#3: Chemical Reactions within Living Organisms
What is poop?
- 75% water - 25% undigested food, bacteria, waste, broken down blood cells
What are the amino acids of proteins made of?
- isoleucine ( C6 H13 NO3) - phenylalanine ( C9 H11 NO2) - glycine (C2 H5 NO2)
What do living things do with matter and energy?
- they rearrange matter (atoms) - use the energy that is released
What is pee?
- water filtered from blood - urea
What do the 3 organic molecules have in commo (protein, lipids, carbs) ?
All contain C, H, and O
Explain how matter and energy are conserved in each biochemical reaction
All matter and energy must abide by the laws of conservation of energy/matter. This accounts for atoms as well. Thus, in a biochemical reaction, the products are formed using the reactants' atoms. Those atoms are rearranged with the exact same atoms of the reactants. No new atoms are added and no atoms are left unused.
What component molecule is Protein?
Amino acids (contains C, H, O, and N)
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
What bonds have high energy?
C-C and C-H bonds (they're flammable)
Formula for ethanol...
C2H5OH
What does ethanol + oxygen create? Are any atoms lost or added? Why?
CO2 + H2O No, because it abides to the laws of conservation of matter and is transformed, but it uses the same atoms of the ethanol and oxygen
Why do living things rearrange matter?
Car Analogy: fuel (food) + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed
What occurs from the reactants to the products (ethanol + oxygen)?
Energy is released as atoms are rearranged
Why did ethanol create a fire, but not BTB?
Ethanol contain high PE because it possesses high energy bonds (C-C & C-H), and BTB does not
What component molecule is Carbohydrate?
Glucose C6 H12 O6
Explain how if the products have less potential energy than the reactants in a chemical reaction, then energy will be released to the surroundings.
If the products have less potential energy than the reactants in a chemical reaction, then energy will be released to the surroundings because when the energy is released it is released as energy. Thus, it can not remain in the system and must the go into the surroundings. This is can also be described as an exothermic reaction.
What happens when a protein's shape is altered?
It functions differently
What does the protein's shape determine?
Its function
What does the primary structure of the protein determine?
Its shape
What is the law of conservation of matter?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change forms.
Do the reactants have more energy in the molecules compared to the molecules of the products?
No, there is less energy in the molecules in the products compared to the reactants
What are the 3 main food components?
Proteins Lipids (fats) Carbohydrates
Explain how potential energy is stored in molecules and how in chemical reactions the products and reactants have different amounts of potential energy.
The potential energy is stored with the chemical bonds of the atoms' molecules. For example, ethanol contains C-C and C-H bonds which are high energy bonds are bound to react. Thus when fire is introduced, the ethanol will create fire. In a chemical reaction the products and reactants have different potential energy levels because the reactants have C-C/C-H bonds which has high PE levels. But when the reactants are released, the PE is transformed into KE thus a low PE remains as a product.
What happens to the matter we take in?
There is a transformation in the matter's atoms; a rearrangement occurs that is different from what originally came in
What happens to the atoms when a reaction occurs?
They remain the same, but rearrange
What component molecule is Fat?
Triglyceride C44 H86 O6
Explain how in a chemical reactions chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products.
When a chemical reaction occurs, the elements react to form a new product by using the same atoms; the difference lies in the arrangement of atoms. For example, in the ethanol lab, the ethanol (C2 H6 O) reacted with oxygen (3O2) and created CO2 and H2O. When broken down, it's visible that no new atoms were added and none were taken away; there were the same amount of atoms on the reactants as the products.
How are the inputs and outputs of living organisms the result of a transformation of matter and energy?
When the inputs are in a living organism, the matter is transformed by rearranging the atoms in order to take its energy and put it into use, and by taking the matter and building muscle or other things. After the organism has made use of all the possible energy and matter, waste is formed, which is the output. For example, when one eats a food, the food's protein, carbs, and fats are absorbed and used as energy and the matter is kept, thus the atoms rearrange. The output then is the waste of the food in form of feces or urine.
Explain that as a result of a chemical reaction, energy is transferred from one system of interacting molecules to another.
Within a chemical reaction, the law of conservation of energy must be followed. Thereby, when a reaction occurs, the products aren't made with new or more atoms, only rearranged into a different form. (ethanol lab)
Will there ALWAYS be an energy change and matter change in a chemical reaction?
YES
Do molecules have potential energy?
Yes
What are amino acids?
building blocks of proteins
What are the 3 organic molecules?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
Potential energy is also..
chemical energy (stored bonds)
What do living things need in order to survive?
matter and energy
What is energy?
the ability to do work
Why do living things need in order to survive?
to build within their bodies (muscle, etc) to do work
