363 Final

What brought about the ghost dance?

1851 the American's passed the Indian appropriation act which created reservations Forced nations into Oklahoma Settlers used resources Movement of Indians was restricted They were placed on reserves but lacked food so had to hunt buffalo to get food. Buffalo supplies were dwindling due to american hunting and collecting buffalo hides By 1870 hunting nations were in crisis due to high demand for buffalo

Where did handling snakes in worship begin in USA?

1909 by George Hensley who was a circuit preacher Died in 1955 from snakebite

What did Heaven's gate do on March 26 1997?

39 members swallowed Phenobarbital-laced pudding along with vodka chaser All wore black clothes, new nikes, packed overnight bags and had 5 dollar bill

Who was Handsome Lake?

A Native American (Iroquois) who lead his people away from alcoholism and sought to revive unity and self confidence Lived near Syracuse, most of his life was an alcoholic Was visited from 3 spirits who were following orders from great spirit in the sky Was picked to spread message of better life

What is the Ghost Dance?

A dance of the American Indians that brought together enemies in a common cause Revitalization movement

What is period of cultural distortion in revitalization movements according to wallace?

Apathy and disillusionment that happened in stage 2 where values cannot be lived and are disorganized Culture has fallen apart Society doesn't work anymore Attempts to fix society doesn't succeed and fall into period of decline

What are millenarian revitalization movements?

Apocalyptic transformations of the world Involve overturning present social system, predicted to occur in near future Rooted in judeo-christian messianism Ex: christian doctrine of Christ's return in 1000 years Present system coming to an end Rooted in revelations

How did Heaven's gates view their bodies?

As vehicles Simply were separating themselves from their bodies

What are prophets?

Authority founded on revelation Get from supernatural beings Personal charisma, people believe since they have charisma they are worth listening to Radical innovators in religion Mission by virtue of which he proclaims religious doctrine or divine commandment Points the way to religious forms that may provide dynamic for sociocultural change Provide way of change with new message Ex: Wovoka, handsome lake

What is routinization?

Becoming routine Function of innovation becomes maintenance Comes out of liminal period and get new steady state

How did members of Heaven's gate view the world?

Being spaded over Great disdain for the world Wanted to isolate themselves from the world

Who were Osho?

Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Helped define new spirituality Emphasized meditation, being aware, love and celebration Advocated meditation that was chaotic rather than controlled Breath was bridge between soul and body Dynamic meditation was bridge between east and west, offered path of enlightenment

How do snake handlers rectify being bitten?

Bible says to take up serpents not that they won't be bitten Maybe punished for sins Maybe to prove the snakes haven't been tampered with and are deadly Maybe to try faith of victims Shows gods healing power if they recover

Why do holy ghost people take up serpents?

Bible tells them to and bible is word of god They are being obedient and in doing so receiving god's blessing

What do revitalization movements bring?

Bring new life to the world

What rituals do Tanna perform?

Building landing strips with flags Raise american flags Built radios, scribbled notes Carry bamboo guns Salute american flags Worship red cross because when they were sick red cross would help Dress as US soldiers and march in formation Wear jeans and paint USA on their back

What did cargo cults do as result of time of plenty?

Built landing strips for planes to attract traffic and cause drop off cargo People who saw the time of plenty turned their backs on the past and saw themselves as chosen people Saw themselves as traditional groups Changed the way they lived, broke taboos as they hoped their old world was gone and new world was here Missionaries were all over selecting pieces from the bible

What is John Frum movement?

Cargo cult that is ongoing Located on Tanna in Vanuatu At heart of movement is mythic messianic figure called John Frum who is going to bring back cargo

What is the Rede?

Central laws of Wicca Do what you will as long as you don't hurt anyone it is allowed Everything you put out comes back to you 3 fold, good or bad

What personal characteristics made Do an effective leader?

Charismatic Talks to group as if they were children, almost parent like figure to them Older than most of them Very committed and has large conviction for what he believes Conviction helped motivate individuals to kill themselves

What are features of "cults"?

Claim to have new religious truths Truths often given by charismatic leader who claims to have received them from God or other supernatural beings Leader requires obedience and encourages followers to leave past life to become full-time members. Obedience is not doing what someone tells you to do but doing it because they told you to Obedience is fostered through paranoia and seclusion Make extreme promises such as eternal life and eternal love Freedoms are often restricted which leads to abuse of powers by leaders "We" and "they" thinking is common with they being outside world and we being enlightened good people Often alienated provide sense of belonging

Where are revitalization movements common?

Common in societies undergoing severe stress

What was the ghost dance in terms of religion?

Complete religion with transcendental origin as it came from god Applicable from all, got ideas from christianity Profound and revitalized culture

What do snake handlers do with word of god?

Confirming word of god, not testing it Follow gospel to the letter Feel as though they are anointed and protected Believe power of god will protect them Fear snakes but feel protected Feeling of effervescence when snake handling

What does Laternari say of cargo cults?

Convert form of revolutionary consciousness Proto-nationalism Not religious organization, way to construct social movement Old world views are crushed and rituals forbidden People are at depths of despair and imagine new ways of life, must first overthrow colonial regimes

What is organization in terms of step 4 of revitalization?

Converts are attracted to code Advance the code, protect those who initiated the code

Who were 3 spirits who visited Handsome lake?

Corn spirit, squash spirit and bean spirit

Where is John Frum believed to live?

Crater of Yasur volcano with army of 20,000 men

What is raising morning star?

Cult that believed raising the morning star flag will promote good behavior that will bring Mansren back and provide supernatural help to followers against invaders West Papua independence movement flag

What is seen with other "doomsday" groups?

Defection is quite high People have doubts and become disillusioned with message Hard to get out of group Provide people with sense of identity

How did Heaven's gate spread?

Discouraged people from joining unless they were truly committed Found lost souls, hippies Fit in with the time, as space was of great interest at the time University educated so often educated individuals who made money through the internet

What does it mean to refer to groups as cults?

Distinguish groups from mainstream religious groups Often seen as deviant groups with novel beliefs and practices Emotionally charged term with negative connotations Derogatory term which demonizes the group Another way of distancing ourselves from them, calling them cult which portrays them as exotic and dangerous

What is handfasting?

Divine marriage of Wicca

What do snake handlers do when bitten?

Don't seek medical attention Won't allow under 18 to handle snakes as a result

What is wicca in terms of theism?

Duotheistic religion God and goddess Masculine and feminine

What are vitalistic portion of revitalization movements?

Emphasis on importing alien elements (singer sewing machines, Gordon's gin) Ex: Cargo cults Emphasis on bringing new elements into society

What is cultural transformation in terms of step 4 of revitalization?

Enough of people who have converted to new belief put into operation If successful then ways of looking at past will disappear

What caused the arising of Jonestown and Heaven's gate?

Explosion of rebellious creativity Looking for something different Rejecting 1950's values Challenge traditional model of North America People are dissatisfied with judeo-christian beliefs and want something more spiritual Mainstream religions lack methodology of internal quest, finding where we belong in society More spiritual groups are taking off People are trying to find themselves

What does it mean to receive holy spirit in Holy Ghost people?

Feel themselves that spirit of god has come into their body and is controlling them

What is joy unspeakable?

Feeling of joy when going to service and handling snakes Not like worldly pleasures from drugs or drinking

What ideas did Handsome Lake focus on?

Focused on Christian ideals Said if they didn't reform they would suffer and be excluded from heaven Said abandon traditions that were no longer successful Told to focus on nuclear family rather than clan

Who were People's temple (Jonestown)?

Founded by Jim Jones in 1960 Pentecostal learning, seen as denomination of Christian church in Indianapolis Radical ideas forced him to move to California Had intense regimen where they went down to Guyana and worked in fields for 6 days a week for 11 hours and 8 hours on sunday Lived in apostolic socialism where finances were held in common to help needs of community

Who was Wovoka?

Founder of the Ghost Dance Jack Wilson Worked for rancher in Nevada and became seriously ill with fever Saw ancestors and was given message of peace and right living

What are the two types of wicca?

Gardner and Alexandrian

What is period of revitalization in revitalization movements according to wallace?

Getting into liminal stage Society disappears or is absorbed into dominating culture Split into other groups Contains substages 1. Mazeway reformulation 2. Communication 3. Organization 4. Adaptation 5. Cultural transformation 6. Routinization

What is gai'wiio?

Good message in Seneca Said abandon alcohol Witchcraft only for healing Repent corruption Stop ceding indian land to whites Emphasize sanctity of marriage bond Men should farm and women take care of children and home Make peace with americans Follow traditional ceremonies Keep god as creator in heaven *Basically change the way they were operating*

How did Heaven's gate live?

Group life, dressed the same, sex was outlawed, celibate, abstained from drugs and alcohol Disposed of all possessions Unquestioning obedience to Do Limited contact with outside world Secretive and paranoid Watched for UFO's Developed highly cohesive unit

How did people of Heaven's gates feel about earth?

Hated this world, said corruption was here but promise for eternal life in evolutionary level above human was possible Disgusted with one's own life and killing themselves is solution to problem that world is facing Referred to their bodies as containers or vehicles

Why were british concerned with cargo cults?

Individuals stopped tending to livestock, farming and destroyed their housing

What is transcendental meditation?

Involves the mental repetition of a mantra, usually a sanskrit sound Associated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and Hare Krishna

How did media dehumanize heaven's gate?

Joked after their death Distanced people from us which made it easier to process, as we are educated but we try convince ourselves we would never do this Said they were brainwashed

What does Berndt and Wallace say of cargo cults?

Kaleidoscope of elements, recombined to build new picture of reality Getting bits and pieces of info from different places Rituals from own world and combine with 21st century knowledge

What are some cosmic meanings of snakes?

Life and death Mortality and immortality Chaos and wisdom Good and evil Sickness and health

Where did Handsome Lake preach?

Longhouse

What is relation between Heaven's gates beliefs and christianity?

Lots such as leaving body, afterlife Basic teachings came from the bible

What verse do snake handlers follow?

Mark 16:17 "And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover." Take it literally

What was Wounded Knee?

Massacre to suppress "ghost dances" US authorities were nervous and practice was banned, but Sitting Bull encouraged defiance 350 Lakota were arrested but then slaughtered Thought of as retaliation for battle of big horn

Where are cargo cults common?

Melanesia and New Guinea as well as Vanuatu after WWII

Why did Seneca men become emasculated?

Men began depending upon horticulture which was womans work Could not achieve ideals, live up to traditional way of life. Warriors could not fight Many became alcoholics, increased fear of witchcraft Society was falling apart

What were results of Handsome Lake teachings?

Message revitalized society Acceptance of code brought group of sober, devout, liberate and up to date farming community Culture gained pride in themselves Pride in community and reaffirmed identity Reestablished new values that are still followed

What are cargo cults often in terms of religion?

Messianic often concerned with utopian future brought about by intervention of messiah

What were Wovoka's visions?

Millenarian Stressed link between righteous behaviors and imminent salvation

What is theme of life/death... feeling of vitality?

Minister is aware that death is lurking Gives vitality Seeking experience with snakes even though death is potential outcome Confronting death gives vitality Snake handlers believe they are being disobedient if they do not pick up snakes Believe it is a testimony to their belief, god will protect them

What are some rituals and beliefs of Wicca?

Most rituals take place in circular formation, mimicking form of sun Sun symbolizes boundary between outside world and world of goddess Primary belief revolves around environment Rituals honor birth, death and reincarnation Beliefs are expressed through music, dancing and meditation Great rite Rede Sabbats

What are snake symbolisms?

Multivocal symbol Referred to in many cultures and religions Judeo-christians say snakes are evil and caused downfall of humanity Native americans worship or use snakes in ceremonies

How have modern religions displayed Wicca?

Negatively presenting unrealistic image of modern witchcraft Persecuted and wicca cannot display their faith

What is wicca?

Neo-pagan, nature centered religion Modern faith reconstructed from beliefs around several hundred years ago Draws from nature and pre-christian ideals Worship goddess and god Use magic as tool of personal and global transformation

What were 4 conditions of Osho?

New name so lose old identity Wear orange Necklace that contained Rajneesh image Dynamic meditation once a day

What was Aum Shinriko?

New religious movement founded by Shoko Asahara in 1984 Syncretic religion that drew on hinduism, buddhism as well as ideas from revelations Fascinated with end of the world, cult of doom Shoko was claimed as second coming of Jesus Sentenced to death after releasing sarin gas on tokyo subway

What are 'New Religious movements'?

New religious sects, born out of charismatic leaders, dissatisfaction with traditional religions and secularism Social group defined by philosophical beliefs and practices Usually directed at person or group and have charismatic leader Often small with ethnocentric view

Were members of heaven's gates or Jonestown brainwashed?

No as brainwashing is coercive style of persuasion which changes beliefs against persons own will Students in heaven's gates showed they joined by own free will Groups don't last long which shows ineffectiveness and is against mind control Brainwashing is against religious beliefs Brainwashing takes responsibility away again dehumanizing the victims

How different are members of cults than members of other groups?

No difference in how individuals join fraternities, military or other groups

Are Holy Ghost people more deviant than other religions?

No if you take out the snakes, drinking of strychnine they are not much different than other religions

Did poverty give rise to snake handling beliefs?

No it did not

Did Heaven's gates think they were committing suicide?

No, wanted to separate themselves from their earthly bodies Simply leaving vehicles and going to next level

What are successful prophetic doctrines?

Not static, changes due to feedback from audience, additional revelations, interpretations given by close followers Must have continuity with broad cultural tradition of people Must adequately respond to problems of community

What did Wovoka challenge to his followers?

Not to hurt anybody, do harm to anyone. To not fight and do right always. Not refuse to work for whites and not to make trouble with them

What happened to Jonestown?

November 18, 1978 909 members of the church died due to suicide, 276 of them were children

How do Wicca practice?

Often solitarily No coordinating group above coven, no higher authority in sense of church No provincial or state authority, Wicca is autonomous

Who were the members of heaven's gates, peoples temple etc.?

Ordinary people Committed to their beliefs Core belief is they are taking things literally Searching for guidance and meaning Spiritual seekers, deep association with the group Well educated more often than not just get caught up Seeking better earth

What is great rite?

Passing on running of group Comes from Gardner Goblet and sword are symbols here where sword is masculine and goblet feminine

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

What function does religion serve for Holy Ghost people?

Perhaps help cope with repression, escape harsh realities Doherty views as due to poverty and lack of education Due to being closer to god

What are central beliefs of cargo cults?

Planes come from paradise sent by their ancestor Crafty white men get their hands on planes by attracting them into big trap of airport Build your plane and wait with faith, sooner or later your ancestors will discover white man's trap and guide planes on landing strip Then you will be rich and happy

What are revitalization movements in terms of politics?

Political-religious movement Defy westerners in handsome lake and ghost dance Promise deliverance from deprivation Elimination of foreign domain People were controlled and promised salvation

What does Lindstrom say of cargo cults?

Postmodern view Tannese oblige tourists with what they want Cargo has arrived and are selling you merchandise People will go Vanuatu to see cults Many people in Tanna know how they world works

Who was Jim Jones?

Practiced faith healing, said he was reincarnation of jesus and buddha Paranoid, insisted on having complete authority Encouraged followers to practice mass suicide

How has the media portrayed appalachian snake handlers?

Presented as crazy Presented on death and poison Media will test our perception Seen as entertainment for non-participants Culturally relative perspective that people are nuts Present biased image of snake handlers

What are revitalization movements in terms of nativistic?

Rejection of alien values, customs and people E.g. Ghost dance Rejected lots of traditions of the american's, rejected what they had been told Stopped using white man's customs in ghost dance

What are cargo cults?

Religious movements that have as most characteristic feature the belief in future golden age of prosperity and power conceptualized as delivery and distribution of cargo and consumer goods Social movement that is also political All have theme of earth ending in cataclysmic issue where colonial system will be overturned

What was central idea of Ghost dance?

Reuniting living and dead accompanied by glorious return of traditional indian culture Living a clean, honest life

What are revitalistic portion of revitalization movements?

Revival of customs and values of previous generations return to ancient ways Ex: neoshamanism in Siberia Go back to traditional ways and bring back what was important in the past

According to Jim Jones what was ultimate sacrifice?

Revolutionary suicide

What is adaptation in terms of step 4 of revitalization?

Rework message to make sense, can be political Defend message Adapt how it spreads Ghost shirt is adaptation

What was the literal ghost dance?

Ritual dancing and moral conduct Dance in path of the sun clockwise, working in harmony for 5 days and 4 nights Lead to exhaustion but also visions

What was Seneca nation pre british war?

Seneca nation in upper new york Egalitarian people Council of 50 chiefs ruling over league Women worked in agriculture and shifted place where village was every 20 years Men were hunters Sided with British during revolutionary war

What are revitalization movements?

Similar to rites of passage except instead of for the individual they are for societies or cultures as whole

What would cargo cults think of a radio if they lack understanding of electricity?

Simply must be magic *Cults are response to insecurities of limited understanding of western societies*

What is theme us/them... the feeling of specialness?

Snake handlers believe they are favored by god Seen as true believers by virtue of being obedient Have 3 sub themes here first is obedience, obeying gods command 2nd sub theme is they are true believers because they interpret bible literally, picking up serpents as confirmation Last sub theme is being established vs. sugar coated Believe they stand out because they are true believers

What is the theme of being moved... feeling of god?

Snake handlers experience of god moving upon them Once they are anointed and chosen, it is god coming down and entering their body that they feel protected so as to handle snakes

What is the power of true knowing?

Snake handlers experience true knowledge when anointed Feeling of being special as they are accepted by god Something to experience, when god reveals themselves

Why has the snake been such a powerful multivocal symbol? Why is it so revered?

Snakes shed its skin, youthful so knows secrets of eternal life Coldblooded, attached to unpredictability Poisonous so has power over life and death Odd looking, lacks legs but can swim on water and climb trees which conveys sense of transcendence Connect heaven and earth

Who was Marshal Applewhite?

Son of presbyterian minister Studied for ministry, professor of music in Houston where he was fired for homosexual affairs Had near death experience and checked into hospital where he met Bonnie Nettles Nettles believed she was infused by upper spirit and that he was modern day Jesus Very charismatic

What do spirit, air, water, earth, fire and pentagram represent?

Spirit- symbolizes spiritual love, connection to each other Air- the mind, rationality and thought Water- cycle of life Earth- the mother element, represents rootedness and security/growth Fire- passion, magic cannot be produced without passion Pentagram- the five pointed star which encompasses belief

What are messianic revitalization movements?

Spiritual savior will appear or is already present to transform the world through his personalized power Wovoka is messiah Help transform the world through their message

Why has Wicca been so successful in attracting people?

Spread through internet Media portrayal of witches as tame, benevolent Frustration with consumer culture and rejection of materialism Lack of dogma, practice how it connects to you rather than following church. Nothing to disagree with Hypocrisy in other churches Empowerment for women Equality seen Concern for earth

What did it mean to be successful man in Seneca society?

Stereotypical good hunter, strong, successful in warfare

What are cargo cults in blending religion?

Syncretism between indigenous and colonial religious symbols and doctrines Blending of traditional symbols with christian rituals and values

What is period of increased individual stress in revitalization movements according to wallace?

System starts to be pushed out of equilibrium Wars, fighting, epidemic Neighboring groups create pressure Effort to acculturate people Need to find way to deal with issues

What is the point of testimonials for Holy Ghost people?

Tell about experience with holy spirit Confirming what they believe

What did Heaven's gate believe?

That on March 22nd they would link up with Hale-Bopp comet bound for TELAH (the evolutionary level above human) Believed all reproducing space aliens used earth's humans for own interests Aliens intentionally kept humans falsely programmed or in the dark primarily through religious concepts and secondarily through reproductive and humanitarian concepts Didn't believe in traditional religions, instead thought religions had been inhabited by space aliens

What did Williams say of Cargo cults?

They are childish, irrational and wishful thinking Ethnocentric way of looking at things

What is steady state of revitalization movements according to wallace?

Things are in equilibrium Change happens slowly and more evolutionary change Stress is low People know how to act Similar to pre-liminal stage in rite of passage

What is new steady state in revitalization movements according to wallace?

Things don't go back to how they were, just new way of thinking about things

Where did cargo cults believe goods were coming from?

Thought goods were from dead ancestors and that white man confiscated them

What are sabbats?

Tied to land, cycles of harvest and getting crops Mark turning point of the year Follow symbolic life, passing of seasons, maturity and death

Why is Wicca considered a modern reconstruction?

Took ideas from non religious ideas, freemasonry, egyptian ideas and celts Continuous Wicca presence from celtic times to 21st century was unlikely so merging of ideas is accepted

What is seen in pentecostal churches?

Very fundamentalist, take the bible literally Consider themselves independent especially from mainstream religion Speak in tongues Do not recognize earthly authority No governing body Services are impromptu, preacher speaks when he feels compelled Difficult to find new converts but grows because it is family tradition

What did Worsley and Jarvie say of Cargo cults?

Viewed in terms of situational analysis Rational form of action Rational given cultural relativity For the knowledge that the individuals have the cults make sense To westerners it does not make sense but to them it does Question of knowledge, if they don't know how the world works it makes sense Primitive world meeting 21st century

What is mazeway reformulation?

Wallace tried using this term but never caught on Society in the future How ways of looking will change Not specific which is why it failed to catch on Ex: message Wovoka had, message of ghost lake

Why did Marshal Applewhite take the name Do?

Wanted nonsense names because found names unimportant

What is Arapho ghost dance?

What is happening is dance occurring

When do snake handlers take up snakes?

When they are anointed by holy ghost Bible says to take up serpents, not that they won't be bitten

How are snake handlers different from other fundamentalist Christian faiths?

When they pick up snake it is like Jesus has spoken to them and it is rush of ecstasy Not so bizarre without the serpent, they speak in tongues, cast out demons, lay hands and wash feet Aesthetic moral code is common and spirited preaching is common Literalist interpretation of the bible is seen *Take away the snakes and fire, then they become more like typical fundamentalist*

What is communication in terms of step 4 of revitalization?

Where message is preached to others, sent to other people Handsome lake delivered message, Wovoka had people come to him Message is communicated

What is the most successful new religion?

Wicca, also fasted growing religion in terms of percentage growth

Who was Gerald Gardner?

Wrote multiple books on modern witchcraft forming basis of modern Wicca British civil servant who claimed he was initiated into coven by wiccan called Dorothy Took surviving beliefs and practices and combined with non-religious ideas drawing from freemasonry, egyptian ideas and celtic Sort of pervert as he encouraged regular ritual nudity No evidence Dorothy existed

What do snake handlers follow?

follow strong moral code where gossiping, swearing, lying, tobacco, mustaches and beards are forbidden