3.1.1-3.1.4 Review Guide

3.1.3: Modes of transmission: Know the differences between innate and acquired (passive and active) immunity and be able to identify which based on case studies/criteria given

Innate Immunity: Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that we are born with. These mechanisms work to keep anything outside of us from coming in.Include tears, digestive enzymes, Nasal Mucosa, Chilia, Phagocytes, Normal flora, Stomach Acid, Secretions. Acquired: Specific immune defense mechanisms. This form of immunity is acquired over a lifetime and uses antibodies to respond to specific antigens. Comes in two forms: Active and passive. Active: acquired following infection and recovery, or from a vaccine. Your body makes its own antibodies. These types are gotten after recovering from a disease or taking the vaccine. The production of antibodies after receiving a vaccine is an example of active immunity. Passive: acquired from the mother. Antibodies are given to a child through the placenta (an organ in the uterus) or through breastfeeding.

3.1.3: Modes of Transmission- Chain of infection

An infection can occur when a susceptible host encounters an infectious agent. For a host to encounter an agent, the agent must leave wherever it previously resided—its reservoir, be transmitted, and then enter the new host. This sequence of events is called the chain of infection. Example: When someone with the flu sneezes, the flu virus leaves its reservoir, the infected individual, through droplets from the sneeze. The virus is transmitted through the air in these droplets, and upon inhalation by another individual, the virus enters a new host. Reservoir: People, Animals, The environment Portal of exit: Skin, Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract, Conjunctiva, Urogenital Modes of transmission: direct and indirect Portal of entry: Skin, Respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal tract, Urogenital, Conjunctiva Susceptible hosts: Anyone especially: Children, Elderly People with weakened immune systems, Unimmunized people Agent of disease: Prions, Viruses, Bacteria, Protists Fungi, Helminth Gastrointestinal tract: These organs include the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. The gastrointestinal tract is part of the digestive system. Conjunctiva: a membrane on the inner surface of the eyelid and also covers the front part of the eye. provides protection and lubrication of the eye by the production of mucus and tears.

3.1.3: Modes of transmission: Identify, describe and explain the roles of the cells in the lines of defense

Antigen: a surface molecule on a pathogen that allows the immune system to recognize the pathogen. Stimulated a immune response. Pathogen: a disease-causing organism Antibody: A protein that attacks a specific antigen to help fight disease. A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin. Antibodies are specific Antibiotics kill bacteria HIV infects and destroys several types of white blood cells. HIV weakens the immune system, causing the body to be unable to fight off pathogen.

Different Microscopic Organisms

Archaea: single-celled prokaryotic organisms (that is, organisms whose cells lack a defined nucleus) that includes methanogens. Many of the archaea are thermophilic. These amazing "extremophiles" eke out a living in environments in which no other organism can survive. performing functions involved in nutrient cycling in plants, stress response, and phytohormone biosynthesis and by interacting with both bacteria and their hosts Bacteria: A single-celled, prokaryotic microorganism. They help digest our food, break down nutrients, play an important role in defense against infections by protecting the colonized surfaces from invading pathogens. Fungi: Saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll, such as molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts. Protists: Any eukaryotic protist of the phylum or subkingdom Protozoa. Protists function at several levels of the ecological food web: as primary producers, as direct food sources, and as decomposers. In addition, many protists are parasites of plants and animals and can cause deadly human diseases or destroy valuable crops. Virus: Any of a large group of nonliving, submicroscopic infective agents that typically comprise an RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are not cellular and require a host in which to replicate. They cause various important diseases in all forms of life.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Bacteria: Mode of Transmission: The pathogen can physically enter through the mouth, eyes, nose, genitalia, and open wounds, and can be transmitted via airborne droplets, bodily fluids, and skin-on-skin contact. Damage: Bacteria can invade cells, cause tissue damage, and produce harmful toxins. Diagnosis: Physical examination and clinical laboratory testing. Treatment: Antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections. Prevention: Vaccines, maintenance of sanitary conditions, and proper personal hygiene. Different shapes: Cocci - Round.sphere bacteria (ex. Staphylococci - or staph infection), Bacilli - Capsule/rod-shaped bacteria, Spirilla - spiral-shaped bacteria Examples: Strep throat and TB bacteria causing Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cause bad cough that lasts a long time, pain in chest, coughing out blood. Can cause strep throat, tetanus, tooth decay, Salmonella, phenomena, choler

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Different Microscopic organisms: - The oral microbiome is harmless and protects against the bad microbes entering the body like cavities. - Microbes in the stomach and intestines are super important for dietary health because they help digest and break down food. The fewer diversity in the stomach microbiome, results in an increase in the level of disease activity. - diets high in certains types of sugars can cause fermentation in their gut because of the makeup of their gut. Crohn's Disease, results in less diversity in the microbiome. A type of fungus called Candida tropicalis is more abundant in the intestines of people with Crohn's disease proving how a lack of diversity in the microbiome can cause diseases. - The helpful bacteria in the gut are important in fighting infections and are killed by antibiotics weakening the immune system. -The high doses of antibiotics used to protect premature infants can microbiome issues including higher rates of mortality due to drug-resistant infections. -Every person's microbiome is different so ever person's needs are different.

3.1.3: Modes of Transmission- Know and be able to identify the difference between direct and indirect contact

Direct transmission requires close contact between an infected person and a susceptible host. Direct contact may occur through touch or exposure to body fluids. Indirect transmission occurs when an infectious agent is transmitted by air particles, inanimate objects (such as door knobs or money), or animate, or alive, intermediaries (bitten by insects). If its human-to-human, then it is direct contact

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Fungi: Fungi include yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. Mode of transmission: Some forms infect when the spores of the fungi, the reproductive cells, are inhaled or land on a host. Infection can result in tissue damage. Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of tissue taken from the infected area, or blood taken from the host, to look for the presence of the fungi. Treatment: Antifungals Prevention: avoiding contact with an infected person EXamples and symptoms: Tinea pedis causes athlete's foot. Symptoms include dryness, itching, stinging, burning, cracking and peeling skin and blisters between the toes or on the soles of the feet. Toenails may be thick, crumbly, ragged, discolored, or pulling away from the nail bed. Yeast infections, RIngworm, and Thrush Athlete's foot thrives in thick, tight shoes that squeeze the toes together and create warm, moist areas between them. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions also favor the organisms' growth.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Helminths: The method of infection depends on the type of worm. Infection may occur through consumption of contaminated foods or water or by being bit by an infected insect. Damage Caused: Helminths deprive the host of essential nutrients found in food and can cause tissue and organ damage. Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of fecal material or blood to look for the presence of worms. Treatment: Deworming medications. Prevention: - Varies depending on the type of worm, but includes avoiding: - Exposure to food or water contaminated with feces from a person or animal infected with a worm - Ingestion of meat from an animal infected with a worm Insect bites Examples: Hookworm larvae, Taenia, a tapeworm infection, results in nausea, loss of weight, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, diarrhea, weight loss, and malnutrition. Invasive infections result in fever, cystic masses or lumps, allergic reactions to the larvae, bacterial infections, and neurological symptoms including seizures.

Know the differences between humoral and cell-mediated immunities (which immune cells and steps are included in each)

Humoral: use of macrophages, helper T cells, and B cells to destroy a pathogen. Happens in the blood and body fluids. B cells destroy pathogens by producing antibodies that bind to the antigen on the surface of pathogens to impair those pathogens. Removal occurs through Antibodies. Cell-mediated: When the pathogen moves from the blood and body fluids into the cells. The Use of killer T or active T cells to destroy infected cells. The active T cells of killer T cells bind to the infected cell and release enzymes and proteins to destroy the infected cell. Killer T cells use sytoxincan or preforin to destory the cells. Removal occurs through Cell Lysis Both use Memory Unlike humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity does not depend on antibodies for its adaptive immune functions. Cell-mediated immunity is primarily driven by mature T cells, macrophages, and the release of cytokines in response to an antigen.

3.1.3: Modes of transmission: Identify, describe and explain the roles of the cells in the lines of defense

Macrophage: the macrophage eats the pathogen in a process called endocytis or pahgocytis. It then breaks the pathogen down and displays the pathogen's antigens. This displays of antigen helps to activate other immune cells. Helper T cells: The helper T cells attach with the antigens displayed by macrophages. The helper T cells then stimulate and activate killer T cells and B cells. Killer T cells: use special weapons (perforin and cytotoxin) to destroy infected body cells. This kills your infected cells to help prevent the spread of the pathogen. B cells: also activated by the helper T cells. B cells also known as plasma cells produce antibodies to fight specific antigen. One a pathogen has been tagged by a antibodies, it is easier for macrophages to destroy them. memory cells: memory cells remember the antigen so that the immune system can fight off the pathogen faster the next time it is encountered. Humoral immunity: use of helper T cells, macrophages, and B cells to destroy a pathogen. Only happens in the blood and body fluids. cell-mediated immunity: when the cells gets past the blood and body fluids into the cell.

3.1.1: Outbreak! Know the differences between and be able to give/identify examples of:

Outbreak: A sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease that is endemic to a localized area. An outbreak is two or more cases of a similar illness among individuals who have had a common exposure Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Patients in the case: From the symptoms and the infections noted from the patients, I conclude that the agent type of the disease is most likely bacteria or a virus. Common symptoms of a bacterial and virus infection are headaches, difficulty breathing, Coughs, and fever like the common symptoms that the patients shared. Also, most infections are caused by bacterial infections. By looking at the symptoms, nutritious deficiency was not noted like weight loss and or lose of appetite so the agent type is most likely not helminths and protists. Most of the patients are not having psychological problems related to dementia so the agent type is not prions.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Prions: Mode of transmission: Exposure occurs through consumption of meat tainted with prions, through contaminated medical equipment, or by receiving corneas or organs from infected individuals. These infectious proteins cause normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. A segment of DNA and are non-living Not a cell and segment of DNA Diagnosis: MRI, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, electroencephalogram (EEG) which analyzes brain waves, and blood tests. Treatment: There is no cure for prion diseases, but medications can slow the progression of the disease. Prevention: Properly cleaning and sterilizing medical equipment may prevent the spread of the disease. Educating prion-infected individuals about not donating organs or tissue. Example: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) results in dementia, walking difficulties, hallucinations, confusion, and death.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Protists: Moses of transmission: Infection typically results through the ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated with feces from an infected organism. Damage Caused: Protists infect the digestive tract, blood, or organs of the body depriving a host of essential nutrients found in food. They can also cause tissue and organ damage. Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of fecal material to look for the presence of the protists. Treatment: antiprotozoal medication Prevention: Maintenance of sanitary conditions and proper personal hygiene. Examples: Giardia lamblia causes giardiasis. Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Trypanosoma protozoa cause Chagas disease and sleeping sickness. Giardia protozoa cause giardiasis, and Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria.

3.1.3: Modes of transmission- Be able to apply the information from the herd immunity simulation to cases/facts/data (R naught, numbers of cases, chance recover, duration...etc)

R-naught, or R0, is a term used to measure how infectious an agent of disease is. can be thought of as the expected number of new infections that come about from one infected person. Knowing how infectious an agent of the disease can helpcontain it. R0 < 1 : One sick individual will, on average, infect fewer than one other individual. R0 = 1 One sick individual will, on average, infect one other individual. R0 > 1: One sick individual will, on average, infect the number of individuals indicated. For example, the flu has an R0 value of 2-3. Therefore, one sick individual will, on average, infect two or three other individuals. A simple calculation for R0 is: R0 = # of new cases / # of existing cases Note: The R0 number only applies when everyone is a susceptible host, meaning no one is immune and there is no way to control the spread of the disease. Simulation: infectiousness: This is the R0 and it quantifies the ease at which someone can contract the infection chance-recovery: likelihood that an infected individual will recover If the chance recovery and infcetous rates are the same, then the sick and healthy meet at the same rates. The longer the duration, the higher infection rates

3.1.1: Outbreak! - Know the differences between and be able to give/identify examples of:

Sporadic disease: A sporadic disease is one that occurs infrequently and irregularly. Tetanus is considered a sporadic disease that occurs only in those who have not received tetanus vaccinations. 20 A few other sporadic diseases include E. coli, salmonella, and plague Endemic:A disease perpetually present in a community or population within a specific geographic area. For example, malaria is endemic to parts of Africa, South America, and Asia.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

The Microbiome: What is it: the genetic material of all the microbes - bacteria and Archae, fungi, protozoa and viruses - that live on and inside the human body. Each part of our body has its own types of microbiomes. - The foods you eat can affect the structure of your gut microbiome. - Each person has their own unique microbiome and it changes from the foods you eat, medications, and illnesses. Your microbiome doesn't stop changing until you reach old age. At that age, the diversity of microbes decreases. - The bacteria in the microbiome help digest our food, regulate our immune system, protect against other bacteria that cause disease, and produce vitamins including B vitamins B12

3.1.3: Modes of Transmission- Infectious dose

The number of organisms it takes to cause illness following exposure is known as the infectious dose. (Ebola) Infectious Dose: 1-10 viruses (E-Coli) Infectious dose: ~1 x 10^6 bacteria Ebola is the most dangerous because the infectious dose is the least. You only need small exposure to the bacteria/virus to catch it. For Ebola, exposure to one virus can infect you, whereas, for E coli, you need a lot of exposure to the bacteria to be infected so it is not as dangerous. (10^6 is 1,000,000 exposure of bacteria)

3.1.4: Evidence Evaluation - Know what etiology is - When given specific information/scenarios be able to identify the etiology

The term etiology refers to the cause of a disease or condition and can include things like diet or other lifestyle factors, genetics, or in this case, pathogens. Etiology for Flu is Virus Etiology for Athlete's foot is a fungus Etiology for Familial hypercholesterolemia is genetics

3.3.3- modes of transmission: role of vaccines

Vaccination slows the spread of the disease by increasing immunity to the disease. The immunity time determines how effective the vaccine is in stopping the spread of the disease. Lower immunity time increased %infected. If the vaccines rates are 0%, then all of population was sick. When the vaccine rates were 100%, then all of the population was immuned and 0% sick.

3.1.2: Agents of Disease

Virus: Mode of transmission: Infection may occur through touch, saliva, blood, or sexual contact. Viruses cannot replicate on their own. To reproduce, they infect cells and take over the host cells' protein synthesis processes. A side effect is that host cells and tissues are destroyed. Diagnosis: Physical examination and clinical laboratory testing. Treatments: TAntivirals may be used under certain circumstances. Over-the-counter treatments to heal symptoms; including pain relievers, decongestants, and cough syrups. Prevention: Vaccines and proper personal hygene Examples: The influenza virus, the flu, affects the respiratory system. Symptoms include runny or stuffy nose, itchy or sore throat, cough, congestion, slight body aches or a mild headache, sneezing, watery eyes, a low-grade fever, and fatigue. HIV, Norovirus Stomach flu Hepatitis