312- Reading Checks

Jerris' teacher reviews data collected on his objectives on a weekly basis. She noted that one of his objectives had recently met criteria for mastery. Rather than developing new short-term objectives, she decided to evaluate performance of the skill over time and across new contexts of instruction. This decision was consistent with which recommendation for IEP management? A. Addressing maintenance and generalization B. Objectives linked to goals C. 2-3 objective per domain D. Sequential progress within objectives

A. Addressing maintenance and generalization

Which of the following is an example of a primary, sensory reinforcer? A. Feeling a favorite blanket B. Tokens you trade in C. Praise from a loved one D. Favorite snack

A. Feeling a favorite blanket

Which of the following explains why replications are important for establishing functional relations in single-subject design? A. When the independent variable is applied to a dependent variable and the same effect is obtained multiple times, this increases confidence we have in understanding the relationship between these variables. B. When more data are collected in an experiment, the more confidence we can have in the accuracy of the findings and the skills of the researcher. C. When more data are collected, it allows the experimenter to determine if the effects of the experiment are statistically significant. D. When the same independent variable is applied to help different students, the more confidence we can have in the utility of the independent variable to help many future students.

A. When the independent variable is applied to a dependent variable and the same effect is obtained multiple times, this increases confidence we have in understanding the relationship between these variables.

Which of the following is an example of a contract written for the absence of a behavior? A. "If Susie does not hit for the entire school day, she will earn 30 minutes of YouTube access at the end of the school day." B. "If Susie keeps nice hands for the entire school day, she will earn 30 minutes of YouTube access at the end of the school day." C. '"If Susie meets 3 of 4 class expectations during each 50-minute class, she earns 30 minutes of YouTube access at the end of the school day." D. "If I have nice hands for the whole school day, I will earn 30 minutes of YouTube access at the end of the school day."

B. "If Susie keeps nice hands for the entire school day, she will earn 30 minutes of YouTube access at the end of the school day."

Which is an example of a negative reinforcer? A. Removing 10 tokens B. Noise-cancelling headphones in a loud room C. Getting an A+ on a test D. Access to a straw to drink your beverage

B. Noise-cancelling headphones in a loud room

Peter's teacher has identified that he engages in rude verbal comments throughout the day toward other students. His teacher communicated this issue to the behavior analyst, and on one of her visits, the behavior analyst had a data sheet prepared to track the frequency of the verbal comments. Peter greeted the behavior analyst and smiled at her. Throughout the observation he kept looking at her and smiling. He demonstrated no rude comments the entire length of her Visit. This is an example of what type of bias? A. Complexity B. Reactivity C. Observer drift D. Expectancy

B. Reactivity

Which procedure is a parallel process between single-subject designs and action research? A. Use of permanent products B. Replication of effects within student C. Calculation of percentage of overlap D. Quarter-intersect method

B. Replication of effects within student

Mr. Reilly was recording data on instances of tantrum behavior for his student Brian. As he observed, he recorded events before, during, and after several tantrums. He observed several forms of behavior that he had never seen before but seemed connected to the tantrum events he was observing. Where should he record this information? A. The A column B. The B column C. The C column D. On the margins

B. The B column

As Mr. Nicholas presents results from the functional behavioral assessment and intervention plan with a student's grandmother, she becomes upset. She demands that the team stop tiptoeing around the behavior and use timeouts. She shares that this is what she does at home, and she doesn't want to bother with all this "reinforcy-stuff." How should Mr. Nicholas respond to the grandmother? A. Explain to her that she is being unethical and ignore her recommendation. B. Ignore her, because she is not an expert, and a lay person cannot have any meaningful contributions to behavior analysis interventions. C. Explain the reasons guiding the recommendations in more detail, using accessible language to help increase her understanding. D. Do exactly what she is asking for, as she is a family member and the family's requests must be honored at all times.

C. Explain the reasons guiding the recommendations in more detail, using accessible language to help increase her understanding.

Ms. Harris is targeting increasing physical activity with her student Jessica. She has noticed that once Jessica begins a physical activity, she seems to have fun and stay engaged. Ms. Harris sets up the activity, then tells Jessica, "Let's go do the activity!" At that moment, Ms. Harris starts her timer. When Jessica approaches the activity, Ms. Harris stops the timer. What measurement system is Ms. Harris using? A. Duration recording B. Latency recording C. TIme sampling D. Whole-interval recording

C. Time sampling

The goal of behavior analysts is to ______ the number of options available to people A. decrease B. neutralize C. increase D. limit

C. increase

Which of the following is an example of a secondary, social reinforcer? A. Hearing music B. Money C. Smiling D. Swinging

C. smiling

Mrs. LeDuc is very excited about her new intervention to reduce Peter's rude comments to his peers. She collected baseline data and saw high, steady rates of the behavior during lunch, which she predicted would occur. She is anticipating the intervention will work really well and reduce the rate of the behavior. This is an example of what type of bias? A. Complexity B. Reactivity C. Observer drift D. Expectancy

D. Expectancy

Rebecca wanted to assess the preferences of her student Max. Rebecca gathered a list of lots of items Max likes, and she systematically presented two at a time to Max. She recorded which of the two he picked each time and calculated which items were picked the most often. What type of preference assessment is this an example of? A. Free operant preference assessment B. Multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment C. Single item presentation preference assessment D. Paired stimulus preference assessment

D. Paired stimulus preference assessment

Which of the following is true about single-subject design? A. Single-subject design is less rigorous than group design because there are fewer participants. B. Single-subject design is best for detecting which interventions work best for many individuals. C. Single-subject designs are best used for individuals with special needs. D. Single-subject designs compare an individual's behavior to their own behavior under different circumstances.

D. Single-subject designs compare an individual's behavior to their own behavior under different circumstances.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement? A. Telling someone to complete a task B. Opening an umbrella on a rainy day C. A speeding ticket D. A high five

D. a high five

A colleague has some very strong opinions about the practices of behavior modification. He shares these concerns when he learns that you are interested in applied behavior analysis. He says, "Behavior analysis does not recognize the inherent value of human beings over other organisms. Behavior analysts study rats and pigeons and think that this is the same as studying a human. Human behavior is so unique and must be considered above all." Which objection to applied behavior analysis is he articulating? A. Not human-centric B. Out-of-step with education C. Lack of prediction D. Not verifiable

A. Not human-centric

Tanika's teacher has noticed that lately she has been chewing on her shirt collar during class. The behavior tends to happen for longer periods of inconsistent length, often starting and stopping as she's given new tasks or redirections. Her teacher selects a partial interval recording system and utilizes a special app that will buzz each time an interval is ended. She sets the intervals for 120 s and shows her aide how to use it for Tanika's behavior. When she reviews the results at the end of the day, she sees that Tanika was engaging in chewing almost the whole day. This did not match her observations of Tanika during the day. What step could the teacher take to make the data collection system more accurate? A. shorten the length of the interval B. code multiple behaviors simultaneously C. use the round-robin format D. switch to whole-interval recording

A. shorten the length of the interval

In learning applied behavior analysis procedures, good supervision includes: A. training, observation, evaluation B. evaluation, discussion C. observation, evaluation D. discussion, observation

A. training, observation, evaluation

Mrs. Reginald has worked at summer camps and afterschool programs for years before she gets her credential for special education. She asserts that to teach students, all you need is a positive attitude and upbeat style. Just make learning fun, then learning will occur. When her students engage in property destruction, she takes this as a sign that the activity was not fun enough and gives them a new, better activity. She notices that property destruction is increasing. How is her philosophy of teaching insufficient for her students' needs? A. She did not take sufficient data B. She is unintentionally reinforcing property destruction C. She is putting too much emphasis on motivation D. She does not have enough experience with teaching

B. She is unintentionally reinforcing property destruction

At a recent student conference with Rebecca and her parents, Mr. Gomez expressed concern with increases in "off-task" behavior shown during math class. He showed a graph of how often Rebecca was off task. He explained an intervention he has developed that is aimed at reducing off-task behavior. At that point, Rebecca chimed in, "What are you talking about? I always finish my work. That's doing my task." Which purpose of a behavioral objective has not been met? A. objectively evaluate progress B. Coordination across school personnel C. Inform the student of expected behavior D. Facilitates effective programming

C. Inform the student of expected behavior

A colleague has some very strong opinions about the practices of behavior modification. She shares these concerns when she learns that you are interested in applied behavior analysis. She says, "Behavior analysis forces people to change, even when they don't want to. It has no respect for free will and forces students to do only what the teacher demands." Which objection to applied behavior analysis is she articulating? A. Not human-centric B. Invasive procedures C. Lack of social acceptability D. Coercion

C. Lack of social acceptability

Which is an example of permanent product recording? A. Mr. Jenkins starts and stops a timer each time Javier engages with his work materials B. Mr. Jenkins tallies each time Javier greets a customer B. Mr. Jenkins takes a picture of the kitchen after Javier has cleaned it and compares it to a rubric to give a cleanliness score C. Mr. Jenkins sets a time then tallies how many napkins Javier folds in that time period

C. Mr. Jenkins sets a time, then tallies how many napkins Javier folds in that time period.

Which is an example of permanent product recording? A. Ms. Lopez checks a box every time she sees Elizabeth pick her skin within a specific time interval. B. Ms. Lopez reviews a worksheet that Elizabeth completed and counts how many math problems were solved correctly and converts this to a percentage. C. Ms. Lopez sets a timer on her phone, and each time it goes off she looks up at Elizabeth and records if she is out of her seat at that time. D. Ms. Lopez checks a box if she sees that Elizabeth was oriented toward her work materials for the entire designated interval

C. Ms. Lopez sets a timer on her phone, and each time it goes off she looks up at Elizabeth and records if she is out of her seat at that time.

Isabel's team wants to work with her on engaging in conversations with peers. She consistently responds to peer questions correctly, but it takes her about 8 seconds to answer the question. By that time, the peer has often lost interest in the interaction and left the area. What dimension of behavior may be most relevant for responding to peer questions? A. Duration B. Latency C. Rate D. Frequency

C. Rate

Which of the following target behaviors is well aligned with permanent product recording in the form of work product review? A. The frequency of correctly folded napkins B. The latency of responses to peer questions C. The duration of gross motor activity D. The percentage of correctly greeted customers

C. The duration of gross motor activity

Which of the following target behaviors would be well aligned with using a permanent product recording system in the form of taking a picture on a tablet? A. The frequency of social initiations by a student at lunch time B. The duration of sustained silent reading during English Language Arts C. The percentage of correct expressive responses during a discrete trial teaching activity D. The percentage of letters written with correct formation on a worksheet.

C. The percentage of letters written with correct formation on a worksheet.

What is the best response to someone claiming that applied behavior analysis does not believe in free will and thinks all behavior has already been determined? A. "Applied behavior analysis does assert that behavior is reciprocally influenced by the environment but is intended to increase choices and not diminish them." B. "Applied behavior analysis is aimed at changing behavior for the better, so the will of the individual is irrelevant,and the outcomes already determined." C. "Applied behavior analysis considers behavior determined, so you and I were destined to have this conversation and the outcome has been preset." D. "Applied behavior analysis does assert that behavior is reciprocally influenced by the environment and is intended to help people make the choices society considers the best"

D. "Applied behavior analysis does assert that behavior is reciprocally influenced by the environment and is intended to help people make the choices society considers the best"

Aiden's multidisciplinary assessment process indicated that he has only mild challenges in reading. Which educational goal is best suited for a student with only mild disabilities in a particular area? A. Aiden will demonstrate grade level reading B. Aiden will master 10 new sight words per quarter C. Aiden will answer 3 comprehension questions about each paragraph D. Aiden will read 1 new grade level book per week

D. Aiden will read 1 new grade level book per week

Before developing a formal educational goal, members of the IP team will conduct relevant assessments matched to their respective disciplines. Results of these multidisciplinary assessments will be reviewed as part of the goal development process. Why is evaluation by multiple professionals critical to the development of EP goals? A. Ensures professionals from all disciplines feel included B. Provides the student lots of individualized attention C. Helps uncover all the students weaknesses D. Gives a well-rounded picture of the students functioning

D. Gives a well-rounded picture of the students functioning

Ms. Cage and a behavior analyst have conducted a functional analysis, developed an intervention, and implemented a new intervention, with parental consent. After weeks the team meets again, and Ms. Cage shows the parent the updated graph showing the change in behavior since the intervention. What benefit of accountability will Ms. Cage get from sharing these results with the parent? A. The parent can criticize the intervention. B. The parent can copy the approach to use in other settings C. The parent can advocate for more services. D. The parent can judge for themselves that the intervention is working.

D. The parent can judge for themselves that the intervention is working.

Review the following behavioral objective and determine what component is missing or incomplete: Sebastian will participate in math activities when directed by an instructor, on 90% of school davs. A. the learner B. the target behavior C. conditions of the intervention D. criteria for acceptable performance

D. criteria for acceptable performance

Tanika recently met her behavioral objective for sorting picture cards in a short period of time, with no errors. Her teacher monitored the skill over time and found that the skill continued to occur at high levels of performance. Her teacher decided to practice the skill with materials that had not been previously included in teaching sessions. This is an example of evaluating which dimension of response competence? A. acquisition B. fluency C. maintenance D. generalization

D. generalization

At the IP meeting, Mr. Torres shows a recent graph of Carl's property destruction per hour. The scale of the graph was set from O to .1. When Carl's mother saw the very high rates of behavior on the graph she was very concerned. She demanded to know what was being done to address this critical behavior. Mr. Torres explained that actually the behavior was rarely happening and not a concern for Carl at this time. What might be adjusted on this graph to help visually represent the actual occurrences of the behavior? A. change data points to circles B. a scale break in the y-axis C. multiple data paths D. revise y-axis scale

D. revise y-axis scale

Mrs. Gentry has been taking data on Jared's duration of time off task during class to get a sense of how often it occurs. Last week she started a differential reinforcement program. She drew a phase change line on the graph before starting the intervention. What should she label the condition before the phase line? a. baseline b. maintenance c. differential reinforcement of lower rates of behavior d. intervention 1

a. baseline

Which of the following is a strength of the cognitive view of behavior? a. the cognitive view can be applied to virtually any type of behavior b. the cognitive view relies on easily observable events, making it easily testable c. the cognitive view is deeply invested in predicting the outcomes of learning d. the cognitive view takes a student-led approach to learning, which is helpful for students with disabilities

a. the cognitive view can be applied to virtually any type of behavior

Student A's data path on their cumulative graph rose quickly, then flattened. Which statement best reflects Student A's performance? a. student A engaged in high rates of behavior then stopped responding b. student A continuously engaged in high rates of behavior c. student A performance has been variable, high rates then low, high rate then low d. student A did not engage in the behavior often

b. student A continuously engaged in high rates of behavior

Ms. Chong has been taking data on Darby's rate of inappropriate comments during class. She has tried a lot of different procedures and always draws a line between old and new procedures. She has been labeling the different conditions numerically; for example, Intervention 1, Intervention 2, Intervention 3. Now she is on Intervention 10. What element of her graph is problematic? a. connected data paths across conditions b. unclear condition labels c. missing phase lines d. poor alignment between measurement and graphing systems

b. unclear condition labels

Mr. Peters has been collecting data on his student's rate of calling out behavior for several days. He wants to graph these data to look at trends in the rate over days. The days of the week will be reflected on which part of the graph? a. data point b. x-axis c. y-axis d. legend

b. x-axis

A teacher wishes to compare how one student did on multiple standardized tests. The test scores will be the measure on the y-axis. What will the different bars correspond to? a. test administrators b. intervention used c. the test used d. students evaluated

c. the test used

Mr. Brown has been collecting data on how the latency from his instruction to his student's initiation of a worksheet. What will be displayed on the y-axis? a. frequency b. rate per minute c. percentage of intervals d. seconds

d. seconds

Which of the following is an example of taking repeated measures to establish baseline? A. Collecting data on the same behavior, using the same measurement system B. Collecting data on the same behavior using different measurement tools C. Collecting data on the same behavior using the same measurement system months apart D. Collecting data on the same behavior using the same measurement system after intervention has started

A. Collecting data on the same behavior, using the same measurement system

Which of the following would be an appropriate natural reinforcer for requesting, using a polite phrase? A. Extra portions of the requested item or activity B. Class points C. Student of the month certificate D. Ticket for a class lottery

A. Extra portions of the requested item or activity

Rebecca wishes to determine which part of the playground her student Liam likes the most. She watches him on the playground and records which item he spends the most time playing with. This is an example of which type of preference assessment? A. Free operant preference assessment B. Multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment C. Single item presentation preference assessment D. Paired stimulus preference assessment

A. Free operant preference assessment

Which of the following describes a multiple baseline design across settings? A. Ms. Summer applies Suzette's self-management system in reading group, then math group, then recess. B. Ms. Summer applies a self-management system across Suzette, Josie, and Paul. C. Ms. Summer applies a self-management system across skin picking, pica, and swearing. D. Ms. Summer applies self-management, then removes self-management to see what happens to swearing behavior.

A. Ms. Summer applies Suzette's self-management system in reading group, then math group, then recess.

Ms. Lindsey has a behavior contract with her student Tobias. Tobias loves attending music class and wants to earn extra time in music class. Ms. Lindsey writes a contract with Tobias that requires him to stay in his chair during the entire math class to earn 15 minutes of extra music time. Currently, he stays in his chair for an average of 5 of 50 minutes. Which principle of behavioral contracts does this decision violate? A. Reinforce immediately B. Reinforce according to individual's preferences C. Reinforce approximations D. Reinforce according to the contract

A. Reinforce immediately

Which of the following describes a strength of the visual inspection method for interpreting results of single subject design? A. It is highly replicable across evaluators. B. It is based on mathematical equations. C. It includes very systematic, consistent decision rules. D. It favors substantial behavior change that is easy to see.

A. it is highly replicable across evaluators

In which of the following contexts would an intervention be appropriate to introduce? A. Mr. Casey is planning to target a reduction in out-of-seat behavior, and the student's behavior has been constantly changing each day. B. Mr. Casey is planning to target a reduction in call-out behaviors, and the student's behavior has been on an ascending trend. C. Mr. Casey is planning to target a reduction in property destruction behavior, and the student's behavior has been on a descending trend. D. Mr. Casey is planning to target an increase in peer initiatioos, and the behavior has been highly variable.

B. Mr. Casey is planning to target a reduction in call-out behaviors, and the student's behavior has been on an ascending trend.

Educational goals are written broadly, as they are intended to span what period of time? A. Calendar year B. Academic year C. 3-4 month period (quarter) D. 3 years

B. academic year

Which of the following is an example of a natural reinforcer for an adolescent student? A. Earning candy for completing work B. Earning happy face tokens that can be traded for toys C. Earning money from a job D. Earning extra portions of food for polite behavior at lunch

C. Earning money from a job

Mr. Reyes wants to use a multiple stimulus without replacement preference assessment with his student Keyvon. Which is the best description of this assessment? A. Mr. Reyes will present two items at a time to Keyvon and record his choices. He will compare each item to each of the other items to find what is picked most often. B. Mr. Reyes will present one item at a time to Keyvon and record what he picks or rejects. C. Mr. Reyes will present an array of items and let Keyvon choose. That choice will be removed from the array, and Mr. Reyes will repeat the choice again until there is only one item left. D. Mr. Reyes will bring Keyvon to the playroom and watch what Keyvon does in the room. Mr. Reyes will record which items were played with the longest.

C. Mr. Reyes will present an array of items and let Keyvon choose. That choice will be removed from the array, and Mr. Reyes will repeat the choice again until there is only one item left.

Which of the following describes a multiple-treatments design? A. A token system is put into place following a baseline. No other changes are put into place, and the student is monitored in the token condition. B. A token system is applied to increase reading, math facts, and hand raising for a single student. The interventions are introduced systematically, only when it is effective in treating the prior behavior. C. Different interventions are compared by semi-randomly presenting them across sessions for a single student. D. After one condition is in place for several sessions with limited effect, a change is made to that intervention. That changed intervention is in place for a period of time, the baseline is reinstated. The final intervention is replicated again for several sessions.

D. After one condition is in place for several sessions with limited effect, a change is made to that intervention. That changed intervention is in place for a period of time, the baseline is reinstated. The final intervention is replicated again for several sessions.

Which of the following is true about the use of single-subject designs in the course of educational services? A. Experimental criterion should always be met for the outcome to be useful. B. Use of highly rigorous designs is required for ethical practice. C. They are the only optimal design for this field. D. Design components can be modified to fit the context.

D. Design components can be modified to fit the context.

Which of the following is an example of a way to control for the effects of confounding variables in an experiment? A. Ask participants if anything new has happened to them recently before introducing the independent variable. B. Change the time of day that data are collected randomly after you start intervention. C. Start the intervention as soon as you've collected one baseline data point. D. Introduce the independent variable when steady-state responding is observed in baseline.

D. Introduce the independent variable when steady-state responding is observed in baseline.

Ms. Ellis wishes to evaluate how frequently her student, Sarah, engages in calling out across several different conditions. In one condition, calling out results in calm, soothing conversation. In one condition, calling out results in verbal reprimands. In one condition, calling out results in close proximity but no interaction. In the final condition, Sarah has continuous attention throughout the entire period. Ms. Ellis intends to switch between conditions in a semi-random order. Which design is she planning to use? A. changing criterion design B. ABAB design C. Multiple baseline data D. alternating treatments design

D. alternating treatments design

Ms. Cara has been working with her student Jason on learning to request desired items as a replacement for hitting. The skill is new for Jason and very critical to promote safety. What schedule of reinforcement should Ms. Cara use for requesting? a. continuous b. extinction c. intermittent d. interdependent

a. continuous

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? a. pigeons pecking the green key, the food is provided b. pigeons pecking food when they are hungry c. rats drinking water when thirsty d. rats running in a maze

a. pigeons pecking the green key, the food is provided

Why does prediction matter for determining a functional relation? a. prediction allows the team to hypothesize what will happen when the intervention is introduced b. prediction allows the team to figure out what type or amount of behavior is typical for the student c. prediction allows the team to determine for which students an intervention will be most effective d. prediction allows the team to determine what would have likely occurred with the behavior if the intervention was not introduced.

a. prediction allows the team to figure out what type or amount of behavior is typical for the student

It's a very hot day and Will is out for a run. He sees a shady spot ahead and is very motivated to get to the shady spot for some relief. What type of reinforcer is the shady spot? a. primary, positive reinforcer b. primary, negative reinforcer c. secondary, positive reinforcer d. secondary, negative reinforcer

a. primary, positive reinforcer

Which of the following descriptions is consistent with a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement? a. Mr. Roosevelt sets a timer on his app to go off every 5 minutes. When it does, he gives his students a sticker, whether they are on task or not. b. Mr. Roosevelt sets a timer on his app to go off after an average of 5 minutes. When it does, he gives his students a sticker following the next correctly solved math problem. c. Mr. Roosevelt sets a timer on his app to go off every 5 minutes. When it does, he gives his students a sticker following the next correctly solved math problem. d. Mr. Roosevelt gives his students a sticker after every 5 correctly solved math problems.

b. Mr. Roosevelt sets a timer on his app to go off after an average of 5 minutes. When it does, he gives his students a sticker following the next correctly solved math problem.

Which of the following would be an appropriate natural reinforcer for safe play on the playground? a. extra tokens b. extra time on the playground c. extra snack in the classroom d. extra time on the tablet

b. extra time on the playground

Mr. Snyder is using a class-wide reinforcement system to hopefully increase instances of quiet hand-raising for his students. He will evaluate it first in his first period, then in his second period, and finally in his third-period class. What is the dependent variable? a. class-wide reinforcement system b. hand-raising c. multiple baseline design d. increasing trend

b. hand-raising

Which best reflects the primary goal of action research? a. experimental manipulation to prove functional relation b. understand relationships between events to help student c. publication of work in peer-reviewed journal d. achieving a statistically significant outcome

b. understand relationships between events to help student

Which single-subject design is best suited for action research? a. group design b. alternating treatments design c. AB design d. multiple-baseline design across participants

c. AB design

Mr. Robertson wishes to help his student, Patrick, run longer distances. He sets intermediate criteria and then tells Patrick the current goal level of performance is to earn special privileges. After Patrick's running meets the target criterion, Patrick will increase the criteria to a new level. The requirements will increase at different proportions and are in place for varying lengths of time. Which design is he using? A. multiple-baseline design across behaviors B. reversal design c. changing criterion design d. alternating treatments design

c. changing criterion design

Mrs. Rader has been working with her student Kevin on taking turns with peers. He has shown an initial increase in appropriate turn taking, but earns his reinforcers after only a few turns and loses motivation to keep playing. What schedule of reinforcement should Mrs. Rader use for turn-taking now that it is established? a. continuous b. extinction c. intermittent d. inter-dependent

c. intermittent

Mr. Martinez has been evaluating a self-management protocol aimed at the reduction of rude comments to peers with his student, Manny. Since the intervention was introduced, Manny has been observed spending more time with peers, even outside of school hours. What type of criterion for success does this result exemplify? a. statistical b. clinical c. social validity d. experimental

c. social validity

Mrs. Barbera has identified an area of challenge for a student she wants to learn more about and has started taking data. What should she do next in her action research process? a. intervene on the challenge b. present outcomes c. make a data sheet d. analyze and interpret

d. analyze and interpret

Alberto's teacher has been utilizing graduated guidance to teach him new self-care skills. His teacher shows Alberto's parents videos of the intervention sessions and asks them to rate how comfortable they would be using the strategy at home. His parents indicate they are very pleased with the strategy and would love to use it with Alberto themselves. What type of criterion for success does this result exemplify? a. experimental b. clinical c. social validity d. generality

d. generality

What is the best response to someone claiming that applied behavior analysis endorses the use of highly invasive procedures such as lobotomies and electric shock? A. "Applied behavior analysis does not use punishment; you're confusing ABA with behavior modification." B. Applied behavior analysis only uses these types of procedures when families specifically ask for them. C. Applied behavior analysis works to reduce the need for invasive procedures and relies on use of reinforcement first." D. "B. F. Skinner advocated for these procedures early on, but that was a long time ago and no one uses these practices anymore.

A. "Applied behavior analysis does not use punishment; you're confusing ABA with behavior modification."

Sebastian has been working very hard on reciting math facts. He has a stack of flashcards that each shows a different math fact. He picks up a card, solves the problem, and puts the card to the side. He can do many math problems correctly in just one minute, and he's getting faster all the time. His teacher decided to have Sebastian move on to harder problems but will check on Sebastian's retention of the skill periodically in the upcoming weeks. This is an example of evaluating which dimension of response competence? A. Acquisition B. Fluency C. Maintenance D. Generalization

A. Acquisition

Dr. Shallowford is a school psychologist conducting an assessment with a new student, Reggie. Dr. Shallowford gets a family history from Reggies parents and reads a psychological evaluation completed several years ago for Reggie. When Dr. Shallowford reads the report, he notes that Reggie was identified as at-risk for developing ASD. When observing Reggie, he notes that Reggie engages in frequent lining of objects and repetitive hand movements. Dr. S concludes that these behaviors must be due to differences in Reggies serotonin and dopamine levels, related to autism. Dr. S is aligned with which view of behavior? A. biochemical B. Biophysical C. Genetic D. Hereditary

A. Biochemical

Danny is ready to begin the application level of his time-telling skills. Which description is most consistent with the application level? A. Danny will initiate the completion of academic and vocational tasks when given a time-based schedule B. Danny will draw the hands on an analog clock when a time is dictated to him. C. Danny will explain how the short hand on an analog clock connects to the hours of a digital clock and the long hand on an analog clock connects to the minutes of a digital clock D. Danny will develop a hypothetical schedule to solve verbal problem scenarios related to appropriate employment behaviors.

A. Danny will initiate the completion of academic and vocational tasks when given a time-based schedule

As Matthew arrives to school each day he flops to the floor in the lobby. He may stay on the floor for just a few minutes before transitioning to class, or he may stay on the floor for several hours. What dimension of behavior may be most relevant for measuring flopping? A. Duration B. Intensity C. Rate D. Frequency

A. Duration

Mr. Reilly was recording data on instances of tantrum behavior for his student Bri. As he observed, he recorded events before, during, and after several tantrums. He later went to organize the observations into a structured ABC format. What information goes into the A column? A. Events that occurred before the tantrum behavior occurred B. Events that occurred after the tantrum behavior occurred. C. Details about the tantrum behaviors she observed. D. Notes regarding the time of day and how long the tantrums lated.

A. Events that occurred before the tantrum behavior occurred

When he was collecting anecdotal data on Brian's behavior during math class, the teacher paid careful attention to the time and noted it on the left-hand side of his paper. During the observation the teacher noted how others interacted with Brian and which individuals interacted with Brian. Later, when reviewing his notes, the teacher evaluated his recording. He underlined one section, "Brian became very frustrated when presented with a math workshlet by Susie (Teacher's Assistant). This lasted approximately 2 minutes." What problem did the teacher detect with his anecdotal recording data? A. Forgot to note temporal indications B. Included own impression of the event C. Forgot to indicate who interacted with Brian D. Included incorrect time of observation

A. Forgot to note temporal indications

Mr. Jones is a highly experienced special education teacher, working in classrooms for decades. He has a very set way of instructing his students. Each year he follows his procedures, regardless of student performance. Some students succeed, others struggle significantly in his class. How is his philosophy of teaching insufficient for his students' needs? A. His form of instruction is not producing effective results for each student. B. His form of instruction is too systematic and procedural. C. His form of instruction is not an evidence-based practice. D. His form of instruction is not based on allowing students to develop their own meaning. This may be true, but it is not the likely cause of failure for his students.

A. His form of instruction is not producing effective results for each student.

At Javier's IEP meeting last year he, his parents, and his education team developed a goal for him "To discover appropriate employment opportunities." The team was very excited about the goal and the opportunities it may lead to for Javier. Over the year Javier participated in a vocational preparation program and even completed several work days without any prompts or support from his vocational training coach. However, as the IP year was ending, his teacher realized that the team had selected an ambiguous verb, "discover,' in the objective. Which goal purpose was most adversely impacted? A. Objectively evaluate progress B. Agreement among stakeholders C. Inform the student of expected behavior D. Facilitates effective programming

A. Objectively evaluate progress

Mrs. Cooper is working with a new behavior analyst in her classroom for children with mild disabilities. The behavior analyst has developed a new reading intervention she is very eager to try out with Izzy, a student with dyslexia. Mrs. Cooper asks the behavior analyst about her experiences working with students with dyslexia and the behavior analyst responds, "It's all behavior, teaching reading with one student is the same as another." Which ethical code does this behavior analyst need to review? A. Responsibilities to client B. Behavior change programs C. Responsible conduct of behavior analysts D. Assessing behavior

A. Responsibilities to client

Voluntary participation is facilitated by: A. avoiding threats and incentives that are too powerful B. involving the subjects of the program in selecting as few aspects of the program as possible C. use of technical language D. none of the above

A. avoiding threats and incentives that are too powerful

Mrs. West was measuring how long Jeremy continuously engaged in cleaning during his vocational program. To evaluate the accuracy of her measurement system, she and a vocational trainer stood at opposite sides of the room and signaled each other to start the timers on their tablets. They reviewed the operational definition of cleaning behavior also on the tablet and stopped their timer when Jeremy ceased engaging in cleaning for 3 s. Mrs. West scored 560 seconds of cleaning. The trainer scored 400 s of cleaning. The goal is for Jeremy to clean for 10 minutes. What is their percent of agreements? A. 560/400 = 140% B. 400/56 = 71.4% C. 560/600 = 93.3% D. 400/600 = 66.7%

B. 400/56 = 71.4%

Cedric has recently mastered pointing to the planets of the solar system when named by his aide. Which description is most consistent with the comprehension level? A. Cedric will write an essay describing which planet he would most like to live on based on its features B. Cedric will vocally label each planet on the diagram C. Cedric will sequence the planets by their disagree of proximity to the sun D. Cedric will write a paragraph about the living conditions of each planet, linking what he has learned about their average daily temperatures

B. Cedric will vocally label each planet on the diagram

Cedric's aide presents him with a diagram of the solar system and asks him to point to the planets when named. What level of learning is this description most consistent with? A. Knowledge B. Comprehension C. Synthesis D. Evaluation

B. Comprehension

Desiree's one-on-one aide was speaking with her science teacher about the quality of Desiree's lab projects. The aide stated that she's been giving Desiree low marks on the score rubric because Desiree's handwriting was sloppy. The science teacher appeared confused, as many students have poor handwriting and they are not marked down. The science teacher was under the impression that work completion and participation were the priorities for Desiree. Which purpose of a behavioral objective has not been met? A. Facilitates effective programming B. Coordinate across school personnel C. Promoting student engagement in process D. Involve caregivers in decision-making

B. Coordinate across school personnel

Aiden recently learned the name of all the planets, saying them with 100% accuracy when shown a diagram. His teacher decided to have Aiden practice reciting the names of the planets as fast as he could, without errors. This is an example of evaluating which dimension of response competence? A. Acquisition B. Fluency C. Maintenance D. Generalization

B. Fluency

Marvin's teacher has been noticing that he is engaging in self-injury in the form of biting his hand throughout small group activities. The behavior is brief but of force sufficient to leave marks on his hand for several minutes. Each day there are varying amounts of small group time and the behavior appears to be very localized to these contexts. What dimension of behavior may be most relevant for measuring hand biting? A. Duration B. Latency C. Rate D. Frequency

B. Latency

A teacher graphed the percentage of correct responses on the y-axis and used different bar colors to represent performance on a standardized measure before and after a new intervention. The gray bar corresponds to performance before intervention, and the black bar corresponds to performance after the intervention. If the intervention worked really well, what should the graph look like? A. the gray and black bars should be of the same height B. The gray bar should be higher than the black bar C. The black bar should be higher than the gray bar D. The black bar should be much higher than the gray bar

B. The gray bar should be higher than the black bar

To address a writing objective, a teacher professes the criteria for acceptable performance from initially only requiring the student to form an approximation of a letter, to orienting the letter on the page, to staying within guidelines when writing each letter. This decision was consistent with which recommendation for IEP management? A. Addressing maintenance and generalization B. Objectives linked to goals C. 2-3 objectives per domain D. Sequential progress within objectives

C. 2-3 objectives per domain

Mr. Riley wanted to ensure that the recording system for Malcom's off-task behavior was as reliable as possible. He asked his aide to take data at the same time as he did and then compared their results. Mr. Riley scored 38 intervals with an occurrence and 52 without an occurrence. The aide scored 42 intervals with an occurrence and 48 without an occurrence. Looking closely, Mr. Riley noted that his aide scored 4 instances of occurrence that he did not score. What is their percent of agreements? A. 38/52 = 73.1% B. 38/42 = 90.5% C. 86/90 = 95.6% D. 48/52 = 92.3%

C. 86/90 = 95.6%

Review the following behavioral objective and determine what component is missing or incomplete: Given a map of the United States, Aiden will independently point to each of the 50 states when the capital is named by a teacher. A. The learner B. The target behavior C. Conditions of the intervention D. Criteria for acceptable performance

C. Conditions of the intervention

Review the following behavioral objective and determine what component is missing or incomplete: Tanika will vocally label items related to vocational work with 90% accuracy across 3 consecutive sessions. A. the learner B. the target behavior C. Conditions of the intervention D. Criteria for acceptable performance

C. Conditions of the intervention

Mr. Riley and his aide have been recording data on Malcolm's oft-task behavior tor several months. They have made efforts to do so covertly, using a clipboard to cover the data sheet. As Mr. Riley and the aide were initially very reliable with data collection, they decided to record data on multiple students using the same system. For each student they are scoring off-task behavior, but the definitions for each student are unique as every student is different. With their new system, Mr. Riley and the aide rotate across students for data collection. They never know when they are both recording data on the same student. They each record data for just one student at a time. When they compared their data for reliability they noticed that their percent of agreements has been steadily dropping. What might be the cause and what would be a reasonable solution? A. Complexity; Mr. Riley and the aide should use different data sheets for each student. B. Complexity; Mr. Riley and the aide should switch to an electronic system C. Reactivity; Mr. Riley and the aide should coordinate when they will observe each student D. Observer drift; create a table with all the definitions for each student and tape it to the clipboard for future review.

C. Reactivity; Mr. Riley and the aide should coordinate when they will observe each student

Mr. Baker wanted to ensure that the recording system for tracking verbal reading of sight words was as accurate as possible. He asked his aide to take data at the same time as he did and then compared their results. Mr. Baker scored 5 correct read sight words, out of 12. The aide scored 6 correctly read sight words. What is their percent of agreements? A. 5/12 = 41.7% B. 6/12 = 50% C. 6/5 = 120% D. 5/6 = 83.3%

D. 5/6 = 83.3%

____ refers only to procedures derived from experimental analysis of human behavior A. Cognitive modification B. Applied behavior analysis C. Systematic analysis D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which behavioral objective is most suited for a student struggling to take turns with a peer? A. During teacher-led activities with a peer, Liam will play appropriately with a peer on 4 out of 5 play sessions. B. When given toys, Liam will take and wait his turn on most opportunities without prompts or reminders. C. During teacher-led games with a peer, Liam will take and wait his turn independently D. During teacher-led games with a peer, Liam will take and wait his turn independently across 3 exchanges

D. During teacher-led games with a peer, Liam will take and wait his turn independently across 3 exchanges.

Which of the following is an example of following a recipe for applied behavior analysis instead of relying on an analysis? A. Mr. Munk decides to stop using classroom sticker charts and instead use edible treats, because that is what he saw in videos at a workshop he attended. B. Mr. Munk analyzes student behalf or charts and decides to try changing lower- performing students' reinforcement systems to include an edible along with a sticker. C. Mr. Munk analyzes student behavior charts and decides to try giving stickers only for 100% correct scores for some of the highest-performing students. D. Mr. Munk evaluates student preferences for particular types of stickers, then incorporates those preferences into the sticker chart system.

D. Mr. Munk evaluates student preferences for particular types of stickers, then incorporates those preferences into the sticker chart system.

Which of the following is an example of following a recipe for applied behavior analysis instead of relying on an analysis? A. Ms. Beth measures instances of aggression over several days. She looks for patterns in the time of day the behavior occurs to develop a hypothesis about the behavior. B. Ms. Beth watches the behavior and remembers another student whose behavior looked the same and assumes the function is the same as that former student. C. Ms. Beth interviews individuals that know the student very well and uses these responses to form a hypothesis that she then evaluates in tightly controlled conditions D. Ms. Beth writes down what happens before and after aggression on several instances, then looks for relationships between these events to make a hypothesis about the behavior

D. Ms. Beth writes down what happens before and after aggression on several instances, then looks for relationships between these events to make a hypothesis about the behavior

Which statement best accounts for the reason for regular and consistent monitoring of student performance on objectives? A. Parents must be updated daily of student progress on all objectives. B. Teachers are expected to make timely, data-based decisions related to progressing objectives for all students. C. Students with moderate to profound disabilities may no longer be eligible for services if an objective is met. D. New objectives must be added immediately after a goal has met acquisition criteria for a student with moderate to profound disabilities.

D. New objectives must be added immediately after a goal has met acquisition criteria for a student with moderate to profound disabilities.

Gerald engages in dangerous levels of aggression. The team attempted to use reinforcement-based procedures previously to decrease occurrences of the behavior. At this point, they are recommending a punishment-based procedure to his mother, and she has consented. The intervention plan includes teaching an alternative response of asking for desired items. The intervention will be monitored closely, and the behavior analyst has trained all the team members on the procedure. What element is missing for this plan to meet all criteria for an ethical behavior change program? A. Gaining informed consent B. Use of least restrictive settings C. Promoting personal welfare D. Plan for fading aversive intervention

D. Plan for fading aversive intervention

Mr. Deny's has a student in his classroom that engages in self-injury in the form of hitting his head with his palm or fist. A behavior analyst comes to observe the student and after seeing one incident indicates that the behavior is absolutely maintained by sensory reinforcement. Mr. Deny's asks her how she knows, and she replies, "I've seen this behavior a lot. It's always sensory reinforcement." Which ethical code does this behavior analyst need to review? A. Behavior change programs B. Assessing behavior C. Responsibilities to colleagues D. Responsibilities to client

D. Responsibilities to client

Which of the following is true about behavior analysis? a. Behavior analysis relies on observable, measurable events that are systematically manipulated to produce a predictable outcome, making it both testable and predictable. b. behavior analysis was developed with a set of principles originally demonstrated with animals, making it of little value for understanding human behavior c. behavior analysis relies fundamentally on only a couple of concepts, making it too simple to account for complex human behavior. d. behavior analysis relies on in-depth analysis of early life events so that early childhood events can be incorporated to understand present-day concerns

a. Behavior analysis relies on observable, measurable events that are systematically manipulated to produce a predictable outcome, making it both testable and predictable.

Which of the following is an example of a behavior analytic explanation of behavior? a. Amelia does not often raise her hand because she has failed to progress to an operations stage b. Amelia does not often raise her hand because she is rarely called on, leading to extinction of the behavior. c. Amelia does not often raise her hand because she is not intrinsically motivated by this topic. d. Amelia does not often raise her hand because she has failed to construct meaning in the task

b. Amelia does not often raise her hand because she is rarely called on, leading to extinction of the behavior.

Which of following is an example of a psychoanalytic explanation of behavior? a. George engages in problem behavior because of his inherited condition b. George engages in problem behavior because he has fixated on a particular stage. c. George engages in problem behavior because he has failed to demonstrate concrete operations d. George engages in problem behavior because of a faulty thought pattern

b. George engages in problem behavior because he has fixated on a particular stage.

Which of the following is an example of a biochemical explanation of behavior? a. Rileys learning challenges are due to her diagnosis b. Rileys learning challenges are due to low levels of dopamine in her brain c. Rileys parents had challenges learning, so it is hereditary d. Rileys learning challenges are due to immature thought patterns

b. Rileys learning challenges are due to low levels of dopamine in her brain

Which of the following is an example of respondent behavior? a. crying when told "no" b. blinking when air is blown into the eye c. taking medicine to alleviate pain d. pressing a button when a tone is presented

b. blinking when air is blown into the eye

Mrs. Rojas has been collecting data on how many correctly solved math problems Albert completes per day on worksheets. On her graph, the x-axis is the day and the y-axis is the number of correctly solved math problems. The graph makes it appear that Albert is solving a lot of math problems, when actually skipping over half of them each worksheet. She has all the permanent products. What change should Mrs. Rojas make to her graph to clarify this issue? a. change x-axis to worksheets b. change y-axis to rate of correctly solved problems c. change y-axis to percentage correct d. change y-axis to seconds

b. change y-axis to rate of correctly solve problems

Ms. Green has been collecting data on how long it takes her student to fold the laundry each day. What will be displayed on the y-axis? a. minutes b. rate per minute c. percentage of intervals d. percentage correct

b. rate per minute

A teacher wishes to compare how students in her class performed on the same test measure. Test scores will be on the y-axis; what will be displayed on the x-axis? a. the test used b. student names c. sessions d. days

b. student names

Which of the following is an example of a behavior analytic explanation of behavior? a. Emily engages in problem behavior because it is consistent with her diagnosis b. Emily engages in problem behavior because of unresolved childhood conflicts, which have led to oral fixation c. Emily engages in problem behavior because it has been reinforced with attention d. Emily engages in problem behavior because she has a traumatic brain injury

c. Emily engages in problem behavior because it has been reinforced with attention

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive view of behavior? a. Ann engages in off-task behavior due to setting events influencing motivation to escape tasks b. Ann engages in off-task behavior due to regression to the anal stage. c. Ann engages in off-task behavior due to lack of intrinsic motivation to understand the topic. d. Ann engages in off-task behavior due to imbalanced neurotransmitters influencing brain chemistry.

c. Ann engages in off-task behavior due to lack of intrinsic motivation to understand the topic.

Which of the following is a strength of the biophysical and biochemical views of behavior? a. knowing an individuals diagnosis will help predict their behavior b. using genetics to explain behavior is parsimonious c. certain genetic and psychological conditions can be tested d. understanding the role of the brain in controlling behavior leads to immediate solutions for students

c. Certain genetic and psychological conditions can be tested

Which of the following is a strength of the developmental view of behavior? a. Developmental theorists can help teachers develop intervention plans for student b. Developmental theories can be easily tested c. Developmental theories span a wide range of issues related to human development d. Developmental theorists are very simple and directly account for behavior.

c. Developmental theories span a wide range of issues related to human development

Which is consistent with applied behavior analysis? a. rejection of all behavior unless it can be seen, to the point of denying the existence of silent thought or emotions b. conditioning initially natural responses to stimuli to come under control of new elicitors. c. behaviors that are associated with one context will occur again when the context reoccurs.

c. behaviors that are associated with one context will occur again when the context reoccurs.

Mr. David has been working with Cynthia for some time on reducing instances of talking out. He's tried several different interventions, and finally found one that seems to be working. What graphing convention is necessary to ensure the effects of the different interventions can each be analyzed on the behavior of talking out? a. scale break b. axis labels c. phase lines between conditions d. adding data paths

c. phase lines between conditions

Which of the following is an example of a biophysical explanation of behavior? a. Christopher engages in problem behavior due to a history of reinforcement b. Chris engages in problem behavior because he lacks intrinsic motivation to work c. Chris engages in problem behavior because he has failed to progress past the oral stage d. Chris engages in problem behavior because of his genetic condition

d. Chris engages in problem behavior because of his genetic condition

Student C's behavior has been targeted for decrease. His team is using a cumulative graph to track the behavior. Which description suggests the intervention has worked? a. a slope that is decreasing b. a slope that starts flat then becomes steeper c. a continuous, steep slope d. a slope that flattens and stays flat

d. a slope that flattens and stays flat

A neutral stimulus is paired with electric shock and the subjects heart rate goes up. Eventually, only the neutral stimulus is presented and the subjects heart rate still goes up. What process is this?

operant conditioning

Which scenario describes event recording? A. Ms. Johnson circles a plus on her data sheet each time a correct response occurs and a minus each time an incorrect response occurs. B. Ms. Johnson gives an instruction, starts her timer, then stops it when her student responds. C. Ms. Johnson tells her students to do silent reading, then measures how long the students all stay quiet. D. Ms. Johnson writes down events as they occur in time, describing each persons interaction with he student and all the student's behaviors.

A. Ms. Johnson circles a plus on her data sheet each time a correct response occurs and a minus each time an incorrect response occurs.

Which statement provides the best description of why accountability will result in better practice for educators using applied behavior analysis? A. Sharing your practices and results with stakeholders will help you grow in your skills. B. Having someone double check your work will make sure that it is perfect. C. Sharing your practices and results with stakeholders will make everyone feel very intimidated by you. D. Having someone double check your work will make you afraid to make mistakes, so you won't make mistakes.

A. Sharing your practices and results with stakeholders will help you grow in your skills.

Esmerelda's teacher and behavior analyst work together to assess her current math skills. They conduct multiple forms of assessment and review her data from past weeks. The behavior analyst suggests they implement a new token system in the classroom, to encourage Esmerelda to complete her work and ask for help when needed. The teacher decides to delegate the task to the classroom aide who works with Esmerelda. They give the aide the protocol and new tokens and tell her to give it a try. What element is missing for this plan to meet all criteria for an ethical behavior change program? A. Training for the aide. B. Informed consent. C. A functional behavioral assessment. D. Emphasis on positive reinforcement.

A. Training for the aide.

Ms. Reginald's student Doreen went on a family vacation for several weeks. When she returned from vacation, her time out of seat was substantially higher than before she went on vacation. Her graph looks pretty wild, with a sharp increase looking as it it's coming from nowhere. What might be adjusted on this graph to help visually represent what actually occurred? A. A break in the data path B. A scale break in the y-axis C. Multiple data paths D. Changing to a bar graph

A. a break in the data path

Which scenario describes whole-interval recording? A. Mr. Woff watched Lyssa during silent reading and checks a box if she stays engaged in the activity for the entire 10 second interval B. Mr. Woffa watches Lyssa during reading and checks a box if she talks to a peer at any time during the 15 second interval C. Mr. Woffa looks up each time he hears his 15 second timer and checks a box if Lyssa is engaged in silent reading D. Mr. Woffa starts a timer at the beginning of silent reading and stops it when Lyssa talks to a peer

B. Mr. Woffa watches Lyssa during reading and checks a box if she talks to a peer at any time during the 15 second interval

At the end of the year, Ms. Cage presents interventions developed and graphs of student data to her supervisor as they meet for her annual review. Why should she maintain this level of accountability with her supervisor? A. So that her supervisor can criticize her interventions. B. So her supervisor can evaluate her competence and coach as needed. C. So her supervisor can be impressed by her attention to detail and give her a raise. D. So her supervisor can share these data with prospective families that may come to the district.

B. So her supervisor can evaluate her competence and coach as needed.

Mr. Banner has been using event recording to track how many instances of head- banging his student Bruce demonstrates during group activities. Each day, group activities vary in length. He graphs the data with the x-axis reflecting days and the y axis the number of instances of head-banging. These data look highly variable, some days high and others low. What change should Mr. Banner make to his graph to clarify this issue? a. change x-axis to individual group sessions b. change y-axis to rate of head-banging c. change y-axis to minutes of head-banging d. change nothing; sometimes data are just variable

a. change x-axis to individual group sessions

Dr. Shallowford is assessing a student that presents with significant developmental delays. He notes that despite being 9 years of age, the student is demonstrating skills in the early pre-operational stage. Dr. S recommends that the education team focus on the tasks included in the test, so that in the future the student will pass into the concrete operations stage. This will show the student has caught up developmentally. What is the problem with this recommendation from an educational standpoint? a. fails to teach socially significant behaviors b. fails to consider genetic conditions c. fails to address oral regression d. fails to address issues of brain chemistry

a. fails to teach socially significant behaviors

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive view of behavior? a. Jonathan is struggling in math class because he has not progressed to the pre-operations stage b. Jonathan is struggling in math because he is not recognizing patterns and applying them to the activity. c. Jonathan is struggling in math because his parents both struggled with math d. Jonathan is struggling in math because the operation symbols are not discriminative stimuli

b. Jonathan is struggling in math because he is not recognizing patterns and applying them to the activity.

Dr. Shallowford is observing a student, Donald, in his inclusive preschool setting. Donald plays on his own, repetitively lining up blocks then putting them back into containers. Donald engages in tantrums if other students disrupts or touch his blocks. Donald's teacher is concerned that these behaviors resemble the restricted and rigid interests of a child with ASD. She wants to introduce new activities and teach Donald to engage with them. After he tries the new activity briefly, he can play with his blocks. How would Dr. S, who takes a cognitive view on education, respond to this suggestion? a. Hmm, I think this behavior is consistent with being anal-retentive. We should refer him to a specialist. b. Wonderful idea, Lets gradually increase the time requirement for the new activities to shape the behaviors c. We should let Donald construct his own educational experience. If he is intrinsically motivated to play with blocks, we should allow him to do so. d. Well, if Donald has ASD, it is genetic. You and I cannot change his genes, so we should probably consider a more restrictive placement.

b. Wonderful idea, Lets gradually increase the time requirement for the new activities to shape the behaviors

Ms. Rodriguez is evaluating the use of a self-monitoring system on the occurrences of rude statements to peers for her student Chante. She plans to use an ABAB design. What is the independent variable? a. baseline b. rude statements c. self-monitoring d. ABAB

c. self-monitoring

A teacher is evaluating whether the Good Behavior Game is working in his different class periods. He graphed the frequency of off-task behaviors on the y-axis. He took data on all 3 different classes at time 1, then started the intervention with class 1. He graphed those data by class, on the x-axis, with white bars. He took data again at time 2, after the intervention had been in place for 2 weeks with class 1 only. These new data were shown with black bars. If the intervention worked, what statement will be true? a. the white and black bars will be approximately the same as one another for all three classes b. the black bars should be higher than all the white bars c. the black bar should be lower than the white bar for class 1 only. d. the black bar should be lower than the white bar for classes 2 and 3.

c. the black bar should be lower than the white bar for class 1 only

Ms. Cleveland has been collecting data on the percentage of intervals her student is engaged in skin picking over the past several days. She wants to graph these data to look at trends in the percentage of skin picking intervals over days. The percentage of skin picking will be displayed on which part of the graph? A. data point B. x-axis C. y-axis D. legend

c. y-axis

Dr. Shallowford has been referred to asses a students anti-social behaviors. During recess, he notices that the student, Erica, will often approach and initiate appropriately with a peer, but the peer does not respond. When the peer does not respond, Erica teases and calls the peer rude names. Which recommendation would Dr. S, a behavior analyst, be most likely to make to help Erica? a. Erica should receive medication to correct a neurochemical imbalance, causing her anti-social behavior b. Erica should be separated from her peers, as her behavior is attributed to a genetic condition and cannot be changed c. Erica should be in therapy to talk about her early childhood experiences, which may have led to regression d. Ericas peers should be coached to provide positive reinforcement following and appropriate initiation

d. Ericas peers should be coached to provide positive reinforcement following and appropriate initiation

which of the following is an example of a developmental explanation of behavior? a. Kathryns learning challenges are due to oral regression. b. Kathryns learning challenges are due to insufficient reinforcement. c. Kathryns learning challenges are due to failure to construct meaning d. Kathryns learning challenges are due to failure to achieve critical milestones.

d. Kathryns learning challenges are due to failure to achieve critical milestones.

Gerval's IP team is reviewing his graph on disruptive behaviors. The graph shows high rates of behavior in baseline, a phase line, then an intervention condition. However, Gerval's data did not reduce until about 2 weeks passed in the intervention phase, then drastically decreased. His mother asked what caused the change, and his teacher mentioned that they had a change in staff at that time and that the new staff member was actually implementing the intervention with Gerval correctly. What should be added to the graph to clarify these events? a. disconnected data paths across conditions b. change the name of the condition c. change data path when new person started d. add a phase line to show when new person started

d. add a phase line to show when new person started

Mrs. Mellon's class is having a competition to read as many pages as they can. She teaches each student to make their own cumulative graphs. Which statement reflects the best rationale for the choice of a cumulative graph? a. it will show differences in reading across students b. it will show increasing and decreasing trends as data go up and down c. it will let the students see how quickly they've been reading d. it will let the student see how many total pages they read in class

d. it will let the students see how many total pages they read in class

Student B's data path on their cumulative graph was initially flat, then rose gradually, then rose steeply. Which statement best reflects Student B's performance? a. student B engaged in high rates of behavior the whole time b. student B did not respond much, then gradually responded more, then finally responded frequently c. student b did not respond to the intervention at all d. student B's responding fluctuated a lot throughout the intervention

d. student B's responding fluctuated a lot throughout the intervention