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At what stage in this moss life cycle is free-standing water required?

A

In mosses, male gametangia are called , while female gametangia are called .

Blank 1: antheridia Blank 2: archegonia

A common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with ; for that reason, those plants require free water for .

Blank 1: flagella or flagellum Blank 2: fertilization, reproduction, or sexual reproduction

In plants, the gametophyte produces and the sporophyte produces .

Blank 1: gametes Blank 2: spores

In plants, the haploid generation is called the , and the diploid generation is the .

Blank 1: gametophyte Blank 2: sporophyte

In this plant life cycle, the generation is represented by position A, while the generation is at position B.

Blank 1: gametophyte or haploid Blank 2: sporophyte or diploid

In liverworts, the well-known flattened species are lobed and resemble , whereas the form is much more common.

Blank 1: liver or livers Blank 2: leafy, mossy, or moss

Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; are small leaves found in the lycophytes and are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants.

Blank 1: lycophylls Blank 2: euphylls

In this plant life cycle is occurring at the position labeled A, and is occurring at B.

Blank 1: meiosis Blank 2: fertilization

In humans, gametes such as sperm and eggs are formed by the cellular process of , whereas land plants produce gametes by the process of .

Blank 1: meiosis Blank 2: mitosis

Seeds are very resistant structures, that can and nourish the young .

Blank 1: protect Blank 2: embryo or plant

Moss sporophytes typically have a slender with a swollen capsule, known as the , at its tip.

Blank 1: stalk Blank 2: sporangium

How do ferns produce haploid spores?

By meiosis in sporangia

Choose the answers that describe the typical shapes of moss sporangia.

Cylindrical Club-shaped

Select all types of leaves found in vascular plants.

Euphylls Lycophylls

Choose all components of fern sporophytes.

Fronds Rhizomes Fiddleheads

Which of the following is true of gamete production in humans and land plants?

Gametes are formed by mitosis in land plants. Gametes are formed by meiosis in humans.

Select all features of liverworts.

Gametophytes have rhizoids. They may be leafy or lobed.

Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water.

Higher levels of UV light on land Less water availability in a terrestrial environment

Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue.

Hormones Sucrose Minerals Water

Select all true statements about lycophytes.

In lycophytes, the sporophyte generation is dominant. Despite resembling true mosses, lycophytes have vascular tissues.

Choose all features of the alga ancestor of land plants.

Lived in freshwater Photosynthetic

Select the three clades of vascular plants that exist today.

Lycophytes Seed plants Pterophytes

Select all features of fern sporophytes.

Multicellular Photosynthetic Vascular

Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes?

Multicellular gametophytes Multicellular sporophytes Diploid embryos

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

Multicellular haploid and diploid generations Diploid embryos The ability to photosynthesize

Select all true statements about hornworts.

Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their sporophytes have stomata. Their gametophytes are photosynthetic.

Choose the two types of vascular tissue.

Phloem Xylem

Select all features of mosses.

Rhizoids do not absorb as well as a vascular plant root. They use rhizoids to anchor themselves.

What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes?

Roots

Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively?

Sperm and eggs

During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first?

Stems

Select the main evolutionary innovation that helped the tracheophytes to become dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems.

The development of vascular tissue

Select all true statements about bryophytes.

The gametophyte generation is more conspicuous than the sporophyte They undergo meiosis to produce spores

Select all adaptations of land plants that distinguish them from their algal relatives.

The presence of a waxy cuticle on air-exposed surfaces The presence of specialized water transporting tissues The presence of stomata for gas exchange

Which of the following are similarities that evolved independently in at least some species of both lycophytes and other vascular plants?

The presence of leaves A treelike growth form

Select all true statements about fern gametophytes.

They contain archegonia and antheridia. Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate.

Select all features of horsetails.

They have jointed stems. They are homosporous. Their stems are hollow.

Select all true statements about whisk fern sporophytes.

They lack true leaves. They are photosynthetic (green).

Select all ways in which moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.

They lack veins Most of their surface is one cell layer thick They lack stomata

Select all adaptive features of seeds.

They nourish the embryo. They protect the embryo.

Select all features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

They require free water for fertilization. They form antheridia and archegonia.

Select all functions of roots.

Transport of water Plant support

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk ferns

A major adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle in land plants is ______.

a cuticle on exposed surfaces

A fern gametophyte produces eggs and sperm in

archegonia and antheridia, respectively

A similarity between fern gametophytes and sporophytes is that they ______.

are photosynthetic

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required _______.

better water loss management

All of the following are examples of vascular plants except _______.

bryophytes

The , also known as nontracheophytes, are the closest living descendants of the first land plants.

bryophytes

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the ______.

bryophytes

The plant group with the little cell specialization is the

bryophytes

Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing .

cyanobacteria

One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are ______.

flagellated

Land plants evolved from ______.

freshwater green algae

In this moss life cycle, the male generation is circled in red.

gametophyte

Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the stage in the life cycle.

gametophyte or haploid

In this fern life cycle, the circle is enclosing the

gametophyte.

A typical land plant has a(n) life cycle, which includes multicellular haploid and diploid stages.

haplodiplontic

A plant is said to be if all of its spores are similar in appearance.

homosporous

Plants that produce one spore type are called ______.

homosporous

The are seedless vascular plants with hollow, jointed stems.

horsetails

The most common type of liverwort is ______.

leafy

Even though diverged from all other vascular plants early in their evolutionary history, they are similar in having leaves and a treelike growth form.

lycophytes

In land plants, the gametophyte ______.

may be larger than the sporophyte

Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward ______.

more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte

Organisms that exhibit a haplodiplontic life cycle have ______.

multicellular haploid and diploid stages

The bryophytes are also known as plants because they lack tracheids.

nontracheophyte

Mosses differ from other bryophytes because their gametophytes ______.

produce structures that look like leaves and stems

Unlike bryophytes, lycophytes ______.

produce vascular tissue

In this fern life cycle, the circle is enclosing

production of spores by meiosis.

The three clades of vascular plants are the lycophytes, the pterophytes, and the plants.

seed

Liverworts reproduce through ______.

sexual and asexual means

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called .

sori or sorus

Sori are clusters of ______.

sporangia in ferns

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid .

spores

The earliest vascular plants had ______.

stems but not roots

Which of the following statements accurately describe the sizes of plant sporophytes and gametophytes?

tTe sporophyte may be large or small. The gametophyte is never large.

An important difference that distinguishes the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is ______.

the lack of vascular tissue

A mature fern sporangium disperses its spores

through a catapulting mechanism.

Tracheophytes are dominant in many terrestrial ecosystems because of their ability to produce _____.

vascular tissue

In bryophytes, the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of is necessary for fertilization.

water, rainwater, H2O, or rain water