3.4
Propose a nanotechnology for a patient with type one diabetes
A nanotechnology that could help patients with type one diabetes is nanobots that can produce insulin. If the nanobots could work as a pump inside the diabetic then the diabetic does not have to worry about have high or low blood sugars and can live a normal life.
Bottom up
Adding atom by atom molecule by molecule
Thiple blind
Administer subjects and reserchers dont know
After clincial trial
All data sent to FDA If FDA deems it safe and effective then it loved to everyday medical practice One on market FDA continues to examine side effects
What are respirocytes
Banana machines that functions as artificial red blood cells
Nanoshells
Beads coated in gold layers Designed Can absorb types of light The most used are ones that can absorb near infrared light Absorption creates an intense heat that is lethal to cells Can link nanoshells to antibodies that can detect cancer Let them seek out cancer cells and apply near infrared light
Why would being able to create technology smaller than 100 nm be so significant to the medical community
Being able to create technologies more than 100 nm would be so significant because they can function on a cellular level and go through the body without having the doctor perform surgery
Why are controlled randomize and double-blind studies so important to the accuracy of the clinical trial
By having a control group you have a group to compare how the drug is working. By randomizing these group it help so people cannot tell which group they are in. By keeping the study double blind it allows the researchers to see only the effects of the drug without any influence of patient or doctors. Every patient is treated like they are receiving the drug.
How can this be helpful in cancer
Can detect changes on a molecular level Can preserve sample in active state
Why are nanodevices helpful
Can detect disease in small amounts or can monitor from inside the cell
Why is nanomedicine contriversial
Can help people live longer then they should and give them an advantage in sports
Phase 4
Collect info after drug enters market Risks Benifits Optimal use Several thousand people
Phase 3
Confirms phase 2 findings Determine wffectiveness abd side effects Tests 1000-2000 people Longer amount of time 5-20% make it to phase 4
Randomized trail
Control group and treanent group are choice at random to avaod bias
Thalidomide tragedy
Drig being proscibes to preggo women and gave babies defored limbs Banded experiments on humans until the end of the aminal drug safety test have been completed
Nazi medical expirements
Established Basic requirements for human experimentation such as voluntary and informed consent of participants is necessary, experiments must be scientifically necessary and conducted by a qualified personnel, the benefit to outweigh the risks and suffering of the human, participants should have the right to withdraw without penalty
Open trials
Everyone knows what is happening Used to test surgical pricedure ir medical devices Prone to error and bias
Nanotube
Help identify DNA changes that cause cancer Carbon tube with diameter of one molecule of DNA Can help researcher pinpoint location of change They have to attach a bulky molecule to the regions of DNA that are associated with cancer Seek out specific mutations and bind to them Once tagged researcher then use a nanotube tip to trace the shape of DNA including the tags
If you were diagnosed with cancer would you participate in a clinical trial testing the safety and effectiveness of one of these techs
I would be willing to participate in the clinical trial under a few conditions such as this clinical trial will not be harmful to me and there is no long term effects. I would love to somehow help the development of this technology and I would enjoy hearing about what the technology would do for me .
How would recpriocyres impct body systems
Impact the nervous system because the nurons and brain will constantly be recieving oxygen and te musuclar system will always have oxygen present helping muscles to preform at a higher rate
IRB
Independent committees of physicican statisticans and community advocates Cheakbto see if ethical guidlines are met Potential benefits outweigh the risks Participants know all potential risks and are willing to participate and can drop out Monitor drig trials and can even stop them
Willowvrook hepatitis study
Infected kids at a special school with hep after goveing vaccine that dod not work The interest of the subject has higher priority than society, every subject should get the best treatment, independent review of all human subjects research is required, created IRBs
Public health service syphilis study
Inform the subjects and they didn't treat them with penicillin which was known to cure syphillis Creates the national commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research, reestablishes IRBs at the local and requirment of IRBs review and approval of all federally funded research involving humans
Cantilevers
Levers anchored at one end engineered to bind to molecules On the ends levers there are antibodies Proteins binds to the antibodies detect which proteins are presents which causes the levers to bends Scientist manage the bending and can tell which molecules are present This property will hopefully prove effect with cancer molecules Can detect low presence Can detect in early stages
How will nanomed help to foght cancer
Make cancer easier to fight, help see chancer before it obvious, target only cancer cells
How will nanomed impact society
Make people try to creat molecular weapons
Dendrimers
Man made molecule Branching shape Lost of surface for attachment A single dendrimer Recognized cancer cells Therapeutic against to kill Molecule to recognize cell death Want to manipulate on when cancer molecules are present Report of death happened
Top down method
Mold into smaller units
Phase 2
More about safety and sofe effects Shaprens dosage Effectivmess 100-200 people Seceral monthes-2 years
Double blind trial
Neither subject nor scientist know who is in ehat group untill data collected
Controlled trials
One group recidves the treatmebt and the other does not
Why do you think it is unethical to give a participant a plecebo
Placebo treatment can be considered unethical because researchers are tricking patients into thinking they are receiving a treatment when they are getting not benefits to the treatment they have.
Dr. Henry K Beecher's "Ethics and clinical reserach"
Pointed out all flaws Require clinical investigators to certify informed consent
Why Double blind
Prevent subjects in differnt groups from behaving in differnt ways Prevents bias in data collection People administering drug know
Pirpose of clinical trials
Safety and efficacy of: Experimental treatment Drugs New sugergies or radation therapy Better prevention Better dignostic
Single blind
Subjects dont know but reserchers do and is prone to bias
Explain the situation a double-blind study is not possible
Surgery
Phase 1
Test safety of drug Determines safe dosage Identifies side effects Test 20-100 people Several monthes long
How do respirocytes work
The exchange gases through molecular sorting rotors each roter can sort into oxygen carbon dioxide and glucose
Nanotechnolgy
The understanding and control over matter of dimensions between approximately one and 100 nanometers
How do you think these technologies will change cancer detection and treatment
These technologies will change cancer detection and treatment by redefining the stages of cancer, making cancer detection less invasive and making cancer treatment a harmless thing. Cancer will become easily curable and something people will not have to worry about.
Quantum dots
Tiny crystals that glow when stimulated by ultraviolet lights Color of light depends of size of the crystal Latex beads that are designed to bind to specific DNA sequences By combining different sizes of quantum fits in a bead scientist can create probes that detect colors and intensity of light To detect cancer scientist design dots to specific cancer sequences When they are simulated with light they emit their tags and make them visible Can detect all the different changes Can be used in the body takes away need for biopsy
Treatmebt group vs contril
Treatment group os givem the drug Contril group is given a statndred treatment or placebo
Factorial trial
Use medications in combination Hard to see what happens with so many varible One group get one drig another group gets the other drug one group gets both drug and ine group get none Hard to interpret results
Crossover trials
Use two treatments Patient get both treatments Switch
Orphan drug traisl
Used to test drugs for a rare diease Test on small number of participents who are very suck If it works improved health is very apprent
Safety and ethical regulations
Well versed in thics Clinical truals are made to safeguard patient Clinical trial done in the US must be approved by Institutional Review Board
What is the overall goal of nanomedicine in cancer
a single device to do many things Assets in imaging inside the body Recognize cancer and precancerous cells Target specific cells Report on effectiveness
Nanopre
help researchers to look for mistakes that cause cancer Tiny holes that allow DNA to pass through one hole at a time Scientist believe that these will make sequencing more efficient Look at shape and electrical properties of each base Can use it to decipher coded info Can find areas of mistakes that cause cancer
How was clinical trial set up similar to experimental design
there is one control group and one group being tested. The same procedure is done to both groups and then researchers compare the two groups to make conclusions.
What factors nees to be consodered when deciding whether or not to participate im the clinical trial
what are the side effects of the drug, what does your participation entail and if you are a good candidate for the trial