Anatomy and Physiology
how many bones make up the human skeleton? How many are axial? How many are appendicular?
206 in human body 80 bones make up axial 126 make up appendicular
what percentage of bone weight is water?
25-30%
what percentage of bone weight is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate?
60-70%
Periosteum
A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.
Mark is sitting in a chair, legs out in front of him, resting on a ottoman. His knees are__________. A. Extended B. Flexed C. Hyperextended D. Rotated
A. Extended
Anne stands on her tip toes to reach a dish from the cupboard. What is the movement of her ankles? A. Plantar Flexion B. Extension C. Dorsiflexion D. Anterior Rotation
A. Plantar Flexion
Mrs. C held out her right hand, palm up, waiting for Mr. C to giver her some cash.What best describes this movement? A. Supination B. Rotation C. Pronation D. Adduction
A. Supination
Which statement is correct: A. the shoulder is lateral to the neck B. the inside of the thigh is lateral to the outside of the thigh C. the ankle is medial to the foot D. The knee is lateral to the hip
A. shoulder is lateral to the neck
what is the energy called that we use and need during the sliding filament theory
ATP
Joe is working on his third set of thirty push ups. Which best describes the position he is in? A. Strong B.Prone C. Distal D. supine
B. Prone
which statement is correct? A. the knee is proximal to the hip B. the hip is proximal to the knee C. the shoulder is distal to the elbow D. the knee is distal to the ankle
B. the hip is proximal to the knee
Which best describes the upward ankle movement when tapping your foot on the floor? A. Inversion B. Plantar Flexion C. Dorsal Flexion D. eversion
C. dorsal flexion
skeletal functions
1. protection of inner organs, brain, spinal cord 2. support to maintain posture 3.movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers 4. mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus 5.hemopoiesis- in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs, and sternum -process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
which statement is correct? A. the ear is medial to the eye B. the chin is anterior to the nose C. the elbow is proximal to the shoulder D. the elbow is distal to the shoulder
D. the elbow is distal to the shoulder
irregular bones
Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla
sesamoid bones
Patella, flexor tendon of thumb and big toe
short bones
Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone
flat bones
Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin
Which movement takes place as your hands come above your head when you do jumping jacks?
abduction
which neurotransmitter carries the message from the nerve to the muscle
acetylcholine
Cross bridges form between
actin filaments; myosin heads
what movement do you complete when your hands are at your side when doing jumping jacks?
adduction
Mrs. Jones is walking toward you. You are looking at her from an_________ view.
anterior
how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? how many in the axial?
appendicular: 126 axial: 80
medullary (marrow) cavity
between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
an action potential enter a neuron by what
by the t tubules
examples of short bones
carpals and tarsals
long bones
composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends -shaft contains the medullary canal
articular (hyaline) cartilage
covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction
what is the correct order of the sliding filament theory
cross-bridge, power stroke, dissociation, reactivation of myosin
what is it called when we change resting membrane potential from -70mV to +30mV
depolarization
which type of joints are freely movable?
diarthrodial
letting up on a gas pedal constitutes which movement?
dorsi flexion
which connective tissue covers the muscle fiber
endomyseum
epiphysis
ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone
which bony feature acts as a thin cartilage plate that separates diaphysis and epiphyses?
epiphyseal plate
t/f an action potential introduced at the neuromuscular junction is propagated along the sarcoplasmic reticulum
false
t/f in response to an action potential entering the neuron, calcium ions diffuse from the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm
false
Endosteum
fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
these type of bones usually have a curved surface vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin
flat bones
What movement is occuring at the elbow when reaching your right hand over to your left shoulder?
flexion
Your elbow joint engages in this movement when performing bicep curls
flexion
jumping jacks occur in which plane of motion?
frontal
the sagittal plane revolves around which axis?
frontal
cortex
hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
examples of flat bones
ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula
how long does it take for a membrane to repolarize
immediately
function of sesamoid bones
improvement of mechanical advantage
which movement is occuring to the right shoulder when when reaching your right hand over to your left shoulder?
internal rotation
when you tilt your right ear to your right shoulder, what is the movement of your necK?
lateral flexion
what is the function of long bones
levers
diaphysis
long cylindrical shaft
what is the correct order of muscle organization
muscle- fascicle- muscle fiber- myofibril
examples of long bones
phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus
pushing on a gas pedal constitutes as which movement?
plantar flexion
Which best describes the action you complete when you turn off the ignition of your car?
pronation
what is the function of flat bones
protection, large surface area for muscle/tendon attachment
squeezing your shoulder blades together constitutes as which scapular movement?
retraction
biceps curls occur in which plane of motion?
sagittal
what is the function of short bones
shock absorption
the carpals and tarsals belong to which group of bones?
short bones
rotating your hand so that you are holding a bowl of soup constitutes as which movement.
supination
immovable joints are classified as what
synarthrodial
which structure receives messages/impulses from the surface and drive them deeper into the muscle cell?
t-tubules
irritability of skeletal muscle refers to what
the ability to receive and respond to stimulus
what structures do the calcium ions bind t when muscle contraction is initiated
the troponin molecule
function of irregular bones
they all vary. They fall under this category because they dont fall under any of the others
epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses
release of calcium from the SR changes the shape of ________in order to move off of tropomyosin and expose active active sites
troponin
the transverse plane revolves around which axis?
vertical