Anatomy and Physiology

how many bones make up the human skeleton? How many are axial? How many are appendicular?

206 in human body 80 bones make up axial 126 make up appendicular

what percentage of bone weight is water?

25-30%

what percentage of bone weight is calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate?

60-70%

Periosteum

A dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of bones (except at their extremities) and serving as an attachment for tendons and muscles.

Mark is sitting in a chair, legs out in front of him, resting on a ottoman. His knees are__________. A. Extended B. Flexed C. Hyperextended D. Rotated

A. Extended

Anne stands on her tip toes to reach a dish from the cupboard. What is the movement of her ankles? A. Plantar Flexion B. Extension C. Dorsiflexion D. Anterior Rotation

A. Plantar Flexion

Mrs. C held out her right hand, palm up, waiting for Mr. C to giver her some cash.What best describes this movement? A. Supination B. Rotation C. Pronation D. Adduction

A. Supination

Which statement is correct: A. the shoulder is lateral to the neck B. the inside of the thigh is lateral to the outside of the thigh C. the ankle is medial to the foot D. The knee is lateral to the hip

A. shoulder is lateral to the neck

what is the energy called that we use and need during the sliding filament theory

ATP

Joe is working on his third set of thirty push ups. Which best describes the position he is in? A. Strong B.Prone C. Distal D. supine

B. Prone

which statement is correct? A. the knee is proximal to the hip B. the hip is proximal to the knee C. the shoulder is distal to the elbow D. the knee is distal to the ankle

B. the hip is proximal to the knee

Which best describes the upward ankle movement when tapping your foot on the floor? A. Inversion B. Plantar Flexion C. Dorsal Flexion D. eversion

C. dorsal flexion

skeletal functions

1. protection of inner organs, brain, spinal cord 2. support to maintain posture 3.movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers 4. mineral storage such as calcium and phosphorus 5.hemopoiesis- in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs, and sternum -process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow

which statement is correct? A. the ear is medial to the eye B. the chin is anterior to the nose C. the elbow is proximal to the shoulder D. the elbow is distal to the shoulder

D. the elbow is distal to the shoulder

irregular bones

Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla

sesamoid bones

Patella, flexor tendon of thumb and big toe

short bones

Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone

flat bones

Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin

Which movement takes place as your hands come above your head when you do jumping jacks?

abduction

which neurotransmitter carries the message from the nerve to the muscle

acetylcholine

Cross bridges form between

actin filaments; myosin heads

what movement do you complete when your hands are at your side when doing jumping jacks?

adduction

Mrs. Jones is walking toward you. You are looking at her from an_________ view.

anterior

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton? how many in the axial?

appendicular: 126 axial: 80

medullary (marrow) cavity

between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow

an action potential enter a neuron by what

by the t tubules

examples of short bones

carpals and tarsals

long bones

composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends -shaft contains the medullary canal

articular (hyaline) cartilage

covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect and reduce friction

what is the correct order of the sliding filament theory

cross-bridge, power stroke, dissociation, reactivation of myosin

what is it called when we change resting membrane potential from -70mV to +30mV

depolarization

which type of joints are freely movable?

diarthrodial

letting up on a gas pedal constitutes which movement?

dorsi flexion

which connective tissue covers the muscle fiber

endomyseum

epiphysis

ends of long bones formed from cancellous (spongy or trabecular) bone

which bony feature acts as a thin cartilage plate that separates diaphysis and epiphyses?

epiphyseal plate

t/f an action potential introduced at the neuromuscular junction is propagated along the sarcoplasmic reticulum

false

t/f in response to an action potential entering the neuron, calcium ions diffuse from the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm

false

Endosteum

fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex

these type of bones usually have a curved surface vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin

flat bones

What movement is occuring at the elbow when reaching your right hand over to your left shoulder?

flexion

Your elbow joint engages in this movement when performing bicep curls

flexion

jumping jacks occur in which plane of motion?

frontal

the sagittal plane revolves around which axis?

frontal

cortex

hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis

examples of flat bones

ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula

how long does it take for a membrane to repolarize

immediately

function of sesamoid bones

improvement of mechanical advantage

which movement is occuring to the right shoulder when when reaching your right hand over to your left shoulder?

internal rotation

when you tilt your right ear to your right shoulder, what is the movement of your necK?

lateral flexion

what is the function of long bones

levers

diaphysis

long cylindrical shaft

what is the correct order of muscle organization

muscle- fascicle- muscle fiber- myofibril

examples of long bones

phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus

pushing on a gas pedal constitutes as which movement?

plantar flexion

Which best describes the action you complete when you turn off the ignition of your car?

pronation

what is the function of flat bones

protection, large surface area for muscle/tendon attachment

squeezing your shoulder blades together constitutes as which scapular movement?

retraction

biceps curls occur in which plane of motion?

sagittal

what is the function of short bones

shock absorption

the carpals and tarsals belong to which group of bones?

short bones

rotating your hand so that you are holding a bowl of soup constitutes as which movement.

supination

immovable joints are classified as what

synarthrodial

which structure receives messages/impulses from the surface and drive them deeper into the muscle cell?

t-tubules

irritability of skeletal muscle refers to what

the ability to receive and respond to stimulus

what structures do the calcium ions bind t when muscle contraction is initiated

the troponin molecule

function of irregular bones

they all vary. They fall under this category because they dont fall under any of the others

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis and epiphyses

release of calcium from the SR changes the shape of ________in order to move off of tropomyosin and expose active active sites

troponin

the transverse plane revolves around which axis?

vertical