 275 D. 500

B. 125

What is not a major function of the kidneys? A. Regulation of acid-base balance B. Hematopoiesis C. Removal of metabolic wastes D. Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure

B. Hematopoiesis

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, EXCEPT: A. increase renin secretion. B. increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). C. constrict both the afferent and efferent arterioles. D. increase blood concentration of angiotensin-II (A-II).

B. increase the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

In which kidney region are the renal pyramids located? A. renal sinus B. renal medulla C. renal pelvis D. renal cortex

B. renal medulla

Urine drains from a major calyx into: A. a papilla. B. the renal pelvis. C. the renal tubule. D. a minor calyx.

B. the renal pelvis.

Returning fluid and solutes from filtrate to blood happens via __________. A. tubular absorption B. tubular reabsorption C. tubular secretion D. glomerular filtration

B. tubular reabsorption (Tubular reabsorption transports nutrients back into the blood. The nutrients were filtered due to their small size, allowing them to go through the filtration membrane.)

Filtration happens at the: A. nephron loop B. proximal tubule C. glomerulus D. distal tubule

C. Glomerulus (Filtration happens as blood flows through the glomerular capillaries.)

If there was no reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following useful substances would be lost in urine: A. nitrogenous wastes B. hydrogen ions C. glucose D. drugs

C. Glucose (Glucose and other nutrients are rapidly reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. If not, they would be lost in the urine.)

Which of the following is true about tubular reabsorption? A. It always happens via the paracellular route. B. It always involves active transport. C. It involves carrier-mediated transport. D. It moves water and solute from the blood to the filtrate.

C. It involves carrier-mediated transport. (Most of the substances that are reabsorbed via the transcellular route require the use of carrier proteins, for facilitated diffusion or active transport.)

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane? A. basal lamina of the glomerulus B. filtration slits formed by podocytes C. squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule D. endothelial cells of the glomerulus

C. squamous epithelial cells of the glomerular capsule (The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is not part of the filtration membrane. Instead it forms the chamber in which filtrate is collected.)

The myogenic mechanism acts to restore glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by changing __________. A. tubular secretion of metabolic wastes B. blood pH C. vessel diameter D. blood pressure

C. vessel diameter

Reabsorption moves water and solutes: A. from urine to filtrate B. from filtrate to urine C. from blood to filtrate D. from filtrate to blood

D. From filtrate to blood (Reabsorption reclaims substances from filtrate back to blood.)

The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in 1 minute is defined as the __________. A. GHP B. NFP C. clearance D. GFR

D. GFR (The glomerular filtration rate is about 125 ml/min.)

What effect does high blood pressure have on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the absence of regulatory mechanisms? A. GFR will not change. B. GFR will decrease. C. GFR will decrease, then increase. D. GFR will increase.

D. GFR will increase.

Promotes the release of aldosterone by the adrenal glands A. renin B. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) C. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. angiotensin-II (A-II) E. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

D. angiotensin-II (A-II)

Inserts aquaporins to increase water reabsorption by cells in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting duct A. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) B. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) C. angiotensin-II (A-II) D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E. renin

D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The filtrate is most concentrated __________. A. in the thin descending limb of the nephron loop B. in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop C. as it exits the nephron loop D. at the turn of the nephron loop

D. at the turn of the nephron loop (The filtrate concentration at the turn of the nephron loop can reach 1200 mOsm.)

Triggers urinary excretion of sodium ions A. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B. angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) C. renin D. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) E. angiotensin-II (A-II)

D. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Simple squamous epithelium is located in the: A. proximal tubule. B. ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle). C. distal tubule. D. descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

D. descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)

What is a renal mechanism that raises systemic blood pressure? A. increase release of angiotensin-II (A-II) B. decrease secretion of aldosterone C. increase filtration into the glomerular capsule D. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

D. increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

Which of the following will NOT pass across the filtration membrane? A. glucose D. urea C. electrolytes D. plasma proteins

D. plasma proteins (Plasma proteins, like albumin, are too large to pass through the filtration membrane.)

The portion of the renal tubule through which filtrate initially flows is known as the __________. A. cortical collecting duct B. distal tubule C. nephron loop (loop of Henle) D. proximal tubule

D. proximal tubule

The process of filtration occurs at the: A. collecting duct. B. proximal tubule. C. distal tubule. D. renal corpuscle.

D. renal corpuscle.

The glomerular filtration rate is defined as: A. the percent of blood plasma that passes through the filtration membrane. B. the rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from the blood. C. the amount of filtrate that is reabsorbed during a 24-hour period. D. the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.

D. the amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys in one minute.