3.2: Classical Civilizations of Greece and Persia

How far did Alexander travel?

500 miles

Why did the empire that Alexander created fall apart soon after his death?

Macedonian generals struggled for power and several Hellenistic kingdoms emerged, including Macedonia, Egypt and the Persian Empire.

The distance from Marathon to Athens was

26 miles

The type of government that existed in Sparta could be described as

an oligarchy

What form of government social status play a role

aristocracy

What time period did Alexander the Great rule?

around 323 BC

What did Archimedes establish?

the value of the mathematical constant pi

Xerxes sends army to Thermoploly and with a help of a traitor finds secret passage to attack Spartans from both sides

300 Spartans fight the whole Persian army and lose

How old was Alexander when he died?

32 in 323 BC

When did Alexander invade India

326 BC

How old was Alexander when he became king?

20 years old

How many scrolls did the Library in Alexandria hold

700,000

Describe Macedonia

A powerful kingdom north of Greece

After Phillip took over Greece what did he and the Greek states plan?

A war to conquer the Persian Empire

What did Alexander do when he took power?

Alexander hurried to carry out his father's plan to invade the Persian Empire

E3 Alexander of Macedon created one of the largest empires in the world in less than thirteen years. What was the significance of the feat? Have you studied any other conquerors that were as successful?

Alexander of Macedon did this when he was only 20. Other conquerors who were this successful such as Napoleon, and Genghis Khan.

He built an empire that stretched to India

Alexander the Great

19. How did Alexander the Great Hellenize the Middle East?

Alexander the Great started colonizing and sending Greeks to the Middle East and "Hellenized" the areas for expansion and reach of his Empire.

By 331 BC what had Alexander accomplished?

Alexander took over the Persian Empire

21. Why did Alexander's empire not last long?

Alexander's Empire became too much to rule, Alexander the Great's Empire fall apart after his death because 1) Alexander didn't have an heir. 2) Generals fought to be King. 3) They divided his empire into 4 parts.

Its attractions were a great museum-temple to the Muses, and the first true research library in the world

Alexandria

What became the home of poets, writers, philosophers and scientists?

Alexandria

What was the capital of Egypt?

Alexandria

18. Why was Alexandria, Egypt so important?

Alexandria was so important because it became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic culture.

What significant event happened during Phillip II's reign as king?

Macedonia took over Greece

Why do archeologists think the Trojan War actually took place?

An archeologist discovered the possible remains of Troy

Ancient Greece included the southern Balkan peninsula, many island, and lands on the western coast of

Anatolia

What scientist mastered the use of the lever?

Archimedes

Who was the most famous scientist of the era

Archimedes

This astronomer argues that the sun was much larger than the earth and that the planets revolve around the sun

Aristarchus

Who was Alexander's teacher?

Aristotle

Why is it important that Alexander the Great was a student of Aristotle

Aristotle taught Alexander all that was known in the Greek world then and now

11. How did imperial bureaucrats gain a high status in Persian society?

Imperial bureaucrats gained high status in Persian society by working and running errands for the imperial administration such as tax collecting and record keeping.

What and when (year) was Alexander's first military action?

In 334 BC Alexander went into Asia Minor with a large army of Macedonians and Greeks

Who fought the Peloponnesian War?

Athens and Sparta

Darius sends army to marathon

Athens wins the battle by attacking all 3 sides

With failed invasion of India, where did Alexander's troops return?

Babylon

Where did Alexander die?

Babylon after the failed invasion of India

9. Describe the basic tenets (beliefs) of Zoroastrianism?

Basic tenets (beliefs) of Zoroastrianism; 1 god, Ahura Mazda; aka "The Wise Lord", and they believed there were lesser gods who shouldn't be worshipped.

What did Alexander die from

Battle wounds, fever and exhaustion

16. What was the cause of the Peloponnesian Wars?

Cause of the Peloponnesian Wars was because Athens wanted other city-states to help pay taxes for the recent battles and wars against Persia. Peloponnesian wars were long series of conflicts between Athens and Sparta that lasted from 431 until 404 BC. ... Most significant reason for the war was Athenian control of the Delian League, the vast naval alliance that allowed it to dominate the Mediterranean Sea. a. Sparta feared democracy, Spartans set up peloponnesian league b. Athenian control of Delian League, Used other city-states money to rebuild Athens, city states were forced to stay c. Sparta insults Athens, Sparta is affected by a major earthquake, Athens tries to help. Sparta tells them to leave--> resentment d. Battle of Sybota, Athens quarrel with Corinth, Athens and Corcyral destroys corinthian navy e. Treaty of mutual protection, treaty between corcyra and Athens f. Invasion of Potidea, Theban soldiers attack island, All 200 soldiers arrested and Killed by Potidians, WAR BEGINS! g. Spartans won the Peloponnesian War.

Why is the government during the Age of Pericles referred to as a "direct democracy"

Citizens ruled directly; they did not elect representatives

This king twice fled the battle field to escape Macedonian forces

Darius III

2. What two developments or innovations did Darius have to come up with in order to maintain his immense and diverse empire?

Darius needed to establish lines of communication with all parts of his realm and design institutions that would facilitate taxation and administration of the territories.

25. Identify 2 differences between the Greeks & the Persians.

Differences; Greeks and Persians differed with religion, and how they united their empires.

What form of government was ruled by all citizens

Direct democracy

15. What effect did the Persian Wars have on Greece? What effect did it have on Persia?

Effect of Persian Wars on Greece; Greece defeated Persians which caused Persia to weaken and result in lack of resources in Persia.

33 - 34. Hellenistic Kingdoms

Empire split into Hellenistic kingoms after Alexander the Great's death. Alexander the Great was a great general (military strategy influence of his father Phillip, and Leonidas trained him), but Alexander was not so great at ruling and maintaining the empire.

What was the result of Alexander's invasion of India

His soldiers grew tired of fighting and refused to go any further. Alexander then agreed to go home.

Who succeeded Phillip?

His son, Alexander

This astronomer arrived at a surprisingly accurate calculation of the earth's circumference

Eratosthenes

This mathematician's work is still the basis of courses in geometry. His textbook, The Elements, was used in classrooms until 1900

Euclid

T/F Not long after the Peloponnesian War, the Dorians became the dominant Greek civilization, and a period of decline began

False

What was the direct cause of Athens' gradual move towards democracy

Fears of major political upheavals

13. List four goods traded across the Royal Road.

Four goods traded across the Royal Road; wine, oil, woolen textiles, papyrus.

How did government in Athens evolve

From an aristocracy to a democracy

He was a blind storyteller of Greece

Homer

The Hellenistic philosophers were mainly concerned with

How the individual could be happy

Where did Alexander's route of conquest begin?

Macedonia

E2 Even though classical Greece seemed to be an enlightened culture, it still supported slavery and the oppression of women. How do you reconcile this dichotomy?

Greek colonization was not a process controlled by a central government, Colonies often did not take guidance from the poleis from which their settlers came from

What did Phillip II admire?

Greek culture

31 - 32. Hellenism

Greek culture diffused throughout the Middle East and India Gandhara Buddha statues = Greek Art + Indian religion.

Thedipidies tricks Xerxes navy to fight in a narrow strait by telling him that he will surrender but he really didn't

Greek navy wins

What group introduced their culture to Asia?

Greek scientists

Persians attack the Greeks again

Greeks win and the Persian wars end!

What did Alexander want to do after conquering the Persian Empire

He wanted to take over India

Why was Alexandria, Egypt, important during the Hellenistic period?

It became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic culture

What happen to Alexander's empire after he died?

It fell apart

How did Hellenistic sculpture differ from classical sculpture

It was more realistic and emotional

Greek culture included what things?

Language, architecture, literature and art

Alexander was the king of what?

Macedonia

1. What River Valley civilizations were united by the Persian Achaemenid Empire?

Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India

A phalanx was a type of

Military Formation of groups of soldiers

What caused the decline of Athens' golden age and the end of democracy

Military defeat

What did Phillip teach his son Alexander?

Military strategy

These three people dominated Greece in this order

Mycenaeans; Dorians; Macedonians

This temple was crafted by the sculptor Phidias to honor the goddess Athena

Parthenon

He was the wise statesman who ruled Athens during much of its golden age

Pericles

3. Why did Darius construct a new capital city, Persepolis?

Persepolis was created as the new capital city to serve as the administrative center and monument to the Achaemenid dynasty by Darius.

After conquering Greece, Alexander the Great conquered which regions

Persian Empire, Egypt, and the Indus Valley

Ionian Revolt

Persian king Darius gets angered and starts a war

After the Athenians won the Battle at Marathon, they sent this young runner to Athens to bring news of the victory, so that the Athenians would not give up their cities without a fight

Pheidippides

17. How was Philip of Macedonia able to conquer the Greek city-states?

Philip of Macedonia was able to conquer the Greek city-states because they were recently weakened by the Peloponnesian Wars.

After his death, his son assumed control over his empire

Phillip II

8. Under what conditions were religious and ethnic minorities allowed to keep their traditions & beliefs under the Persian emperors?

Religious & ethnic minorities could keep their traditions & beliefs under the Persian emperors as long as they paid their taxes and contributed soldiers to the military.

30 - 31. Alexander & the Hellenistic World: WHAP Ch 3 Pt 6:

The Hellenistic Empire was from (336 BCE - 146 BCE) King Phillip defeated the Spartans and Athens after the Peloponnesian War while they were weak.

14. What was the cause of the Persian Wars?

The cause of the Persian Wars resulted from Greek occupation of Persian lands where many feuds had taken place.

Parthians ruled over Persia and Mesopotamia and fought against Rome.

Sassanids favoredZoroastrianism over Christianity.

23b. How were the Sassanids different than the Achaemenids?

Sassanids were different than the Achaemenids Sassanids: Were one of two main powers in Asia ruled for more than 400 years during time of Roman Empire and Europe. The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. Achaemenids: Were composed of MANY smaller kingdoms (unlike the Sassanids who ruled supreme for a long time.) The Achaemenids was the name during ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of MANY smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three satrapies whose administration and taxation was managed by subordinate local rulers.

35 - 36. Seleucids, Parthians and Sassanids: WHAP Ch 3 Pt 7

Seleucids failed to keep control of their non-Greek Subjects.

24. Identify 2 similarities between the Greeks & the Persians.

Similarities; Both Greeks & Persians expanded and ruled over large territories and had wide cultural influence.

10. Compare the status of Persian women and Athenian women. Identify 1 similarity + 1 difference.

Similarities; Persian and Athenian women both wore veils to address & display their social status.Differences; Persian women were allowed to have and run their own shops. Athenian women were not allowed.

22. What were the three Hellenistic kingdoms?

The three Hellenistic kingdoms were: a) Ptolematic b) Antigonid c) Seleucid

The Peloponnesian War was won by

Sparta

28 - 29. Peloponnesian War

Sparta declared war on Athens. Athens lost because of a plague that killed many of their citizens.

These people valued duty, strength, and discipline

Spartans

Zeno founded this philosophical direction

Stoicism

What did the Persian Empire include?

Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Babylon

20. What is unique about the Gandahar Buddha Statues in Bactria/Afghanistan?

The Gandahar Buddha statues shows influence of the Greek culture during that time. Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in Central Asia, between the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC, and the Islamic conquests of the 7th century AD. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism and sensuous description of Hellenistic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent up to the present. It is also a strong example of cultural syncretism between eastern and western traditions. The origins of Greco-Buddhist art are to be found in the Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian kingdom (250 BC- 130 BC), located in today's Afghanistan.

26 - 27. Persian Wars & Decline: WHAP Ch 3 Pt 5 As Persia expanded into Anatolia they came in conflict with the Ionian Greek colonies.

The Greeks united behind Athens and Sparta to stop the Persian invasion of Greece.

A great poem set against the backdrop of the Trojan war

The Iliad

They inspired the Mycenaeans civilization

The Minoans

They were driven from Greece shortly before the golden age of Athens

The Persians

23a. How were the Seleucids and Parthians similar to the Achaemenids?

The Seleucids and Parthians were similar to the Achaemenids "style" of governing through use of bureacratic systems.

6. What is the benefit of using a common or standardized currency?

The benefit of using common or standardized currency was to make trading easier and more unified, and brought legal systems to develop with a common purpose within the Achaemenid Empire.

12. Why was the qanats necessary?

The qanats were necessary as an irrigation system for crops.

4. Who were the satraps?

The satraps were the governors appointed by the king in order to watch and maintain the smaller cities and towns in the Achaemenid Empire.

E1 Many of the contributions made by Athens during the classical age have continued to influence European and American society up to the present day. First, what are the enduring contributions? Where can you observe them in modern American culture? What was it about Athens at the time that nurtured these developments? Why were these contributions so enormously influential?

Theater: The presentation of written word known as theater began in Athens and diffused to other parts of the ancient Greek empire. Fifth-century playwrights Aristophanes and Sophocles produced comedies and tragedies, respectively. During the early days of theater, masks were used to represent a variety of emotions and to disguise male actors playing female roles. Only 44 plays from the ancient Greeks remain today, serving as the foundation of Western theater. Government: Just as Athens was the birthplace of theater, in 508 B.C. it became the world's first democracy. Democracy is a system of government in which citizens elect representatives to advocate for them in the government. Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, wrote "Politics" and encouraged citizens to question the established government. Only free adult men could be citizens during this time; women and slaves were excluded from owning property or voting. Architecture: The most recognizable contribution the ancient Greeks made to architecture are their columns and pavilions. There are two types of Greek columns, Doric and Ionic. Doric is a minimalistic style, while Ionic columns were more ornate, with scrolls carved into each side. Many buildings in Washington, D.C. were based on classical Greek buildings. Universities and colleges, such as the University of Virginia, have ancient Greek influenced structures. The beautiful, clean style is still appreciated today. Art: During the Classical and Hellenistic periods of Greek art, the ancient Greeks idolized the human form. During this time, advances in sculpting and painting techniques were made that would influence the Italian Renaissance centuries later. Once classical Greek art was rediscovered, Italian artists began depicting the beauty of the human body as the Greeks once did. Along with modern religion themes of the time, Italian painters also painted scenes of popular Greek myths and stories.

How did the Spartans treat the Messinians?

They forced them to work as slaves on their land

How do you know that Sparta's rulers would be hard to overthrow?

They had control of the military

What did Athens and Sparta have in common

They were both city states

Which river did Alexander troops cross in Persia?

Tigris

Mycenaean's ten year struggle with the city in Anatolia

Trojan War

T/F Ancient Greece was dependent on trade in large part because only a small part of its land was usable for farming

True

7. Identify two benefits of constructing and maintaining roads like the Royal Road.

Two benefits of constructing and maintaining the Royal Road was easier travel and trading time reduced to no longer than three months.

5. What two methods were developed to ensure the loyalty of the Persian satraps?

Two methods relied on to ensure loyalty of the Persian satraps were that each satrap had their own military and tax collectors who served as checks on the satraps power. This independence from the satraps and imperial spies traveling throughout the empire facilitated surprise visits to enable reports back on the satraps.

The Persian army that invaded Greece at Marathon in 490 B.C. was led by

Xerxes

The Persian army that invaded Greece in 480 B.C. and was defeated at sea near Salamis was led by

Xerxes

He was the ruler of the Greek gods who lived on Mount Olympus

Zeus

8. The greatest of the Achaemenid emperors was a. Darius. b. Cyrus. c. Xerxes. d. Cambyses. e. Miltiades.

a. Darius.

24. The decisive victory of Alexander of Macedon over the Persians was called the battle of a. Gaugamela. b. Marathon. c. Persepolis. d. Issus. e. Athens.

a. Gaugamela.

5. The Medes and Persians were originally a. Indo-European tribes. b. Semitic-speaking nomads related to the Hyksos. c. later Mesopotamian petty kingdoms. d. Dravidian tribes who had fled before the arrival of the Aryans in India. e. minor Babylonian rulers.

a. Indo-European tribes.

28. Which Iranian state followed the Achaemenids and rivaled the Seleucids in greatness? a. Parthian b. Sasanid c. Indo-European d. Median e. Carthaginian

a. Parthian

20. The qanat were a. Persian underground canals. b. Persian oral historians. c. the religious texts of the Zoroastrians. d. the priestly class of the Persians. e. the parables of Zarathustra.

a. Persian underground canals.

18. The center of the Persian communications network was the a. Royal Road. b. qanat. c. Emperor's Trail. d. use of Assyrian mercenary spies. e. Persian navy.

a. Royal Road.

17. The Persian legal code was designed to a. codify the laws of the subject peoples. b. abolish the laws of individual lands. c. impose a uniform law code on the entire empire. d. terrify the subject tribes of the empire into submission. e. enslave the conquered tribes.

a. codify the laws of the subject peoples.

35. Zoroastrianism was a. spread by force throughout the Persian empire. b. very strongly monotheistic. c. repudiated by the Sasanids. d. allowed to spread through its own merits. e. borrowed by the Persians from the Assyrians.

a. spread by force throughout the Persian empire.

31. Shapur I was a. the greatest Sasanid king. b. the Persian king who lost the battle of Marathon to the Greeks. c. the last powerful Parthian ruler. d. the founder of the Achaemenid empire. e. the founder of the Seleucid empire.

a. the greatest Sasanid king.

36. Zarathustra talked about the battle between the "wise lord" Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit a. Avesta. b. Angra Mainyu. c. Ashur. d. Ctesiphon. e. Enlil.

b. Angra Mainyu.

7. In 525 B.C.E. the Persian emperor Cambyses captured a. Lydia. b. Egypt. c. northern India. d. Media. e. Greece.

b. Egypt.

29. The greatest Parthian ruler was a. Cyrus. b. Mithradates I. c. Ctesiphon. d. Shapur I. e. Darius.

b. Mithradates I.

27. The Seleucids were finally defeated in 83 B.C.E. by the a. Parthians. b. Romans. c. Achaemenids. d. Sasanids. e. Greeks.

b. Romans.

22. The king who failed to follow the normal Persian governing policy of toleration was a. Darius. b. Xerxes. c. Cambyses. d. Cyrus. e. Hammurabi.

b. Xerxes.

40. The words "good words good thoughts good deeds" were used to sum up the view of morality of the a. Jews. b. Zoroastrians. c. Hindus. d. Buddhists. e. Greeks.

b. Zoroastrians.

25. The Seleucid Parthian and Sasanid empires a. created states on a far grander scale than the Achaemenid empire. b. employed a form of imperial administration copied from the Achaemenids. c. were fundamentally different from the Achaemenids in their political structure. d. were early petty kingdoms that helped give rise to the later Achaemenid empire. e. copied the Roman model.

b. employed a form of imperial administration copied from the Achaemenids.

1. The major early turning point in the rise of the Persian empire was the: a. victory of Darius at Salamis. b. victory of Cyrus over Lydia. c. victory in the Persian Wars. d. defeat of the Sasanid empire. e. victory of Cambyses over Rome.

b. victory of Cyrus over Lydia.

Which of the following was NOT a reason why Alexandria was the foremost center for the spread of Hellenistic culture: a) strategic location for commerce b) Museum and Research library c) military conquest d) rich mix of culture

c) military conquest

33. The social structure of the Medes and Persians was originally very similar to the a. Mesopotamians. b. Greeks. c. Aryans. d. Romans. e. Egyptians.

c. Aryans.

6. The founder of the Achaemenid empire was a. Xerxes. b. Cambyses. c. Cyrus. d. Darius. e. Alexander.

c. Cyrus.

16. The Persian king who regularized tax levies and standardized laws was a. Cyrus. b. Cambyses. c. Darius. d. Xerxes. e. Alexander.

c. Darius.

14. Darius picked up the idea of a standardized government-issued coinage from the a. Babylonians. b. Egyptians. c. Lydians. d. Indians. e. Chinese.

c. Lydians.

12. Satrapies were a. Mesopotamian kings. b. Egyptian administrators. c. Persian administrative units. d. demons of the Lydian underworld. e. Arabian merchants.

c. Persian administrative units.

23. The battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E. proved to be a. a bloody stalemate with neither side claiming victory. b. an overwhelming Persian victory. c. a Persian loss. d. a slight victory that turned the tide in Persia's favor in the Persian Wars. e. a Roman victory. c. a Persian loss.

c. a Persian loss.

34. Gimillu was a. the Persian general who lost the battle of Marathon to the Greeks. b. the most important text created by Zarathustra. c. a slave associated with the temple in Uruk. d. the founder of the Sasanid empire. e. the leading Persian prophet.

c. a slave associated with the temple in Uruk.

38. Which of the following basic tenets of Zoroastrianism did NOT influence later religions? a. the belief in a heaven and hell b. the encouragement of high moral standards c. the view of the material world as a place of temptation that had to be ignored d. the doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment e. the belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny

c. the view of the material world as a place of temptation that had to be ignored

15. Which of the following empires normally displayed the greatest degree of toleration toward its subject peoples? a. Assyrian b. Greek c. Egyptian d. Achaemenid e. Olmec

d. Achaemenid

4. Which of the following lists of Persian empires is correct chronologically? a. Achaemenids Sasanids Seleucids Parthians b. Parthians Achaemenids Seleucids Sasanids c. Sasanids Parthians Seleucids Achaemenids d. Achaemenids Seleucids Parthians Sasanids e. Sasanids Seleucids Parthians Achaemenids

d. Achaemenids Seleucids Parthians Sasanids

32. The Sasanids were defeated in 651 C.E. by a. Byzantine imperial forces. b. Roman forces. c. Parthian armies. d. Arab warriors. e. the Greek navy.

d. Arab warriors.

2. The leader of the Lydians who fell to Cyrus was a. Cambyses. b. Miltiades. c. Astyages. d. Croesus. e. Darius.

d. Croesus.

19. Who used the words "Neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds" to describe the Persian courier service? a. Cyrus b. Xerxes c. Darius d. Herodotus e. Homer

d. Herodotus

21. For his decision to allow them to return to their capital city and rebuild their temple Darius received high praise from these people. Who were they? a. Assyrians b. Egyptians c. Medes d. Jews e. Dravidians d. Jews

d. Jews

26. The empire comprising most of the old Achaemenid state that was taken by a general of Alexander the Great was the a. Parthian empire. b. Alexandrian empire. c. Sasanid empire. d. Seleucid empire. e. Aryan empire.

d. Seleucid empire.

39. Zarathustra viewed the material world a. as an illusion. b. as a trick of Angra Mainyu to mislead the faithful. c. as the equivalent of hell. d. as a gift from Ahura Mazda that should be enjoyed. e. as a resting place for the reincarnated.

d. as a gift from Ahura Mazda that should be enjoyed.

30. Ctesiphon was a. the greatest Parthian ruler. b. the capital of the Seleucid empire. c. the prophet who transformed Persian religion. d. the capital of the Parthian and Sasanid empires. e. a Greek philosopher.

d. the capital of the Parthian and Sasanid empires.

9. Pasargadae was a. the last great Persian emperor. b. a nomadic tribe from the north that provided a constant threat to Persian survival. c. the location of the greatest Persian military defeat. d. the capital of the Persian empire before Persepolis. e. the most important Persian religious prophet.

d. the capital of the Persian empire before Persepolis.

13. The Persian "eyes and ears of the king" a. was Ahura Mazda. b. were satraps. c. was a popular expression that related to the divinity of the king. d. were spies. e. were the cavalry.

d. were spies.

3. In organizing their empire Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the a. Lydians. b. Egyptians. c. Romans. d. Chinese. e. Mesopotamians.

e. Mesopotamians.

11. The magnificent capital of the Persian empire constructed by Darius was a. Byzantium. b. Pasargadae. c. Marathon. d. Susa. e. Persepolis.

e. Persepolis.

37. The Gathas were a. Persian underground canals. b. the laws that made up the Persian legal code. c. Persian administrative units. d. Persian administrators. e. Zarathustra's compositions.

e. Zarathustra's compositions.

10. The population of the Achaemenid empire under Darius was a. one million. b. three million. c. six million. d. eleven million. e. thirty-five million.

e. thirty-five million.

Why didn't Phillip conquer the Persian Empire

he was assassinated

Darius dies

his son Xerxes takes over

Solon is known for

introducing political and economical reform to Athens

What form of government does not involve rule by a group

monarchy

This geographical feature separated the different regions within Greece

mountain

The largest known Greek statue is located

on Rhodes

In ancient Greece, a tyrant differed from other leaders in that he

seized power illegally

Hellenistic means to imitate what?

the Greeks

What new age did Alexander create?

the Hellenistic Era - helped introduced Greek culture to Asia

What at Alexandria was the largest of ancient times?

the Library

Alexander carried out his father's plan of conquering what?

the Persian Empire

What did Phillip dream of doing?

uniting Greece under Macedonia because he admired Greek culture

The most severe restriction on democracy in Athens under Cleisthenes concerned

which members of society were considered citizens