371 chapter 14

ideology

Tehe aspect of a cultural system which describes the mental characteristics of a people and the way they relate to their environment and social groups is known as ________.

cultural formula

The Macah, a Native American tribe from the Northwest, built functional seagoing canoes that are considered works of art by modern shipbuilders. By definition, these boats would be considered ________.

ecology

The Japanese greatly value products that make efficient use of space because of the cramped conditions in urban areas in Japan. This is an example of ________ in Japan's cultural system.

an art product

Which of the following is an object that is admired strictly for its beauty or because it inspires an emotional reaction?

metaphysical

_______ is a myth that explains the origins of existence.

levi-strauss

_______ postulated that myths involve binary opposition, in which two opposing ends of some dimension are represented (such as good versus evil).

profane

________ consumption occurs with objects and events that are considered to be ordinary and everyday.

trickle-up effect

When Bob, a wealthy real estate investor, saw an inner city kid wearing a heavy gold chain with a medallion around his neck, Bob wanted the same for himself. Bob's behavior is best explained by the ________.

anthropological

Which of the following is NOT one of the four interrelated functions of myths in a culture?

convention

Which of the following is NOT one of the three distinct stages of gift-giving rituals?

true

Winnowing out is part of the cultural selection process.

social structure

______ is the way people maintain an orderly social life.

power distance

________ is the extent to which less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

sacralization

________ is when ordinary objects, events, and even people take on sacred meaning.

ideology

________ is/are the mental characteristics of people and the way they relate to their environment and social group.

gestation

________ refers to a stage in the gift-giving process, where the giver procures an item to make some event.

ideology

Which functional area of culture is most closely related to the idea of a common worldview?

ecology

Gen enjoys owning a micro-refrigerator, which is small enough to fit almost anywhere. Gen believes that the efficient use of space is one of the characteristics that any good product should have. With respect to the functional areas of a cultural system, Gen is focusing on ________ as a variable in selecting products.

true

Gift giving involves economic and symbolic exchange.

true

Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture organizes cross-cultural values based on power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence.

true

Hong Kong Disneyland is an example of an emic perspective.

true

People occupy sacred time and space when they travel on vacation.

fad

A ________ is a very short-lived fashion.

all of the above (creative, managerial, communication)

A cultural production system is a ________.

true

A culture production system is a set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

ritual

A set of multiple symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated is called a ________.

rite of passage

A special ritual marking a person's transition from one role to another is called a ________.

myth

A story containing symbolic elements that express the shared emotions and ideals of a culture is called a ________.

true

A style typically begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people.

all of the above (artifacts, scripts, performance roles)

According to Dennis Rook, a key aspect of a ritual is ________.

true

According to Hoftstede, power distance refers to the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally.

true

According to the trickle-down theory, fashion moves from the upper classes to the lower classes.

marketing

All of the following are subsystems in a culture production system EXCEPT a ________ subsystem.

fortress

Brands that we closely link to our rituals are called ________ brands; once they become imbedded in our rituals we are unlikely to replace them.

true

Casting directors, textbook authors, and retail buyers are all examples of formal gatekeepers in the culture production process.

innovators

Consumers who always are on the lookout for novel products or services and who are first to try something new are ________.

A myth is story with symbolic elements that represent a culture's ideals.

Define the term "myth."

true

Every year, the students at a prestigious engineering school remove a car from the parking lot and place it on the highest point of the roof of the main engineering building. The students have been doing this for decades, but not once has anyone ever confided to an outsider how it was done. This is a classic example of a ritual.

true

Gone With the Wind myths often take place in times of upheaval, such as war.

work/leisure

Grooming rituals express two kinds of binary opposition: private/public and ________.

cultural gatekeepers

In the cultural production process, the people who control the flow of information between producers and customers are called ________.

true

In the modern holiday ritual of Christmas, the figures of Christ and Santa can be seen as binary opposites; one promotes selflessness while the other promotes materialism.

cooptation

It is quite common for mainstream culture to modify symbols identified with "cutting edge" subcultures and present these to a larger audience. Such cultural products undergo a process of ________, by which their original meanings are transformed by outsiders.

true

Most holidays commemorate a cultural myth

gatekeepers

Movie and restaurant reviewers, magazine editors, retail buyers and DJ's are considered ________ because they filter information.

true

Passing a driving test to receive a driver's license is an example of a rite of passage.

ritual

Pavel is an inventor. He read that there were several million people who could not sleep at night until they looked under the bed. He invented a light that could be put under the bed and went on automatically when someone looked there. Pavel's product is designed to help people perform a ________.

cultural selection

Products are winnowed out as they make their way down the path from conception to consumption, a process called ________.

true

Profane consumption involves consumer objects and events that are ordinary.

cultural formula

Raymond Chandler wrote classic American detective stories. By always using certain roles for his characters and props that were appropriate to the genre, Chandler's novels followed a(n) ________.

economic

Researchers primarily see the gift-giving ritual as a type of ________ exchange.

true

Romance novels often follow a cultural formula.

the reciprocity norm

Sharon is upset with her secretary. Though everyone in the office agreed not to give Christmas presents this year, Sharon's secretary gave her an expensive bottle of perfume. Which of the following best identifies the source of Sharon's feelings?

true

The indulgence versus restraint dimension of Hofstede's Dimensions of National Culture deals with the extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life.

liminality

The second stage in the rite of passage is ________.

psychological

The story goes that a young George Washington cut down his father's cherry tree with a hatchet. Young Washington was then asked who might have committed this act. Even though the boy feared punishment, George replied, "I cannot tell a lie; I cut down the cherry tree." This story has taken on mythical proportions in the United States. Which of the follow functions does the myth best match?

collecting

The systematic acquisition of a particular object or set of objects is called ________.

true

The worldwide popularity of McDonald's suggests that there is a global consumer culture that unites people around the world by their common devotion to brands.

sacred

Thomas and his family recently toured the Gettysburg Battlefield on their vacation. The area was rich in history. While walking, Thomas remembered all the accounts of the battle that he had read in school. He finally understood why this place had such a special meaning in American history and to Americans in general. Gettysburg Battlefield is best classified as ________.

contamination

Through the process of ________, objects associated with sacred events or people become sacred in their own right.

cultural movement

Tory Burch flats, cage-free eggs, electric cars, selfies, and high tech furniture are part of the ________.

culture production system (cps)

________ refers to the set of individuals and organizations that create and market cultural products.

norms

________ usually dictate what is right and wrong, acceptable or unacceptable.

he process of social diffusion by which style is adopted by consumers

fashion refers to ___

true

Anna's best friend, Aubrey ,was getting married. Anna spent a lot of time thinking of the perfect gift and was so excited about the gift that she gave it to Aubrey before the wedding. Aubrey cried and told Anna she could never have a better friend. Reformulation best describes the gift-giving stage in this situation.

true

Fashion with an extremely long acceptance cycle is considered to be classic.

ritual artifacts

Wedding rice, birthday candles, and diplomas are considered ________.

altruistic

As a relationship grows and progresses, gift giving tends to become more ________.