312 Exam 1

Order the layers from youngest to oldest. Picture on slide 29 Another practice on the next slide

1,7,2,3,4,5,6

You are given a sample of rock for dating. You sample 10,000 atoms and find 8,331 atoms of Uranium-235 and 1,669 atoms of Lead-207. How old is this sample (in millions of years to one decimal place)? Uranium-235 to Lead-207 decay rate = 98.485x10-11/y

1.86x10-14

What is the new distance between the gorilla-beaver group and bat? (1 decimal place) The p value for gorilla to beaver is 0.032 The p value for gorilla to bat is 0.092 The p value for bat to beaver is 0.103

104.5

What are the individual branch lengths between gorilla and beaver? (2 decimal places) The p value is 0.032

16.35

What is the new distance between the gorilla-beaver group and elephant? (2 decimal places) The p value for gorilla to elephant is 0.141 The p value for gorilla to beaver is 0.032 The p value for elephant to beaver is 0.159

167.45

What is the number of substitutions for the human-frog pair? (1 decimal place) The p value for human frog pair is 0.151

168.6

What is the distance between the gorilla-beaver-bat group and elephant? (2 decimal places) The p value for gorilla to beaver is 0.032 The p value for gorilla to bat is 0.092 The p value for elephant to bat is 0.162

172.47

What is the number of substitutions for the human-rabbit pair? (1 decimal place) The p value is 0.018

18.2

In a molecular study a cat and dog were found to have 36 sequences different out of the 100 sampled. Use UPGMA to find the total distance between them. Round to three significant figures and just enter the number as the answer (you do not need to write units).

49.0

Which of the following is an accurate statement of relationships? Pic on slide 22 powerpoint 4 A crocodile is more closely related to a lizard than to a bird A crocodile is more closely related to a bird than to a lizard A crocodile is equally related to a lizard and a bird A crocodile is related to a lizard but is not related to a bird

A crocodile is more closely related to a bird than to a lizard

Match with picture slide 12 Ch. 9 A, B, C Punctuated Equilibrium Gradualism Stasis Anagenesis

A: Punctuated Equilibrium B: Gradualism C: Anagenesis

During the Cambrian Period animals became notably larger thanks to what? Increased oxygen. The expansion of plants on to land. The development of multicellularity. All of the above.

All of the Above

Catalytic RNA or ribozymes are a good candidate for the first building blocks of life because they have which of the following traits? Able to store and transmit information Able to perform biological work Has both a genotype and a phenotype All of the above

All of the above

How are complex structures formed through evolution? Small, incremental changes Preadaptations Non-random selection on random variation All of the above

All of the above

Using phylogenetics and studying the differences in how gene sequences diverged over time, researchers were able to estimate what about HIV? Gene sequence of common ancestor The amount of divergence that accrues over time The time when the first common ancestor of HIV arose All of the above

All of the above

When trying to resolve the relationships between different taxa what can be helpful for figuring out which characters are more derived? More characters Less characters An outgroup An ingroup

An outgroup

Match Backward smearing Forward smearing Causes us to think the extinction occurs later than it actually did Causes us to think the extinction occurred earlier than it actually did

Backward is earlier Forward is later

Which of the following methods do not find the "best" tree? Maximum Likeliihood UPGMA Bootstrapping None of the above

Bootstrapping

Which of the following trees shows a different set of relationships from the rest? Picture in slide 7 on powerpoint 4 A B C D

C

Who was responsible for establishing a system of taxonomy? Alexander Von Humboldt Carl Linnaeus Georges Cuvier James Hutton

Carl Linnaeus

We looked at how the beliefs of the Theory of Special Creation were challenged by Descent with Modification. Even before Lamarck and Darwin proposed that species do change over time, what belief of the Theory of Special Creation had already been challenged? Species do not change Lineages do not split Each species is separately created Each species is independently created Earth and life are young

Earth and life are young

Ediacaran fauna were diverse and complex. True False

False

Fossils can only be used to infer morphological features of extinct groups. True False

False

Natural selection and evolution are the same thing. True False

False

Organisms develop mutations in order to overcome challenges? True False

False

The fossil record supports the seamless transition of ancestor species into descendant species. True False

False

A trait that evolved in a common ancestor and is shared by some of its descendants is called? Homology Synapomorphy All of the above None of the above

Homology

Specify which is a homology and which is an analogy and which can't be determined. Two species share an unused bone modification derived from a common ancestor? Two unrelated species living in a desert have developed modifications for dealing with the heat? Two species have a similar body shape adapted for quick movement?

Homology, Analogy, Can't determine

When are autapomorphies likely to evolve? Before a common ancestor gives rise to different taxa. In a taxa after it has split from a common ancestor. When a common ancestor gives rise to two or more different taxa. When a common ancestor goes extinct.

In a taxa after it has split from a common ancestor.

Why are signaling pathways associated with shifts to multicellularity? It is a byproduct of cells being constantly in close proximity. Cells are permeable, which leads to passive diffusion of particles. Horizontal gene transfer In order to coordinate development and activity.

In order to coordinate development and activity.

Why can't individuals evolve? Selection doesn't affect individuals Individuals do not have fitness, species do Individuals can't alter their allele frequencies Individuals can evolve

Individuals can't alter their allele frequencies

Maximum likelihood helps us select the best tree. What is bootstrap analysis for? It is a different method to find the best tree. It is a method to test our confidence in the selected tree. It is a method to find outgroups for our tree. It is a method used to bind trees together.

It is a method to test our confidence in the selected tree.

Why is HIV difficult to treat? It replicates too fast It uses our own enzymatic machinery It attacks T-Cells It is covered with surface proteins

It uses our own enzymatic machinery

Why is the development of efficient signaling pathways associated with the transition to multicellularity?

Juju knows this one

Generally, a virus with high virulence will have ______ transmission. Low High

Low

Fossils and vestigial organs are evidence of descent with modification. What kind of evolutionary change do the represent? Macroevolution Microevolution

Macroevolution

MATCH Switch from radial to bilateral symmetry during the Cambrian Explosion. Mass extinction of Ediacaran fauna leading up to the Cambrian Explosion Morphological Innovation Ecological Opportunity

Morpho goes with the first Eco goes with second

Why aren't fossils more common? There hasn't been enough time for them to form. Most remains are removed by other organisms. They are, we just can't see them until weathering occurs. Random chance.

Most remains are removed by other organisms.

Based on what we know, which likely came first, DNA or proteins? DNA Protein Both occurred simultaneously Neither

Neither

Are natural selection and evolution always promoting the development of a better, more perfect species? Yes, both are working to create a more perfect species. Natural selection is, but evolution is not. Evolution is, but natural selection is not. Neither are trying to develop a more perfect species.

Neither are trying to develop a more perfect species.

The principle of superposition relates back to the findings of which person?

Nicolas Steno

Within these three related Gemsbok species, the dark striped leg is likely to be what? Pic on slide 28 powerpoint 4

Plesiomorphy

A large part of the creationism argument focused on the idea that structures are irreducibly complex. However this did not take into account the existence of intermediate structures that would eventually give rise to more complex structures. These intermediate structures may have been? Preadaptation that were repurposed for other uses Formed ahead of time in preparation for their use in more complex structures Fabricated as evolutionary propaganda Formed little by little in order to accommodate the transition to more complex structure

Preadaptations that were repurposed for other uses.

Phospholipids are important for the development of the building blocks of life because they Store information Protect polymers from hydrolysis Catalyze key reactions Helps form nucleotides from available inorganic compounds like ammonia

Protect polymers from hydrolysis

What is the key assumption of UPGMA? The proportion of sites different between taxa will be similar Evolutionary distances will be uneven. Taxa living in similar environments will often be more similar. Rates of change in sequences are the same across lineages.

Rates of change in sequences are the same across lineages.

Which of the following are not necessary for natural selection and evolution? Variation Resistance Heritable Changes Differential survival and reproductive success

Resistance

Which of the following could potentially have caused the Cambrian explosion? Switch to predominantly bilateral body symmetry Increased oxygen content in the atmosphere Increased availability of niches The impact of a meteor Accumulation of volatile and flammable substances

Switch to predominantly bilateral body symmetry Increased oxygen content in the atmosphere Increased availability of niches

Given that it can often be a question of scope, a plesiomorphy can occasionally become an apomorphy when? Taxa are added to the phylogeny Taxa are removed from the phylogeny The taxa splits into multiple other groups Never. A plesiomorphy cannot become an apomorphy

Taxa are added to the phylogeny

Using parsimony to choose the best tree involves choosing the tree with? The lowest number of evolutionary changes The greatest number of evolutionary changes The lowest number of homoplasies The greatest number of homologies

The lowest number of evolutionary changes

Why do virions stop becoming more dissimilar?

There are enough T-Cells

Stabilizing selection favors intermediate traits rather than extreme ones. This can contribute to stasis because? It causes the populations to become stable It creates only one phenotype There is no benefit to developing more variable traits Different traits may show different forms of evolution and stasis can occur when traits do not change gradually

There is no benefit to developing more variable traits

Self-contained systems like islands can be ideal places to conduct experiments as? There is relatively little variation due to outside interferences There are a variety of different resources available The weather is nice It is much smaller

There is relatively little variation due to outside interferences

You take a sample of rock that is permeable. Some of the daughter isotopes have likely leaked out since formation. Based on this your estimation of its age is likely to be? Too young Too old Cannot determine

Too young

Humans cause artificial selection by setting which traits have high fitness. True False

True

Some of the larger biomolecules necessary to life may not have originally been formed on Earth. True False

True

Viruses often reproduce rapidly and in high quantities. Which of the requirements for evolution does this relate to? Variation in traits Variation is heritable Differential reproduction occurs based on traits

Variation in traits

In Lamarckian evolution, changes can accumulate ___________ generations. Whereas in Darwinian evolution, changes only occur ___________ generations.

Within, Over

Digging through layers of sediment, the layer you dig through first is the? Oldest Youngest

Youngest