3 Planes of Motion

HIP Medial rotary motary movement of the femur

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Plantar extention

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Sagittal Plane Movements

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Upper-extremity high diagonal plane movement and axis

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Perpendicular

..., At an angle of 90˚ to a given line, plane, or surface.

frontal plane axis

..., anteroposterior axis

Planes and axes of movement

..., to describe joint movements, reference is made to rotation about one or more of three axes to movement in one of three cardinal planes. Planes are perpendicular to each other.

VERTICAl axis

Axis

90 degree angle

Contrasting lines- horizontal and vertical lines

Sagittal Plane (mid and para)

Divides body into left and right portions -Mid-: equal right & Left halves -Para-: unequal division

Sagittal Axis is

Perpendicular to the Frontal or Coronal Plane

parasagittal divides body or an organ into

Plane/Section: divides body or an organ into unequal right and left sides

Transverse (axial, horizontal)

Plane: Divides body superior/inferior halves Axis of rotation: Vertical (longitudinal or long) Description of axis: Runs superior/inferior Common movements: Internal rotation/external rotation

Frontal (coronal or lateral)

Plane: divides body anterior/posterior halves Axis of roation: Sagittal (anteriorposterior or AP) Description of Axis: Runs Anterior/posterior Common movements: Abduction,adduction

Transverse (aka axial or horizontal plane) movements

rotational movements-forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur, rotation-right or left rotation, rotating the hand and wrist laterally from the elbow; turning hand/thumb outwards to see palm of hand (palms up)

Flexion-extension ALL occur in

sagittal plane

Sagittal Plane has what axis

...horizontal or medialolateral axis

sagittal plane axis-

...perpendicular to frontal, coronal plane

Three Major Body Planes

1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane 3. Transverse Plane

sagittal plane movements

flexion： the angle of a joint becomes smaller extension： the angle of a joint becomes larger hyperextension, dorsiflexion (top foot - ankle), plantarflexion (sole of foot downward)

Cardinal planes of motion

The specific planes that divide the body exactly into two halves

Transverse, axial, or horizontal plane

The transverse plane divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior halves. Generally, rotational movements such as pronation, supination, and spinal rotation occur in this plane.

Cardinal planes of motion

Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane Lateral or Frontal Plane Transverse or Horizontal Plane

Oblique plane

Any plane through the body that runs diagonal. muscles that run diagonal, not vertical or horizontal

Longitudinal Axis is Perpendicular to the Transverse Plane

Transverse Plane

Cardinal planes divide body divide

body into halves e.g. sagittal, frontal, and transverse there are infinite number of planes within each half that are parallel to cardinal planes

Skeletal System

206 bones supports/protects for other body systems provides for attachments of muscles to bones-which movement is produced Addional functions: mineral storage and hemopoiesis involves blood cell formation in the red bone marrow. skeletal may divide into appendicular and axial skeltons Appendicular (126 bones) or lower/upper extremities, shoulder and pelvic girdles. axial: (80 bones) skeleton consists skull, vertebral column ribs and sternum.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts.

vertebral column

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.

Diagonal or oblique plane

Diagonal or oblique plane combo more than one plane motion. activities fall somewhere between parallel and perpenidcular to the previously described planes and occur in diagonal plane. movements in diagonal planes occur in a high diagonal plane or one of two low diagonal planes. the high diagonal plane

Dorsiflexion -

Flexion movement of ankle -top of the foot moving toward the anterior tibia. (sagittal plane)

sagittal movements

Flexion, extension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, hyperflexion

Planes of Motion

Frontal Plane (left to right movements) Sagittal Plane (front to back movements) Transverse Plane (cross section movements

transverse plane movements

Generally, rotational movements such as pronation, supination, and spinal rotation occur in this plane.

SEGMENTS OF THE BODY

The body is divided into segments according to bones; 1) Upper extremity a) the arm is the bone between the shoulder and elbow joint (humerus) b) the forearm (radius, and ulna) is between the elbow and the wrist c) the hand is distal to the wrist 2) Lower extremity has three segment a) the thigh (femur) between the hip in the knee joint b) the leg (tibia and fibula) between the knee and the ankle c) the foot is distal to the ankle 3) The trunk has two segments a) the thorax (chest) made up of ribs sternum and mostly thoracic vertebrae i) the neck (cervical vertebrae) and head (skull) are separate segments b) the thorax and the abdomen

Sagittal (anteroposterior or AP)

Plane: divides body right/left Axis of Rotation: Frontal (coronal, lateral or mediolateral) Description of Axis: Runs medial/lateral Common movements: Flexion/extension

Diagonal or oblique axis

Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane.

Vertical or Longitudinal axis

Runs straight down through top of head & is at a right angle to transverse plane of motio

Frontal or Coronal Axis is Perpendicular to the

Sagittal Plane

Oblique plane exercises

Side crunches are easily the best work out for obliques.

Osteology

Study of bones

Midsagittal (Median) Plane

a sagittal plane that divides the body (or an organ) into equal parts right down the midline of the body

Frontal Plane (aka coronal or lateral plane) movements

abduction and adductions movements e.g. jumping jacks (should and hip) and spinal lateral flexion

medial-lateral axis

aka (horizontal bilateral) axis aka -- Frontal Axis - side to side at right angles Perpendicular to the sagittal plane, flexion and extension

parasagittal planes

all other sagittal planes offset from the midline -which are parallel to midsagittal plane. - Even thought these are not in cardinal plane, they are thought as movements in sagittal plane.

Plantar flexion-Extension

ankle results in foot moving away from body

Dorsal flexion dorsiflexion

ankle results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone. Specific Ankle and Foot

frontal plane axis

anterior/posterior; abduction/adduction, elevation/depression, inversion/eversion

Sagittal Motion: Flexion / extensionAxis: Coronal

bicep curl, tri-cep pushdowns, squats, front lunges, calf raises, walking, running, vertical jumping, climbing stairs

Sagittal, anteroposterior, or AP plane

bisects body from front to back, dividing into right and left symmetrical halves. Generally: flexion and extension movements, e.g. bicep curls, knee extensions and sit ups.

Sagittal, anteropoterior, or AP Plane

bisects body front/back dividing it into right and left symmetrical halves.

Frontal Plane (aka coronal or lateral plane)

bisects body laterall from side to side, dividing into frontal (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves. abduction and adductions movements e.g. jumping jacks (should and hip) and spinal lateral flexion

Frontal, coronal lateral, plane

bisects body laterally from side to side, dividing into front (ventral) and back (dorsal) halves.

Body regions

body can be divided into axial and appendicular regions each region may further divide into different sub regions e.g. Axial Cephalic (Head) Cranium & Face Cervical (Neck) Trunk Thoracic (Thorax), Dorsal (Back), Abdominal (Abdomen), & Pelvic (Pelvis)

joint movement

can be classified as being in one of three planes movements are usually not totally in one specific plane--occur as combination of motions in more than one plane these movements combined e.g. diagonal or oblique planes of motion.

Diagonal (aka oblique plane)

combination/more than one plane a. Upper-extremity high diagonal movement/axis b. Upper-extremity low diagonal plane movement C. Lower extremity low diagonal plane movement/axis

Flexion

decreasing an angle of a joint., DECREASING THE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO BONES OR BENDING A LIMB AT A JOINT

Typical Bony Features

diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, cortex, periosteum, endosteum, medullary (marrow) cavity, articular (hyaline) cartilage

Anteroposterior or Sagittal Plane

divides body into equal, bilateral segments right & left half Ex. Sit-up

Sagittal (aka Anteroposterior Plane (AP)

divides body into equal, bilateral segments; bisects body into two equal symmetrical halves or a right and left half; flexion and extnesion movements biceps, curls, knee extensions and sit-up

Transverse (aka axial or horizontal plane)

divides body into superior (cephalic and inferior (caudal halves. rotational movements-forearm pronation and supination and spinal rotation occur

Sagittal (aka Anteroposterior Plane (AP) movements

flexion and extnesion movements biceps, curls, knee extensions and sit-up

sagittal plane movements

flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion (top foot - ankle), plantarflexion (sole of foot downward)

sagittal plane about a frontal axis (Medial Lateral)

flexion： the angle of a joint becomes smaller extension： the angle of a joint becomes larger hyperextension： extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position dorsiflexion/ plantarflexion： used for ankle or foot movements forward/ backward bending： used for trunk movements nutation/ counternutation： used for sacroiliac joint movements

Types of bones

long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends shaft contains the medullary canal Ex. phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus Short bones Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone Ex. are carpals & tarsals Flat bones Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula Irregular bones Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla Sesamoid bones: small embedded within tendon of a musculotendinous that protect and improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units. In addition to the patella, there are small sesamoid boines withing flexor tendons of the great toe and thumb. Sesamoid akak accessory bones may occur in varying numbers from one individual to next. commonly found in smaller joints in the distal extremities of foot, ankle, and hand.

Sagittal Plane has what Axis of Rotation?

medial-lateral axis (horizontal bilateral) axis aka -- Frontal Axis - passes from side to side at right angles to the sagittal plane)

mediolateral axis

mediaolateral axis, perpendicular to sagittal plane and joint rotate are flexion/extension

mediolateral axis

mediolateral axis, perpendicular to sagittal plane and joint rotate are flexion/extension

Sagittal or anteroposterior axis

movement occuring in frontal plane rotates on sagittal axis

Axes of Rotation

movement occurs in plane, joint moves or turns about an axis that has 90 degree relationship to that plane.

frontal axis--movements in the sagittal plane about a frontal axis

passes from side to side at right angles to the sagittal plane

median sagittal plane

passes vertically through the midline of the body, dividing it into left and right halves.

Bilaterally Symmetric

right and left symmetrical halves.

Frontal, coronal lateral, or mediolateral axis

sagittal plane runs from anterior to posterior, its axis must run from side to side. This axis has same directional orientation as frontal plane of motion, it is named similarly. as elbow flexes and extends in sagittal plane during biceps curl, forearm is rotating about a frontal axis that runs laterally through elbow point. Frontal axis aka as bilateral axis

cardinal planes of motion (primary planes are?)

sagittal, frontal, and traverse

sagital plane movements (cardinal sagittal)

sit ups. situps involve spine-performed in cardinal sagittal plane aka mid-sagittal or median.

axis of the body

straight line running through the body like an arrow. perpendicular to each other

Skeletal functions

support, protect internal organs, , assist body movements, store and release salts of calcium and phosphorus, participate in blood cell production, store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow

Longitudinal Axis is Perpendicular to

the Transverse Plane

what you need to know about bones

they articulate and form joints - which is where movement occurs - bones are levers which are moved by muscles

Cardinal planes of motion in which

various joint movements can be classified