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Laetoli footprints
"Lucy" and a. afarensis footprints, shows they walked upright and had the toe and heel aligned
What is the relationship between skin color, sunexpress e and vitamin d uptake
dark skin: protection white: vit. d deficient, bone disease
What is the significance of the shape of the pelvic canal in comparison of a modern woman and lucy
devopement of kids and when they are born and when they can and cant fit through. A larger pelvic canal in modern women indicate larger brain to be birthed
What is the importance of the fayum formation?
eygpt, shows fossils and evolution
What was the diet of ardi?
fruit, soft plants
Like modern apes, Dryopithecus and Sivapithecus ate
fruits and nuts
Dryopithecus
gave rise to great apes, gorillas, herbivores, sexual dimorphism (canines)
Under what climatic conditions do glaciers advanced (summer or winter)
glaciers advance when more snow accumulates in the winter and melts in the summer
What is the greenhouse effect
global warming, trap radiation
What were the robust australopithecines, what was their diet, did they coexisted with homo habilis, why did they go extinct?
herbivore, difficulty adapting to climate
Provide a brief history of equus in north american. Forest and grasslands and changes in the types of grass
high crown teeth for grazing (better for c4 grass) , grassland
Foramen Magnum
hole in base of skull, spine connects
What is the relationship of co2 and global atmospheric temperatures
more co2= warmer temperatures
What are some of the characteristics we share with tiktaalik
neck for breathing, wrists and nose
Hominoids
no tail, complex social behavior, single young. gorillas chimps and us...
If Ardipithecus ramidus females were to place in an ad in Match.com females would say that they preferred
nonaggressive and cooperative males and males that provide food (vested provisioning) in exchange for sex
What characteristics are common to all chordates?
notochord, gills, dorsal nerve,
In ______ have sexual skins or swellings, which are nearly hairless large swollen patches of skin around the genital area that become very prominent when female are in _____
old world monkeys -------- estrus
What is the relationship between the old and new world monkeys?
old: non prehensile tail, live on ground, long snout, close nostirls new world: prehensile tail (wrap around stuff) only live in trees, flat face, wide nostrils.
Early apes traveled along tree branches __________ whereas modern African Ape adaptations to ___________
on all fours ---------- on the ground—knuckle walking
What is the evidence that ardipithecus ramidus walked upright and climbed trees?
opposable big toe and pelivic for climbing and walking
The only living descendent of the Sivapithecus lineage is ___________.
orangutan
Give an example of an extinct sivapithecines that lived only 300 kya before present. They used to be considered as early hominids but have more recently been considered more closely related to what living hominid?
organutan
Charles Darwin
origin of species, descent with modification
How has life altered the earth? In other words what would this world look like if life never evolved?
scary,
How did sea level change over the last 18k years, what caused these changes in sea level
sea level has risen over those years, temperature and tectonic actitivty
Compare and contrast the teeth and mouth of early horses with equus
short crown (little enamel, forests) to high crown (lots of enamel, grasslands)
Compare the two lineages of miocene apes represented by sivapithecus and dryopithecus
sivapithecus ( orangutangs): powerful jaws, nuts and fruit and Dryopithecus ( modern ape), tree living, great apes
Tarsier
small little tree dwelling primate with big eyes and a long tail.
Anthropoidea
suborder of primates: monkeys, apes and us
What is natural selection and how can it be a mechanism for evolutionary change?
survival of fittest
La brea tar pits
tar pits in LA that show all the animals that used to live there (mega fauna)
Describe some basic trends in horse evolution
teeth: high crowned, narrow, u shape mouths long legs and hoofs from forests to grassland
What was the cause of the extinction of the north american megafaunas
the hunting of them by the humans and their dogs
Describe the changes to horses legs over the last 55 mill years of evolution
the legs get longer and the # of toes is reduced letting them run better and faster
Why is history important when attempting to understand the evolution of humans
the past is the key to the future
Why did mammals survive the cretaceous extinction
they burrowed and the insects and aquatic plants they ate survived
What is the importance of the eagles talons found with the Neanderthals?
they exploited the eagles for symbolic reasons- probably to be adorned.
Eosimias
tiny tiny little primate! ancestor to monkeys and a link to tarsiers, china
What event nearly lead to the extinction of humans
toba explosion
Acheulean tools
tools from h. erectus, hunting tools and spears from stones
What is australopithecus ramidus? List some new discoveries about it
transitional animal, human and chimp, climbed and walked.
What specific morphological differences are there between neanderthals and cro-magnons. Where and when might have these two had opportunity to interbreed. Contrast their culture and tool making?
we are cro magnons, when we moved bc the cold and
What can explain the rapid adaptive radiation of mammals at the beginning of the paleogene
with dinosaurs extinct, mammals evolved and diversified to take the ecological niches that were previously occupied by dinosaurs
Contrast the notions of ecological replacement and displacement. Did mammals outcompete the dinosaurs
yes, we were small enough to burrow and survive
Discuss those characteristics that mark the genus homo. What makes our species a predominate force on earth
-Big brains, carnivores, bipedal, small canine teeth and molars, social.
Why did c4 grasses replace c3 grasses? What was the effect of this change on the evolution of horses
-C4 does better in hot, dry climates. -browsers to grazers -horses besides Equus go extinct -forest dwelling to grassland (open) running
Earth's tilt is slowly decreasing today, as it does so are the polar regions receiving more or less solar radiation in summer and in winter?
N. Hemi - Poles receiving less solar radiation in the summer S. Hemi - same thing since hemispheres have opposite winter and summer.
What is natural selection and descent with modification?
Natural selection- only the organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and carry on those traits to future generations; "survival of the fittest" - Descent with modification- shared similar structures show ancestral connections; describes how species inherit traits from the surviving species
The earliest known death from a sharp stone point occurred between 45,000 and 35,000 years old ago. What Hominid died from spear attacks
Neanderthal
Idenify this Primate. Note the location of the nostrils. (Cute lil guy with an orange face and black fur)
Old World Monkey
Which of the following happened to prosimians during the Oligocene Epoch?
They became scarce in most regions.
What are the benefits of social hunting, with tools, and scavenging efforts of later hominins like Homo erectus?
They could hunt animals that may injure them, they were about hunting and kill larger animals, increase the social bonds within the community
How should we consider the relationship between Neanderthals and Humans?
They're two different human species, but are closely related.
Examine these feet. What is true about this animal? (Big, furry and a gap between the thumb and fingers
This animal could climb trees, and it could walk up right
Early Homomids should signs of injuries and disease.
True
Is this statement true or false. The survival conditions of human evolution werecontinually revised as climate oscillated between arid and moist and between cold and warm
True
The key feature that distinguishes Homo sapiens from other primates is our __________ whereas Ar. ramidus had a ___________
Unusually large brain ---------- a small brain similar in size to chimpanzees
Ardipithecus lived in ________ and based on their teeth their they had __________________ .
Woodlands -------- an omnivore diet,
What was different about Ar. ramidus compared to earlier hominids?
ability to walk upright and absence of the large projecting canine tooth in males
When did Homo sapiens first appeared?
about 200,000 years ago.
When and where was Equus domesticated?
about 6000 years ago in central Asia
When and where did homo sapiens evolve
africa 200kya
Which of the following developed some of the characteristics found in early primates, but is not a true primate but a close relation, the Plesiadapids?
Carpolestes
Why did Equus become extinct in North America about 10,000 years ago?
Climate Change and hunting by humans
What caused the extinction of most the Miocene Apes?
Climate change led to the replacement of forests with woodlands and grasslands
Homo sapiens migrated into Neanderthals' territory in Europe when the climate was ___________________.
Cooling. Glaciers were advancing and there was climate instability.
A. afarensis, Lucy's 3.18-million-year-old skeleton has a humanlike hip bone and knee joints coupled with long apelike arms, longer grasping fingers than in humans, and flexible feet. This mixture of skeletal features means that "Lucy" ___________
Could Walk and climb and Adapted to different environments
Of the following which one is not a benefit of Hominins making stone tools?
Decreased the diversity of the diet by increasing the size of the animals killed
Some fossil and ancient DNA analyses seem to suggest that Neanderthal brains were
Different and less capable than those of Homo Sapiens
What are the primary differences between homo erectus and homo sapiens
E has smaller brain, older, taller We : big brain, long lived
What is the source of the record of global climate change over the last 6 million years?
Oxygen isotope measurements in foraminifera.
This animal lived about 2.3 to 1.2 million years ago and it grass, tough leaves and stems.
Paranthropus
A sharp increase in Hominin brain size over the last 800,000 years, coincided with __________________.
Period of the great worldwide climate fluctuation when planning and problem solving were increasingly important
The earliest hominin species had ______________ diet and they had ______________________.
Plant-based ---- short bodies and long guts
Adaptations emerge as organisms face the ongoing tests of survival such as:
Finding food, avoiding predators, attracting mates, locating shelter
What is the Przewalski's wild horse?
First domesticated horse, E. caballus.
What happened to the grasses around 7 million years ago?
Grasses changed from a C3 photosynthetic pathway to grasslands consist mostly of C4 photosynthetic pathway.
When and why did horses develop high crowned teeth?
Grazing on the extensive grasslands of during the Miocene (25 to 15 Ma)
Hominids
Great Apes
This animal is the oldest known early humans to have possessed modern human-like body proportions with relatively elongated legs and shorter arms compared to the size of the torso. Who is it?
Homo erectus
This species lived between about 1.89 million and 70,000 years ago. Who is this long-lived species? (big brow ridge, no sag. crest)
Homo erectus
This species, one of the earliest members of the genus Homo, has a slightly larger braincase and smaller face and teeth than in Australopithecus. This species was thought to represent the first stone-tool maker.
Homo habilis
What is the first hominid that relied on stone tools to obtain food and butcher meat?
Homo habilis
It used fire and used wooden spears, and it was the first early human species to routinely hunt large animals. Who is it?
Homo heidelbergensis
Of the following which species was the best hunter?
Homo heidelbergensis
Which of the follow are considered the most adaptable mammalian species ever to evolve on Earth?
Homo sapiens
Who used these 30,000 - 23,000 years old needles to make cloths?
Homo sapiens
What a primitive Miocene ape, is thought to have been the last common ancestor of the living hominoids?
Proconsul
The Order Primates is divided into which of the following suborders?
Prosimii and Anthropoidea
How did Neanderthals and modern humans different in the ways they dealt with environmental fluctuation and the survival challenges it poses?
Homo sapiens made specialized tools and Homo sapiens exchanged goods over a long distance.
What gave the Homo sapiens the edge over Neanderthals?
Homosapiens lived longer, had more reproductive years (longer fertility potential), more time to acquire specialized knowledge and pass it on to the next generation.
Compared to the population of homo sapiens, how large was the Neanderthals population
Humans had a much larger population.
Identify this Primate. Note the prominent snout and very large eyes.
Lemur
What did the studies of the Abri du Mara site show about the Neanderthals diet?
Mainly consisted of large, dangerous prey.
How did Neanderthals hunt?
Male and females ambushed hunted mainly large, relatively solitary mammals
How did the males of this species interact? (big canines)
Male fought for access to ovulating female
By the end of the Eocene Epoch, cooler climate lead to the extinction of ____________________.
Many prosimian species
As early as 32,000 years ago, our species demonstrate all but the following
Metal working
Which of the following statements is true about the New World monkeys?
Most have prehensile tails and Most live in the forests of Central and South America
Neanderthals were found with larger eye sockets than Homo Sapiens, why might this be?
Most of the brain was used for visual information and less for planning and the larger eye sockets allowed them to see better in the low light.
What species show the oldest evidence for walking upright, on two legs?
Sahelanthropus
This animal lived 6-7 million years ago. Who is this? Could it walk up-right? (big brow ridge, not a complete skull fossil)
Sahelanthropus ----- Yes
The earliest known hominid is
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
A Homo erectus adult female died by a disease associated with an overdose of vitamin A. What is the importance of this find?
She ate the livers of large carnivorous animals that concentrate toxic levels of vitamin A and Homo erectus hunted and ate large carnivorous animals
What primate features had profound consequences on human evolution
Shortening of fingers and toes - Lengthening of thumb- dexterity in the hand - Modified foot for long distance running
Describe a horse that feeds by browsing?
Small size, lived in forests, short crowned teeth
Members of the Lorisoidea (i.e., loris superfamily of prosimians) live in which of the following areas?
Southeast Asia and tropical, central Africa
New discoveries attesting to Neanderthal sophistication, prior to the arrival of H. Sapiens includes:
Symbolic items, tool making, pigment stained shells.
Idenify this Primate. Which of the following is a large rat-size Southeast Asian Island primate that has enormous eyes and can rotate its head nearly 180°? It is also carnivorous.
Tarsier
Genetic data confirms that our closest living relative is _____________ and that we shared a common ancestor about ____________ .
The Chimpanzee ------------ 6 million years ago.
How do we know Sahelanthropus walked upright?
The poisition of the foramen magnum on the underside of the cranium which indicates that the head was held upright.
Which group of new world monkeys or old world monkeys more closely resembles the earliest anthropoids
- Old World- long snout, closed nostrils, non-prehensile tail, southern Europe, Africa and Asia - New World- flat face, wide nostrils, prehensile tail, all arboreal
What is the relationship between tree shrews, primates and dermaptera?
.....
Know the taxonomy of primates.
.......
How many genera of horses exist today?
1
Describe an early horse like sifrhippus
12 lbs, grazer.
Sivapithecus
14 mya, ancestor to orangutan, 200lbs, APE
When were horses reintroduced to North America?
1492
Neanderthal
200k-28k, red hair, cold adapted, low light vision, symbolic thinking.
When did the Neanderthals live in Eurasia?
350,000-39,000 ago
The earliest primates evolved about _____________ years ago.
50-55 million
When did some hominins start controlling fire and built well-defined hearths?
800,000 years
What earlier hominins adaptions helped in the survival of Homo sapiens?
An appetite for a varied diet,
The first ape, Proconsul, evolved in ______________, but _____________ was the birthplace of the apes that gave rise to the great ape and human clade.
Africa .......... Europe
Rift valley
Africa, where "Lucy" was found.
Identify this Primate. Hint: it is closely related to humans.
Ape - Chimpanzee
Of the following who was the best tree climber?
Ardipithecus ramidus
This animal combine tree-climbing and bipedal activity, and lived about 4.4 million years ago. Who is this?
Ardipithecus ramidus
This animal lived between 3.85 and 2.95 million years ago in Eastern Africa. This animal had a powerful chest and strong upper arm muscles necessary for tree climbing and an upright body and stride for walking.
Australopithecus afarensis
What is this animal? And what was their diet? (lots of dark black hair, brow ridge)
Australopithecus afarensis ---- plant-based diet, including leaves, fruit, seeds, roots, nuts.
Early Hominins such as ________________ lived in _______ environments.
Australopithecus and Ardipithecus ----- diverse
What South African species is the closest ancestor to the genus Homo?
Australopithecus sediba
Both Dryopithecus and Sivapithecus lineages are rooted in ______________, but ___________ migrated to Africa and ____________ migrated to Asia.
Europe --------- Dryopithecus -------Sivapithecus
It has been hypothesized that Ardipithecus ramidus displayed reproductive crypsis unlike chimpanzees. What is reproductive crypsis, and why is it important for our evolution?
Females did not advertise ovulation and therefore males needed to maintain a pair bond to successfully reproduce.
Why is the reduction in the size of canine teeth significant in Ardipithecus ramidus ?
It indicates that females preferred less-aggressive male behavior.
What is so special about the Laetoli trackway?
It showed that A. afarnesis walked up-right.
Idenify this Primate. (Fuzzy guy with a lil face and close eyes)
New World Monkey
Idenify this Primate. HINT: note the size of the animals. ( Tiny tiny guy)
New World Monkey
On what continent did Equus evolve?
North America
How did oldowan and acheulean tools and tool use differ?
O is older and used for scraping meat, A was used for hunting
Ischial callosities
baboon butts lol, that gross looking thing on their butt
How has mass extinction events influenced the evolutionary path to humans
basically if the mammals didnt survive both extinctions we wouldnt be here
Why idd more north american megafauna go extinct compared to animals and asia and africa
bc the other animals were used to being hunted for millions of years
Why does earth have seasons
because of the tilt of the earth
Can you speculate why the dog is most similar to the native carolina dog is found in asia on a small island off the west coast of korea?
because the land bridge that people came over from
What was the diet of primitive Eocene through early Miocene (between 55 and 20 My) horses?
browsing on soft, leafy vegetation
C3 and C4 grasses
c4 has a higher silica content and wore down the enamel of horses with smaller teeth. did better in hot and dry climates
Ischial callosities are ___________ and they are found in ___________________.
callous pads on the buttocks, male and female old world monkey
How did climate change affect the evolution of horses
change in diet, change between grazer and browser, c3 + cr. Short crown don't survive
What is the relationship between climate change and evolution
change in environment and diets can make or break a species
Pan troglodytes
chimps : fruit eating, omnivore
Where and when did anthropoids first appear
china, 45 mya: eosimas
Why does darwinian evolution alone no longer govern human development and survival?
cultural evolution
What is the earliest member of the genus homo? How did this organism differ from its australopithecine ancestors?
homo habilis, first to eat meat, reduced jaw and molar
Oldowan tools
homo habilis, stone tools found in olduvai gorge
What is a glacier
huge ice mass, compressed fallen snow
What would the world be like if this mass extinction did not occur
humans wouldn't have evolved.
What were some consequences of humans from asia migrating into north america
hunting
What was the role of dogs in the extinction of animals like the mammoth
hunting partners
what does the analysis of DNA recovered from Neanderthals reveal?
interbreeding, DNA in people today, 1-3% in Europeans and Asians
What was the diet of this animal? (huge sag. crest)
it ate plants and nuts
The sifakas of Madagascar are known for their unusual ability to:
jump more than 30 feet (9 m.) from tree to tree
Dryopithecus skull resembles that of a __________ chimpanzee and they are ancestor to _______________.
juvenile ------ African apes and humans.
What are the evidence and importance of an upright stance in hominids
laetoli footprints, foramen magnum
What is the importance of sea level change and native americans
land bridge after the sea level dropped alot
How does teeth size and diet affect human evolution
large canines used to scare off others, smaller show cooperation, diet from veg to meat. meat -- big brain-- fire.
Primates
lemurs, tarsiers, new and old world monkeys, apes.
Trace your evolution from lobefin to homosapiens, think major lines of descent
lobe fin to necks and wrists to teeth and bones and then land walking and then mammals then to primates and us
Primates have:
long gestation periods for animals of their size
What is the milankovitch theory
long term climate change, tilt of earth.
What conditions led to the ice ages
low CO2, low ghg,
What is australopithecus afarensis, where did they originate?
lucy, most complete skeleton, stood upright, woods to grass. herbivore
Be able to describe the general characteristics of australopithecines: when they lived and their place in the evolution of humans
lucy: africa, bipedal for short amounts of time, reduced canines, big molars, long arms and fingers
What is the current opinion about whether or not neanderthals might have interbred with homo sapiens
migrating into Neand. territory and 4% in people today
Describe a typical 100k year glacial cycle
milankovitch, energy changes,
What is the relationship between proconsul and humans
primitive ape thought to be last ancestor of hominoids
Describe the ancestors of primates
purgatorious, small tree dweller, increased reliance on vision, large foward looking eyes
Why did neanderthals go extinct?
rapid change in climate, different brain etc.
What is albedo
reflectivity from snow and clouds that reflect solar energy back into space
Estrus
reoccurring period of sexual reproductivity and fertility in female mammals, heat swelling
Of the following which one is not a consequence of having a large brain?
requires a diet of plants
How did tectonic plate movement cause the isolation of antarctica? What were the climatic consequences of the isolation of antarctica?
results of low sea floor spreading, climate cooling and ocean circulation, ice builds up, albedo increases causing cooling