411 FINAL
Age and seniority are associated with Farkas' correctional officer types, with older COs tending to be more hard-line.
a. True
Among those reporting to the prison warden are deputy or associate wardens for operations, special services, and administration
a. True
Arbitration is similar to trial, though less formal.
a. True
Arbitration may be mandatory and binding, meaning that the parties abandon their right to go to court once they agree to arbitrate.
a. True
At the lowest level of state courts are trial courts of limited jurisdiction, also known as inferior courts or lower courts.
a. True
Bounds v. Smith said that prisoners have a constitutional right to adequate law libraries or assistance from persons trained in the law.
a. True
Cases in which courts make policy determinations usually involve government and the Fourteenth Amendment.
a. True
Correctional leaders should support and increase training to ensure a work environment that is conductive to an ethical work culture.
a. True
The court(s) in ______ was dealing with premeditated homicides in the fourth century B.C.
b. Athens c. Greece **e. Both B and C
Failure to protect as a form of negligence may occur if:
b. a police officer fails to protect a person from a known and foreseeable danger.
Courts have become particularly involved in:
b. administrative policy.
It is believed to be very important that the courts _______________ justice.
b. appear to bring about
Failure to protect claims against police most often involve:
b. battered women.
The three basic models of collective bargaining in the states are:
b. binding arbitration, meet and confer, bargaining not required.
While Section 1983 provides for _______________ actions against criminal justice employees, Title 18, U.S.C. Section 242 provides for_______________ actions.
b. civil / criminal
Hierarchical courts emphasize ________rules. Judges are committed to the use of ______________ management.
b. clear; case flow
4. During the first 8 or 9 months of the budget year, the prudent administrator will normally attempt to manage the budget:
b. conservatively, holding the line on spending, until fiscal crises have passed.
The administration of local jails is frequently one of the major tasks of:
b. county sheriffs
The physical trappings of a court are called its __________, while the demeanor of the people in court is referred to as their ________.
b. decor / decorum
The Prison Litigation Reform Act was enacted in an attempt to:
b. decrease frivolous lawsuits brought by inmates
According to Hardyman, the least common management style used by probation administrators is:
b. democratic.
Program classification of inmates involves:
b. determining where the newly arrived inmate should be placed in work, training, and treatment programs.
A system of early detection regarding problems with personnel is known as:
b. early warning system.
The only area that has not witnessed judicial policymaking since the Civil War is:
b. foreign affairs.
A(n) ___________ complaint occurs when a written, signed, and/or tape-recorded statement of the allegation is made and the complainant requests to be informed of the outcome.
b. formal
18. The primary purpose of financial administration is to convey the fundamental elements of controlling fiscal resources through _______________________ a budget.
b. formulating and executing
The most infamous strike by police occurred:
b. in Boston, in 1919.
17. The following are advantages to electronic filing of court documents, except:
b. increased miles of driving to the courthouse.
A major problem with enhancing courthouse security is:
b. its cost.
To alleviate the caseload burden on courts of last resort, state officials in 39 states have responded by creating:
c. Intermediate courts of appeals.
Which of the following is not one of the four general principles of court unification?
c. Intricate court structure
Title 42, United States Code Section 1983, was initially enacted as the:
c. Ku Klux Klan Act, 1871.
Which of the following is not one of Souryal's recommended anticorruption measures?
c. Loosen fiscal controls
Which of the following is not one of the four principles of collective bargaining?
c. Loyalty
Which one of the following is not a crime that would be tried in a problem-solving court?
c. Manslaughter
. _____________ is NOT binding or adversarial; instead, it encourages parties to resolve the dispute outside of court.
c. Mediation
Which of the following is not a type of job action?
c. Mediation
Which of the following would be a duty of the sheriff as the jail manager?
c. Motivating the administrator and other staff to align their personal goals with those of the jail
A full-time institution in the United States that provides judicial training for state judges is the _______________, located in ______________.
c. National Judicial College / Reno
Which of the following is NOT a problem that the "CSI effect" could lead to?
c. Need for more attorneys
25. Which of the following is not one of the possible uses of augmented reality in future policing?
c. Offender tracking
19. Some of the recent effects on police patrolling due to budgetary cutbacks and rising fuel costs included all but which of the following?
c. Officers being required to keep a log of all of miles driven directly to their governing boards
.____________stated that "Every violation of truth is a stab at the health of human society."
c. Ralph Waldo Emerson
A professional staff member in a prison would be all but which of the following?
c. Receptionist
_______________________ allows the judge to recall an offender from prison and place that offender on probation.
c. Shock probation
Which amendment guarantees defendants the right to a speedy trial?
c. Sixth
Rojek et al. found that the majority of complaints against police officers fall under all but which of the following categories?
d. Excessive force
14. Some police agencies have begun using ____________________ to determine such details as vehicle location and damage, elevation, radii of curves, and critical speed.
d. Global Positioning Systems
6. Which of the following is not a technique for getting budgets approved and appropriated?
d. If possible, abdicating budgetary control
Which of the following is an important requisite of a disciplinary policy?
d. Incompetence for the job
Which of the following is not a duty of parole and probation officers?
d. Informing offenders that the officer is carrying a weapon
Which of the following is NOT a typical problem when dealing with the master calendar system?
d. Judges are more vulnerable to attempted bribes.
2. One way to view the use of large amounts of data as it is applied to law enforcement is to consider the __________________________ (N-DEx).
d. Law Enforcement National Data Exchange
Which of the following is one of DiIulio's principles of good prison leadership?
d. Leaders following the "management by walking around" principle and remaining in office long enough to modify the internal operations and external relations.
Which of the following is NOT a part of systems theory as applied to probation?
d. Linear planning
Which one of the following is not one of the paradoxes between the expectation and practice of personal loyalty to superiors, as discussed by Souryal and Diamond?
d. Loyalty is returned by all superiors even though it is not required.
Duties of the Chief Justice of the United States include all but which of the following?
d. Making all official phone calls to perform stays of execution
Which of the following is a major problem with speedy-trial time frames?
d. More complex cases legitimately take longer to prepare, and time limits may be waived if the court has a congested docket.
Which of the following demands by hostage takers is nonnegotiable?
d. Neither of the above is negotiable.
In Graham v. Florida, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that:
d. it is unconstitutional to sentence juveniles who commit non-homicide crimes to LWOP.
The "just deserts" theory is based on the idea that:
d. offenders make "free will" decisions to commit crimes.
The purpose of collective bargaining is to:
d. produce a bilateral written agreement to which both parties will bind themselves.
A key element of good prison leadership is:
d. professional staff members
DiIulio wrote that the quality of prison life depends mainly on the:
d. quality of prison management.
One of the four main parts of the Prison Litigation Reform Act is the filing fee requirement; it mandates:
d. that prisoners pay court filing fees in full, even if monthly installments are necessary
In Tehan, the Supreme Court declared that the basic purpose of a trial is:
d. to determine truth.
To address and prevent corruption among corrections personnel, administrators must strive to:
d. upgrade the quality of correctional personnel and establish supervisory techniques that emphasize quality (how well tasks are performed) over quantity (how many tasks are accomplished).
The __________ approach to ethics states that the end justifies the means, even if the ends are unethical.
d. utilitarian
19. Mental health services can also be provided to prisoners via mobile devices. Estimates are that a state can save $30,000 to $40,000 a month with such a system, which includes all but the following:
d. voice stress analysis.
Federal judges serve term(s) on the bench.
b. a life
20. Which of the following are effects on state courts' budgets by fiscal exigencies?
***d. All of the above a. Salary freezes b. Cutting salaries c. Closing courts completely
10. Financial audits determine whether:
***d. All of the above a. funds were spent legally. b. the budgeted amount was exceeded. c. the financial process proceeded in a legal manner.
Executives may receive complaints from which of the following sources?
**d. All of the above a. Anonymous b. Primary c. Secondary
Jail administrators:
**d. All of the above a. protect inmates from harm. b. render medical assistance to inmates when necessary. c. treat inmates humanely.
17. Some strategies for policy makers to consider for addressing the burgeoning cost of criminal justice activities would include which of the following?
**d. All of the above should be considered. a. Reforming sentencing and drug laws b. Looking at nonviolent prisoners and special populations (e.g., who might require more extensive health care services) c. Considering parole reforms (e.g., early parole and good time).
28. 3D printing technology can:
**d. All the above a. create firearms that use digital blueprints. b. allow amateurs and virtually anyone with access to a printer to make guns. c. produce a weapon that can be fired.
5. For security concerns, law enforcement users of modern data storage should:
**e. All of the above a. ensure that they retain ownership of all data. b. ensure that the storage provider does not mine the data for other commercial purposes. c. ensure that the data is not used for anything not specifically authorized. d. ensure that the law enforcement agency is allowed to conduct audits of provider
3. Users mine N-DEx data by:
**e. Both A and B a. using an FBI web interface. b. N-DEx correlation and resolution analysis.
18. Radio-frequency identification tracking devices (RFID) are now worn in many prisons today by _______________for tracking purposes to make prisons safer.
**e. Both a and b a. inmates b. correctional officers
10. A baited cell phone and/or tablet have been found to also be a deterrent to crime.
a. True
Lower trial courts decide a restricted but voluminous range of cases, most of which are traffic cases.
a. True
Lying to conceal or promote criminality is deception.
a. True
Deliberate indifference is where the serious medical needs of prisoners involve the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.
True
10. Proximate cause is established by asking, "But for the officer's conduct, would the plaintiff have sustained the injury or damage?"
a. True
11. The recent financial downturn had to be confronted—and caused budgetary adjustments—by nearly all branches of criminal justice.
a. True
According to the Prison Litigation Reform Act, an inmate must first try to resolve his or her complaint through the prison's grievance procedure before filing a lawsuit.
a. True
A basic flaw with using a presiding judge to administer a court is that he or she is actually ___________.
a. "first among equals" with peers.
About how many states require cases to be dismissed if a defendant failed to receive a speedy trial?
a. 10
By the early 1960s, about__________ people in the United States worked as court administrators.
a. 30
Since 1975, about ______ articles have been published about judges and judicial ethics.
a. 900
2. The budget is all but which of the following?
a. A purview of chief executives only
A major social problem that prison administrators felt would deal a devastating blow to their inmate populations, but which never materialized, involved:
a. AIDS/HIV
Which of the following is not a feature of the direct supervision jail?
a. All blind spots are removed
One of the best-known corrections riots involved the horrific incidents at the ______________________ where 39 inmates and staff were killed.
a. Attica Correctional Facility, New York, 1971.
A BOP study of staff issues in privatized prisons found all but which of the following?
a. BOP facilities had higher random drug hit rates than private prisons.
In which model do public employees have the right to bargain with their employers?
a. Binding arbitration
Which of the following is the public most likely to perceive as a major problem in the courts?
a. Delay
Which of the following penal researchers found that "prison management matters"?
a. DiIulio
Which of the following is not true concerning electronic monitoring (EM)?
a. EM has met with no controversy thus far.
Which of the following is NOT one of the four main parts of the Prison Litigation Reform Act?
a. Emotional abuse requirement
Which of the following is not a category of complaint disposition?
a. Founded
Which of the following did Wolff and Shi find to be a prevalent characteristic of sexual assault?
a. Having mental health problems
Good examples of state court unification are those courts in:
a. Illinois and New York, with the former being successfully unified, and the latter not.
. ________ loyalty is the highest and most virtuous level of loyalty in the workplace.
a. Integrated
The ancient trial court of _________, and the most common tribunal throughout its history, was the "court at the gate," where elders of each clan resolved controversies within the kin group.
a. Israel
7. In late 2012, ________became the first state to initiate a ballistics database that allows investigators to match shell casings with a national database.
a. Louisiana
When management goes around the union to communicate with or to encourage the rank-and-file to support or oppose an issue, they are perpetrating which of DeLord's potential pitfalls?
a. Making an end run
___________ is considerably less formal and more "friendly" than __________.
a. Mediation / arbitration
Which of the following is a minimum due process requirement for discharging public employees?
a. Opportunity to cross-examine superiors
Which of the following is NOT a basic service of parole agencies?
a. Parole release
Arguments against issuing condoms to prison inmates do not include which one of the following?
a. Public opinion concerning cost, due to studies showing inmates would not use them anyway.
_____________ violence involves one who expressly intends to engage in courthouse violence.
a. Targeted
12. Robots can now be fitted with all but which of the following?
a. The ability to see through concrete walls
What can happen if one's right to a speedy trial is denied?
a. The case is dismissed and the defendant released.
Which of the following findings concerning courthouse shootings is false?
a. The killing of a courthouse judge or police officer was the motive in 90 percent of these shootings.
Which of the following is not true concerning correctional unions?
a. They do not exist.
7. Which of the following is not an objective of the budget execution stage?
a. To determine which section of the agency is the most popular and hard-working
"Court administration" is said to be the specific activity of those persons responsible for manipulating judicial directions and influences.
a. True
"Loner" type correctional officers are similar to rule enforcer correctional officers.
a. True
. Intensive supervision, house arrest, and electronic monitoring are some of the most frequently implemented alternatives to incarceration.
a. True
1. The budget is a "comprehensive plan."
a. True
12. Courts have said that police officers have a duty of care to persons in their custody: keeping detainees free from harm, and rendering medical assistance when necessary.
a. True
13. By 2009, more than half (26) of the states had slashed their prison funding.
a. True
14. Failure to protect is a form of negligence if, say, a police officer fails to protect informants, witnesses, and other people from a known and foreseeable danger.
a. True
14. Robots are now fitted with odor sensors; video capability, including night vision; and a camera (also useful for photographing crime scenes).
a. True
16. Electronic court records have revolutionized the way courts conduct business. Lost files are generally a thing of the past.
a. True
16. The liability of corrections workers often centers on their lack of due care for persons in their custody.
a. True
17. The standard often used by courts to determine liability of corrections personnel is whether an act or failure to act created an unusual risk to an inmate.
a. True
19. The movement to bargain collectively has not often occurred in the courts.
a. True
19. Web-based technology is now being used to educate prisoners, treat prisoners who are drug addicts or sex offenders, and provide inmates with vocational training.
a. True
2. N-DEx uses a simple traffic light model to specify permissions or authority for access to the system.
a. True
21. In a "closed" union shop, employees must be dues-paying members of the union or they may be terminated by the employer.
a. True
22. A majority of employees signing cards to recognize a union is defined as "50 percent plus one."
a. True
23. The Undetectable Firearms Act makes illegal the "manufacture, import, selling, shipment, delivery, possession, transfer, or reception of any firearm that is not detectable by walk-through metal detectors, or has major components that do not generate an accurate image by airport X-ray machines."
a. True
23. The agency's chief executive should not appear at the bargaining table personally.
a. True
26. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that a police officer's attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car chase that threatens the lives of innocent bystanders does not violate the Fourth Amendment.
a. True
27. Informal settings are more desirable for collective bargaining meetings.
a. True
29. The collective bargaining battle is long, emotional, and hard-fought for those on both sides of the issue.
a. True
32. A single act may also be a crime as well as a tort.
a. True
4. Every complaint, regardless of the source, should be accepted and investigated in accordance with established policies and procedures.
a. True
4. The most commonly used type of budget format is the line-item format.
a. True
4. When using cloud technology all that is required of the user's computer is the ability to run the cloud computing system's interface software. The cloud's network takes care of the rest.
a. True
5. The word audit means to verify something independently.
a. True
6. Audits determine whether or not funds were spent legally.
a. True
8. Advantages of the performance budget format are its consideration of outputs, improved evaluation of programs, and its emphasis on efficiency.
a. True
8. Congress enacted the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 as a result of activities of the KKK.
a. True
8. Pennsylvania police have access to a system that can scan social media as part of its facial recognition system.
a. True
9. A disadvantage of the program budget format is that it requires tracking time of all personnel by activity.
a. True
A contributing factor to case delay in our courts is that there is little incentive to process cases speedily.
a. True
A corrections hostage-taking event is when any person—staff, visitor, or inmate—is held against his or her will by an inmate seeking to escape, gain concessions, or achieve other goals.
a. True
A critical incident debriefing and review will very likely be conducted in the aftermath of a hostage incident.
a. True
A good starting point for enhancing courthouse security is the threat assessment approach.
a. True
A governmental body observed that, "No state in the nation has a more complex court system structure than New York's."
a. True
A key norm for prison guards is loyalty.
a. True
A new American Bar Association Model Code of Judicial Conduct, adopted in 2007 for state and local judges, spells out for the first time how they are to avoid inappropriate sexual behaviors.
a. True
A police officer's lying on the witness stand would constitute an ethical issue.
a. True
A positive discipline program attempts to change employee behavior without punishment.
a. True
A prison's correctional security department is normally the largest department, with 50 to 70 percent of all staff.
a. True
According to the Constitution, the chief justice is empowered to preside over the Senate in the event that it sits as a court to try an impeachment of the president.
a. True
Correctional organizations have two related management subsystems: one that is concerned with managing inmates, the other with managing employees.
a. True
Corrections administrators must assign training about hostage-taking a high priority so that people in each component clearly understand the functions of people in other components.
a. True
Corruption among corrections personnel can involve acts of commission (taking bribes, engaging in theft) as well as omission (e.g., selectively ignoring inmate misconduct, illness).
a. True
Court clerks have traditionally competed with judges for control over local judicial administration.
a. True
Courts are relatively autonomous single work units.
a. True
Courts of last resort are usually referred to as the state supreme courts.
a. True
Deception has long been practiced by police.
a. True
Deontology means the study of duty.
a. True
Deputy wardens for administration typically manage the business office, prison maintenance, laundry, food service, medical services, prison farms, and the issuance of clothing.
a. True
Despite the loss of freedom and embarrassment of serving time on EM, survey respondents indicated that they preferred EM to incarceration.
a. True
Discipline encourages employees to perform their duties and carry out responsibilities within established policies and procedures.
a. True
Each federal circuit court of appeals has a chief judge (chosen by seniority) who has supervisory responsibilities.
a. True
Estelle v. Gamble was the first major prison medical treatment case decided by the Supreme Court, and was where the Court coined the phrase "deliberate indifference."
a. True
Female inmates living in a high-security unit have been found to experience claustrophobia, chronic rage reactions, depression, hallucinatory symptoms, withdrawal, and apathy.
a. True
Females are more likely to be "loner" correctional officers.
a. True
Former Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor argued against partisan elections for judgeships, because of the risk of their being compromised by campaign funds they must raise.
a. True
Given the high degree of isolation and lack of activities, a major concern voiced by critics of supermax facilities is their "social pathology" and potential effect on inmates' mental health.
a. True
Hardyman found that few probation administrators operate with the democratic style of management.
a. True
Hardyman's study of probation administration focused on its management style.
a. True
Herbert Packer developed the due process model.
a. True
Historically the courts followed a "hands-off" policy regarding prisons and prisoners' rights, deeming prisoners to be "slaves of the state."
a. True
Historically, arguments for private prisons include the prominent "free-market" argument, which states that private prisons deliver significant cost savings and equal or higher levels of quality.
a. True
Illinois v. Perkins held that police undercover agents are not required to administer the Miranda warning to incarcerated inmates when investigating crimes.
a. True
In California, after a record number of prison suicides, a judge ordered the governor to spend more than $600 million to improve mental health services.
a. True
In a hostage incident in a corrections facility, traditional CRTs are the first, primary level of response.
a. True
In a study by Barker, accepted lying includes police activities to apprehend or entrap suspects.
a. True
Intensive probation and parole programs are used to ease the burden of prison overcrowding.
a. True
It has been estimated that court unification in New York would result in an annual estimated net savings of $131.4 million over a 5-year period.
a. True
It has been suggested that jail administrators provide job experiences for employees that broaden their knowledge, listen to their creative ideas, and gain their commitment.
a. True
It is common for many jail employees to work in detention for several years before they can transfer into patrol work.
a. True
It is easier to pinpoint case delays with the individual calendar system.
a. True
It is extremely important for therapeutic community drug-abusing inmates to obtain aftercare upon release.
a. True
It is said that many judges' inability to relax socially gives them the feeling they are "entering a monastery."
a. True
Jail administrators need to focus on increasing the job involvement, satisfaction, and organizational commitment of their employees.
a. True
Judges are aware of the necessity for intellectual humility, that what they think they know might well be incorrect.
a. True
Judges become very experienced in one particular aspect of litigation with the master calendar system.
a. True
Judges generally exercise their power—in the most undemocratic of institutions—with great restraint.
a. True
Justice Robert Jackson once described the Supreme Court's uniqueness, saying, "We are not final because we are infallible, but we are infallible because we are final."
a. True
Makarios and Maahs found a significant difference in the comparison of state prisons versus private ones. State prisons were much more likely to be under a court order for the conditions of confinement than private prisons.
a. True
Many people apparently feel that house arrest (HA) is not effective or punitive enough. Indeed, one study reported that nearly half (44%) of the public feels that HA is not very effective or not effective at all.
a. True
Methods that judges have at their disposal to control errant counsel include attorney disqualification, new trials, and reporting of attorneys to disciplinary boards.
a. True
Noble cause behaviors often involve arrogance on the part of the police and ignore the basic constitutional guidelines their occupation demands in that the ends justify the means.
a. True
Over half of all wardens were once correctional officers.
a. True
Personal attacks by lawyers—directed at judges, attorneys, jurors, witnesses, and others, both inside and outside of court—have increased at an alarming rate during the past 15 years.
a. True
Pizarro et al. believe that supermax prisons potentially endanger society, beyond regular imprisonment.
a. True
Prison and jail administrators typically believe the issuance of condoms to inmates sends the wrong message, encouraging consensual or coercive sex.
a. True
Prison and jail corruption differ from other forms of public corruption because of the uniqueness of the environment, function, opportunities, and patterns of relationships of correctional institutions.
a. True
Prison and jail personnel must control a reluctant, resistant, and sometimes hostile inmate population whose welfare may seem better served by corruption than by compliance with rules.
a. True
Prison inmates now retain all the rights of free citizens except for those restrictions necessary for their orderly confinement and for public safety.
a. True
Problem-solving courts rely on the active use of judicial authority to change the behavior of the litigants.
a. True
Procunier v. Martinez invalidated prison mail censorship regulations that permitted authorities to hold back or to censor mail to and from prisoners.
a. True
Respondents to an electronic monitoring (EM) survey complained about the restrictive nature of personal freedoms while being on EM.
a. True
Rule enforcer type correctional officers will not negotiate with inmates.
a. True
Shakedowns of suspects are typically about greed.
a. True
Since 1939, the day-to-day administrative tasks of the federal courts have been handled by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts.
a. True
Some people believe that judges would do well to remember that wearing the robe does not confer omniscience or omnipotence.
a. True
Some people believe there should be no ethical differences in one's personal and professional lives.
a. True
Some people worry that veterans' courts perpetuate the stereotypes of veterans' problems and will lead to other specialized courts for groups like teachers, politicians, and so on.
a. True
Some types of gratuities are accepted by police officers.
a. True
State courts decide primarily street crimes.
a. True
Supermax inmates rarely leave their cells; in most, an hour a day of out-of-cell time is the norm.
a. True
Tactical teams are the most highly trained and skilled corrections emergency response staff.
a. True
Television programs are creating certain expectations about criminal cases in general and investigations in specific terms.
a. True
The American Judicature Society argues for limiting the role of politics in the selection of state judges.
a. True
The Judicial Conference of the United States consists of the chief justice, the chief judges of each of the courts of appeals, one district judge from each circuit, and the chief judge of the Court of International Trade.
a. True
The Judicial Conference of the United States is the administrative policymaking organization of the federal judicial system.
a. True
The U.S. Supreme Court has dramatically changed race relations, increased rights of the accused, legalized abortion, and allowed for destruction of the American flag.
a. True
The U.S. Supreme Court, formed in 1790, is composed of nine justices: one chief justice and eight associate justices.
a. True
The Wolff v. McDonnell decision was significant because, for the first time, the Supreme Court acknowledged that inmates are entitled to certain due process rights—"fundamental fairness."
a. True
The clerk of the Supreme Court serves as the Supreme Court's chief administrative officer, supervising a staff of 30 under the guidance of the chief justice.
a. True
The creation of the Institute for Court Management in 1970 was a landmark in the training of court administrators
a. True
The delay in courts' processing cases is a long-standing problem.
a. True
The mid-1960s brought a change of philosophy in the courts regarding prisoners' rights.
a. True
The mission of corrections agencies has changed little over time.
a. True
The focus of state court reform typically concerns:
a. the issue of state court organization and unification.
The most recent development in classification is unit management, in which a large prison population is subdivided into several mini-institutions analogous to a city and its neighborhoods.
a. True
The number of boot camps has declined in recent years due to their failure to reduce recidivism.
a. True
The prison director's office normally has a legal division.
a. True
The quality of prison life is very dependent on prison management.
a. True
The term "general jurisdiction" means that these courts have the legal authority to decide all matters not specifically delegated to lower courts.
a. True
The term "personal loyalty syndrome" is used to describe criminal justice practitioners who offer tremendous loyalty to their superiors and company.
a. True
The two basic models for administering parole services are the independent and the consolidated models
a. True
The two different views of what a correctional organization should be are the custodial and treatment philosophies
a. True
The two largest companies, the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) and the Geo Group, reported combined revenues of $2.9 billion in 2010.
a. True
The unit management concept now assists nearly every state in controlling prisons.
a. True
The wiretapping of someone's telephone might sometimes be viewed as "necessary" and "justified," though illegal.
a. True
The work of U.S. district judges is significantly assisted by bankruptcy judges, who are appointed for 14-year terms.
a. True
There are 94 U.S. district courts, and Congress has created 678 district court judgeships for those districts.
a. True
There are now about 30 supermax prisons in the United States
a. True
There is no clear line separating acceptable behaviors from unacceptable behaviors.
a. True
Today there are over one million people in U.S. prisons and jails.
a. True
Today's judges and court staff basically require high-technology audiovisual equipment.
a. True
Tradition holds that when the Supreme Court is in session, a fixed seating arrangement requires the junior justice to sit on the Chief's extreme left.
a. True
Trial courts of general jurisdiction are usually referred to as the major trial courts
a. True
Truth-in-sentencing laws or policies involve restriction or elimination of parole eligibility and good-time credits.
a. True
U.S. jails—like prisons—have become increasingly dangerous because of overcrowded conditions, and their clientele are certainly capable of hostage-taking.
a. True
Under our court system, a jury can disregard a biased or unfair judge and reach a fair verdict.
a. True
Using systems theory, probation may be conceptualized as a network of interwoven resources, activities, and outcomes.
a. True
Veterans' courts are spreading across the United States to help veterans reintegrate into civilian life.
a. True
When an inmate claims that the conditions of his or her confinement violate the Eighth Amendment, he or she must show a culpable state of mind on the part of prison officials.
a. True
When justice practitioners offer their unwavering personal loyalty, they run the risk of violating constitutional provisions, legal requirements, and the public good.
a. True
When the Supreme Court declines to hear a case, the decision of the lower court stands as the final word on the case.
a. True
With regard to corrections corruption, because of the environment, a culture of manipulation, violence, and barbarism may ensue.
a. True
Withrow and Dailey argue that, in certain circumstances, the exchange of any gratuity is ethical or unethical regardless of its value.
a. True
Withrow and Dailey encourage the police to consider the role of the giver as well as their own intentions when deciding whether or not to accept a gratuity.
a. True
the prison, and to enhance communication among staff and between staff and inmates.
a. True
. ___ states prohibit all forms of electronic coverage of criminal trial proceedings, while ____ states allow it.
a. Two / 35
A major January 2005 Supreme Court decision concerning the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 created the ____________ to establish federal sentencing policies.
a. U.S. Sentencing Commission
The first campaign to unionize the police started shortly after:
a. World War I.
Cruz v. Beto, a Supreme Court decision involving the right of inmates to exercise their religious beliefs, involved:
a. a Buddhist who was not allowed to use the prison chapel and was placed in solitary confinement for sharing his religious material with other prisoners.
Johnson v. Avery was one of the first prison-related court decisions that involved an alleged violation of a constitutional right; here, the right of:
a. access to the courts
The harmless error doctrine is used in appellate court to _______ a conviction.
a. affirm
A program that is in widespread use to reduce costly litigation in the United States is:
a. alternative dispute resolution
8. The first steps of preparing a police agency budget are the responsibility of the:
a. city manager and staff.
The "public duty doctrine" is derived from _______________ and says that police have ______________________________ unless a "special relationship" is present.
a. common law / no duty to protect the general public from harm
Negligence arises when a criminal justice employee's conduct:
a. creates a danger to others.
The emerging agenda of court reform includes topics such as reducing trial court delay and:
a. creating alternative dispute resolution.
Nowhere is the policymaking role of state supreme courts more apparent than in deciding:
a. death penalty cases.
Elliott Cohen developed a list of moral principles for:
a. defense attorneys.
It is the responsibility of the judicial branch to:
a. determine what the law is, and to provide a forum for resolving disputes.
The two types of intensive supervision in probation and parole are those that stress:
a. diversion and enhancement.
Criteria most often used for inmate classification include such things as:
a. escape history and prior commitments. b. criminal history, prior institutional adjustment, and history of violence. c. length of sentence. ***d. All of the above
How an individual views a controversial issue depends on their ________, character, and values.
a. ethics
Police ethics originally focused on unethical behaviors(s) of:
a. extortion. b. bribery. c. excessive force. ***d. All of the above
3. From an administrator's standpoint, budget is by far the most complicated stage of the budgeting process.
a. formulation
Today's public ideology toward crime has led to sentencing practices.
a. get-tough
Immanuel Kant expanded the idea of ethics of duty to include the idea of:
a. goodwill.
The three-strikes law in California has:
a. had significant fiscal impacts on the state's budget, as well as on prison sentences. b. resulted in an additional $8.1 billion in prison and jail expenditures. c. resulted in many of the state's children being greatly affected by the law due to longer sentences. ****d. All of the above
According to the national Justice Policy Institute, the passage of three-strikes laws in California:
a. has had a disproportionate impact on racial and ethnic communities.
Worley states that ______________ are the type of offenders who seek to form an emotional bond with staff members.
a. heartbreakers
Housing needs of inmates can involve the grouping of inmates into three broad categories:
a. heavy—victimizers; light—victims; and moderate—neither intimidated by the first group nor abusers of the second.
As a jail leader, the sheriff:
a. helps define the jail's mission and the goals to be met to achieve that mission
The simplest procedure for scheduling cases for judges is the______________ calendar system.
a. individual
20. All of the following has been cited as a positive uses of mini tablets by prison inmates, except:
a. it allows inmates to plot escapes.
According to Hardyman, the most common management style used by probation administrators is:
a. laissez faire.
It has been said that the courts are the_____________, having no enforcement powers.
a. least dangerous branch
Three major forms of impasse resolution during collective bargaining are:
a. mediation, fact-finding, arbitration.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is appropriate when:
a. new law is not being created.
In an attempt to achieve racial balance, half of all maximum security wardens now have a policy:
a. on racially integrating male inmates within prison cells.
The goals of hostage negotiation are to:
a. open communication lines and reduce stress and tension. b. build rapport, obtain intelligence, and stall for time. c. allow hostage takers to express emotion, and establish a problem-solving atmosphere ***d. All of the above
Under Withrow and Dailey's ethics model, the role of the giver determines the level of corruptibility; the giver is taking a position as a:
a. presenter, who offers a gift voluntarily without any expectation of a return from the receiver. b. contributor, who furnishes something toward a result and expects something in return. c. capitulator, who involuntarily responds to the demands of the receiver. ***d. All of the above are true.
Veterans' courts are diversion programs where, in exchange for a guilty plea to crimes charged, the veteran consents to
a. regular court visits.
In systems theory, policies and procedures would be classified as:
a. resources.
The overriding concern in prisons and jails is, and should be, __________.
a. security
Three-strikes laws are:
a. sentence enhancements mandating longer prison terms for violent offenders with records of violent crimes.
Inmates who are ______________ have a higher risk of sexual victimization in prison.
a. serving a sentence for sex-related crimes
Each frivolous or malicious lawsuit or appeal that an inmate files counts as a _______against the inmate.
a. strike
To help deal with noble cause-type behavior, administrators and middle managers must:
a. take a hard-line view that their subordinates always tell the truth and follow the law.
Many people believe that one of the greatest impediments in the courts' search for truth is:
a. the adversarial process.
Security needs of inmates are classified in terms of:
a. the number and types of architectural barriers that must be placed between the inmates the outside world.
The "Administrative Maximum" prison, or ADX, located in Florence, Colorado, is:
a. the only federal supermax in the country.
According to the systems theory for probation, inputs would include:
a. the probationer coming into the office for counseling.
Synthetic correctional officers are:
a. typically older.
It is of utmost importance during the hostage incident debriefing to learn:
a. whether or not there were lax inmate search activities or contraband. b. whether or not there were unlocked doors or gates. c. whether or not more staff training and procedures must be put in place. ***d. All of the above
ADR proceedings are normally confidential, with only the final agreement being made public.
a.True
Which of the following cases would be discouraged under the Prison Litigation Reform Act?
b. An inmate sues because he was served cold soup for lunch.
11. It is predicted that _______flying robots will be in the skies by 2020, and that number will __________by 2030.
b. 15,000; double
The greatest growth of court administrators' positions was from:
b. 1970-1980.
Approximately how many locally administered jails are in the United States?
b. 2,850
In their examination of prison victimizations, Wolff and Shi found that __ of inmates reported they had been physically assaulted, and _____reported having been sexually assaulted.
b. 32% / 3%
A study comparing a private prison with a federal BOP facility found all but which of the following?
b. BOP institutions have a higher rate of violence and sexual assaults.
Which of the following is not one of the actions that COs must take in the new direct supervision jails?
b. Be more highly trained in self-defense.
Which of the following is not a consequence of case delay?
b. Better prosecutor/defendant communication
4. ____________ computing is basically the use of a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer.
b. Cloud
Who did Gordon Hawkins say were "the other prisoners"?
b. Correctional officers
Veteran's courts can create all but which of the following?
b. Decreased educational opportunities
All but which of the following are potential pitfalls to avoid during the collective bargaining process, per DeLord?
b. Defending the defensible
13. There are several potential problems with BYOD, which have led to lawsuits and created a need for new policies due to potential violations of the _________________.
b. Fair Labor Standards Act
"Jail first" policies can and often do result in considerable success in recruiting and keeping people interested in their jobs.
b. False
"People worker" type correctional officers work only in protective custody.
b. False
1. The Law Enforcement National Data Exchange is designed to assist agencies in making data correlations but not useful in predictive policing.
b. False
10. The performance budget format requires managers to justify their entire budget request in detail, rather than simply base it on prior years.
b. False
11. An example of proximate cause liability is where an officer unknowingly leaves the scene of an accident where there is spilled oil, and does not properly warn motorists.
b. False
11. When a QT (Quick Time) Code is scanned with a camera-enabled smartphone, the user can link to digital content on the web and activate a number of other functions.
b. False
12. Nearly 50 percent of criminal justice agencies have now eliminated their training programs.
b. False
12. The U.S. Supreme Court recently held that police attaching a Global Positioning System (GPS) Device to a suspect's vehicle does not require a warrant because the vehicle travels on public roads.
b. False
13. As the costs of UAVs continue to increase, police agencies will not be adopting drones for law enforcement use any time soon.
b. False
13. Even if a prisoner's suicide is not "reasonably foreseeable," the jailer owes the prisoner a duty of care to help prevent that suicide.
b. False
14. Given recent budget cuts, more and more prisoners are given longer sentencing terms and prison populations explode.
b. False
15. BYOD programs can result in officers spending more time on the streets and do not require any additional policy changes in law enforcement agencies.
b. False
15. Cuts in state and local budgets have forced courts to decide whether or not to reduce court services or to reduce security.
b. False
15. Negligence is impossible to determine for those who supervise and train police personnel.
b. False
17. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law will spearhead the effort to enhance public access to legal data, aggregating documents and media from courts in California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Texas. When the project is complete, content will be more accessible to non-legal audiences, such as to journalists, but not the general public.
b. False
18. Radio-frequency identification tracking (RFID) devices are only worn by inmates, making prisons safer and requiring fewer correctional personnel for surveillance.
b. False
18.Thus far, courts have not found the design of detention facilities or the behavior of jail personnel after an inmate's suicide to be a source of negligence or breach of duty.
b. False
2. Financial administration is removed from politics, particularly after a budget request is approved.
b. False
20. A study found that a telemedicine program led to nearly $1 billion in savings over a 10-year period, while also cutting back on emergency-room and doctor office visits by 70 percent, but did little to reduce unnecessary medical tests.
b. False
20. The binding arbitration model is used in only three states.
b. False
21. Currently, there are no states using Facebook and other social media to arrest people or those who skip out on court-mandated parole.
b. False
22. 3-D technology, where a solid object can be made from a digital model, is of little concern to criminal justice agencies as it has not been used to make a weapon.
b. False
24. Work slowdowns constitute the most severe type of job action.
b. False
25. Police officers are afforded special privileges and immunities even in the routine operation of their patrol vehicles.
b. False
28. Generally, efforts by management and the union to resolve conflicts should wait until the media becomes informed on the issues and publicizes the information.
b. False
3. An anonymous source complaint derives from an unknown source and may be delivered to the police station via telephone call or signed letter.
b. False
3. Cloud computing, like big data, is easy to define. It is simply computer networking.
b. False
3. Most governmental (including criminal justice) budget cycles operate on a calendar-year basis.
b. False
30. As depicted in a figure contained in the chapter, a police agency's chief executive officer—police chief or sheriff—should always sit at the bargaining table, representing/fighting for management.
b. False
31. The binding arbitration model is used in 15 states, but not the District of Columbia.
b. False
5. Anonymous complaints are the easiest to investigate because there is no need to obtain further information or question the complainant about the allegation.
b. False
5. One of the disadvantages to cloud computing is the increased cost of hardware and software.
b. False
6. Law enforcement agencies using a cloud service provider do not have to worry about the provider using the data for unauthorized purposes.
b. False
6. Most complaints involve serious acts of physical violence, excessive force, or corruption.
b. False
7. A major strength of the line-item budget format is that it overlooks history, and therefore it fosters long-range planning.
b. False
7. Anonymous complaints are the least difficult to investigate and tend to have a neutral impact on employee morale because officers may view them as a nuisance.
b. False
7. The expanded uses of license plate readers have not been challenged in the courts due to their high reliability factor.
b. False
9. "False imprisonment" may be established only by showing that a police officer illegally detained someone in jail.
b. False
9. Strip searches now use full-body scanning technology using x-rays to identify any metallic or organic materials.
b. False
9. The Courts and Law Enforcement Management Information Systems are useful, but limited as they only have four data sets.
b. False
A BJS survey of federal and state prisons and local jails found that the number of allegations of sexual violence decreased by 21 percent following enactment of the PREA.
b. False
A positive outcome of court administration has been the completely positive relations between judges and court administrators.
b. False
A recent survey revealed that jails as workplaces are even more grim than they are portrayed.
b. False
ADR is normally much slower and more costly than a trial.
b. False
About 700 courthouse shootings occurred during the past 25 years.
b. False
Absolute and relative ethics are the same.
b. False
According to Withrow and Dailey, the position of capitulator is classified as a receiver.
b. False
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Prison Litigation Reform Act has increased the number of civil rights petitions filed by prison inmates.
b. False
All states have mandated that their trial court judges hold law degrees and take judicial education classes while serving on the bench
b. False
Although there is very little research concerning the effects of supermax confinement, some authors point to isolation research that shows far lower levels of problems in such facilities.
b. False
Because of the U.S. Supreme Court's open-door, egalitarian philosophy, anyone wishing to appear and argue before the Court simply needs only to submit their name and an agenda item in advance.
b. False
Because of their relatively recent origin, the constitutionality of supermax prisons has been tested in only a few cases, which resulted in those prisons being shut down.
b. False
By maintaining records concerning births, deaths, and marriages, court reporters are keepers of tradition.
b. False
By the 1980s, only half of the states had a statewide court administrator.
b. False
Communal courts emphasize judicial consensus, so that a general agreement on performance goals exists.
b. False
Correctional officers are allowed to hold formal counseling sessions with inmates.
b. False
Court clerks, as local officials, are elected in all states.
b. False
Deputy wardens for operations normally oversee the library, mental health, drug and alcohol recovery services, education, prison job assignments, religious services, and prison industries.
b. False
Deputy wardens for special services in prisons oversee correctional security, unit management, the inmate disciplinary committee, and recreation
b. False
Farkas categorized correctional officers into 20 types, based on their orientation toward rule enforcement and orientation toward inmates.
b. False
Formal training programs in ethics can completely ensure that officers understand their department's code of ethics, elevate the importance of ethics throughout the agency, and underscore top management's support.
b. False
Generally, bar associations and judicial circuits are prohibited from performing anonymous surveys of local attorneys about local judges.
b. False
The number of problem-solving courts is declining due to their proven lack of effectiveness.
b. False
In direct supervision jails, inmates are grouped together and placed in "pods," and officers monitor them from the outside of bars and glass
b. False
In the adversarial system of justice, the incentive to win is minimized
b. False
In the past, most prison systems never used a highly subjective system of classifying inmates.
b. False
Jail workers have always been praised for being trained and dedicated to their jobs as correctional professionals.
b. False
Jail/prison records are of little intelligence value to negotiators concerning the hostage taker.
b. False
Jails that are well-lit, clean, and have calming colors will be more comfortable and safer for inmates but have no effect on the transitional or reentry process.
b. False
Judges should allow the law to become their entire life.
b. False
Juveniles cannot be tried as adults.
b. False
Mental health courts have been discredited and are therefore not being considered as alternatives to traditional court proceedings.
b. False
Mental illness treatment for inmates can be delayed as part of post-release tracking in the community.
b. False
Middle managers, on the front lines of prison management, are also in challenging and important positions such as organizing their departments,
b. False
Most evaluations of direct supervision jails have been discouraging
b. False
Most prison wardens are male, 30 years of age, and African American.
b. False
Nearly all judges in a survey believed that a judge could NOT participate in social networking sites without compromising ethical codes of conduct.
b. False
Non-targeted violence involves an individual with a preexisting intention of engaging in courthouse violence.
b. False
Opponents of privatizing correctional facilities maintain that there are guarantees that standards will be upheld and that security will be maintained if employees go on strike.
b. False
Over the past 10-15 years, juvenile offenders have received less attention from the U.S. Supreme Court, and have seen far less benevolent justice system as a result.
b. False
Police use the crime control model when arresting any suspect.
b. False
Prison guards always need to grant inmates special favors to ensure the safety of the institution.
b. False
Relative ethics involves ethical issues that are black and white.
b. False
Riot and hostage situations are the jail and prison administrator's least worry, because they can seldom if ever occur in such a facility.
b. False
Ruffin v. Virginia included the rather famous statement that "There is no iron curtain drawn between the Constitution and the prisons of this country."
b. False
Sexual violence decreased by 21 percent following the enactment of the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003.
b. False
Since 1978, the American Correctional Association (ACA) has successfully argued against corrections accreditation.
b. False
State supreme courts typically use traveling panels of justices to sit, hear cases, and render decisions.
b. False
Studies show that house arrest is ineffective when used in combination with other forms of sentencing options.
b. False
Supermax prison inmates are primarily distinguished by their large amount of access to vocational or educational training programs.
b. False
The "Conference handshake" of the Supreme Court means that after arriving at a unanimous decision, each justice shakes hands with each of the other eight.
b. False
The Code of Conduct for United States Judges focuses most of its attention on outside activities.
b. False
The Supreme Court uses the rule of six to decide whether or not to grant certiorari.
b. False
The Supreme Court's decision in Dogg v. Connelly reinstated the hands-off doctrine on the part of the courts.
b. False
The U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Roberts is believed to not have a media-friendly attitude.
b. False
The U.S. Supreme Court's majority rationalized the decision on the grounds that, unlike fingerprinting and photographing, taking and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee's DNA is not a legitimate police booking procedure under the Fourth Amendment.
b. False
The administration of probation is much less complex than that of parole.
b. False
The court administrator concept has its roots in early Germany.
b. False
The demeanor one finds displayed in the courts is referred to as decor.
b. False
The director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts is NOT allowed to prepare the system's annual budgets, argue for additional judgeships, or propose changes in court rules.
b. False
The grass-eater type of police officer is considered to be the most highly corrupt.
b. False
The great majority of the nation's judicial business occurs at the federal level.
b. False
The lack of ability of most state supreme courts to choose which cases to hear makes them ineffectual policymaking bodies.
b. False
The second level of response is the traditional CRT, which is composed of staff from all job specialties who train in riot control formations and use of defensive equipment.
b. False
The voir dire process is never altered so as to screen out potential jurors who might be influenced by the "CSI effect."
b. False
The younger generation of jail employees is more positively influenced by not having input into decisions that affect them, nor maintaining control over how they complete their assignments.
b. False
There are 20 U.S. intermediate appeals courts in the federal court system, plus the D.C. Circuit.
b. False
There are currently no in-class programs, online formats, or television programs to heighten judges' sensitivity to ethical issues.
b. False
There are indications that courts using the individual calendar system experience the greatest difficulty.
b. False
This country has a "triadic" court system: one national system of federal courts, 50 state court systems, and a web of courts composing that of the District of Columbia.
b. False
To qualify for federal truth-in-sentencing funding, states must require violent offenders to serve at least 45 percent of their prison sentence.
b. False
Today, given more lax parole policies, few states are struggling with what to do about inmates who are very violent, out of control, and also mentally ill.
b. False
Traditionally, the judiciary wanted oversight in the way wardens operated their institutions.
b. False
Two primary methods by which cases are scheduled by the courts are the general and master methods.
b. False
Unfortunately, the National Center for State Courts' listing of CourTools does not address the problem of cost per case.
b. False
Unlike Supreme Court justices, terms of office for federal courts of appeals judges are for 6 years.
b. False
Unlike police organizations, it is not yet possible for corrections organizations to become accredited.
b. False
The term "ethics" is rooted in the ancient _________ idea of character.
b. Greek
All but which of the following are areas in which police can easily get into ethical difficulty?
b. High-speed pursuits
Which of the following is not a reason why inmate access to illicit drugs poses a major problem?
b. Increased costs to hire many more counselors
Who made the highly publicized finding that, in prison programs, "almost nothing works"?
b. Martinson
__________ are corrupt officers who exploit citizens for financial gain.
b. Meat-eaters
Whose criminal trial raised serious questions concerning whether cameras should be allowed in courtrooms?
b. O.J. Simpson
Which of the following is true concerning jail employment?
b. Over half of jail staff described themselves as committed to the agency where they work
A national study of drug courts by the federal Government Accounting Office found all but which of the following as outcomes?
b. Participants had higher recidivism events than those in comparison groups.
Today's court administrators perform all but which of the following duties?
b. Polling the jury
A classical essay on the need for efficient and equitable judicial administration is:
b. Pound's "The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with Administration of Justice."
Which of the following is not one of the three principles of a good threat assessment?
b. Realize that the potential attacker's current situation and life stresses should not be considered in threat assessments.
Examples of "deliberate indifference," per the Supreme Court, include all but which one of the following?
b. Requiring a prisoner to ride a prison van to the hospital, rather than an ambulance
In ___________________, the Court abolished the death penalty for convicted murderers who were less than 18 at the time the offense was committed.
b. Roper v. Simmons
Which of the following is a highly vulnerable area in prisons where sexual assaults occur?
b. Shower rooms
The Preamble of the American Correctional Association Code of Ethics states that members should have all but which of the following?
b. Superb training in investigation, in order to detect breaches of ethics
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Day Reporting Centers in Waukesha County, Wisconsin?
b. The centers provide an intermediate sanction for high-risk offenders.
Recent studies of the "CSI Effect" found all but which of the following?
b. The use of forensic or expert witness evidence in trials has increased.
Which of the following is not a true statement about judges?
b. They are always given the necessary authority to govern all court operations.
The duties of the presiding judge typically include all but which of the following?
b. Traveling the circuit to hear lower court appeals
Which of the following is not one of the CourTools set of trial court performance measures as listed by the National Center for State Courts?
b. Trial date uncertainty
27. The ________________Act makes illegal the "manufacture, import, selling, shipment, delivery, possession, transfer, or reception of any firearm that is not detectable by walk-through metal detectors.
b. Undetectable Firearms
Which of the following is not a commonly cited factor for high incarceration rates in the United States?
b. Violence in novels and comic books
. Proximate cause may be found in a case such as where an officer:
b. leaves the scene of an accident aware of dangerous conditions (e.g., spilled oil, smoke) without giving proper warning to motorists.
In systems theory, incarceration rates would be classified as:
b. outcomes.
The obligation of a deputy sheriff to be loyal to his or her sheriff is an example of _________ loyalty.
b. personal
When founded in the early 1980s, the goal of shock incarceration was to reduce:
b. prison and jail populations.
In Bell v. Wolfish, the Supreme Court found searches of inmates' body cavities to be:
b. proper, saying such practices were reasonable responses to legitimate security concerns.
The duty of the ___________ is said to be "Not that he shall win a case, but that justice shall be done."
b. prosecutor
In considering censorship of prison inmates' correspondence, the Court based its ruling not on the rights of the prisoner, but instead on:
b. the free-world recipient's right to communicate with the prisoner.
Custody assignments of inmates determine:
b. the level of supervision and types of privileges an inmate will have
DiIulio concluded that:
b. the quality of prison life depends mainly on the quality of prison management.
Withrow and Dailey propose a "Model of Circumstantial Corruptibility," stating that the exchange of a gift is influenced by two elements:
b. the role of the giver and the role of the receiver.
According to Worley, offenders identified as developing inappropriate relationships with staff members are called:
b. turners
The most difficult position to hold in all of corrections is probably that of:
b. warden.
Which of the following is not a consideration that judges should take into account when deciding whether or not to join a social network?
c. "Will participation compromise or inhibit his/her electoral future?"
A _________ policy is one in which sheriff's offices require that recruits first work in the jail before they can become eligible for patrol duties
c. "jail first"
The doctrine of respondeat superior means:
c. "let the master answer."
The Speedy Trial Act of 1974 (as amended) requires that federal prosecutors bring a case to trial within how many days from the point of arrest?
c. 100
8. Patrol vehicles in the Greenwich, Connecticut, Police Department can scan up to ___________license plates per minute on all vehicles they pass.
c. 3,600
What is the typical maximum number of levels of action that can be involved in the process for formally handling grievances?
c. 6
One study found that about_____ percent of all court clerks perceived themselves as colleagues and co-equal with judges.
c. 60
Which of the following is considered a "serious" infraction by a correctional officer (CO) or inmate?
c. A love affair between an inmate
Federal judges have the _________ _________of the United States Courts to coordinate and administer their operations.
c. Administrative Office
5. Which of the following is not one of the four steps in a budget cycle?
c. Appeal
Today's court administrators perform all but which of the following duties?
c. Assigning cases
Which of the following is NOT one of the six categories of the administration of probation systems?
c. City
. ___________ is/are seen by many correctional administrators as the major barrier(s) to humane housing of offenders.
c. Crowding
A national survey of jail administrators and staff revealed all but which of the following approaches to strengthen the jail as a workplace?
c. Developing consistent, one-way communication up and down the chain of command
__________ is usually the first step in a progressive disciplinary process and is intended to address relatively minor infractions.
c. Documented oral counseling
Drug-addicted offenders may receive all but which of the following types of treatment?
c. Family counseling
Which of the following is not¬ one of DiIulio's principles of good prison leadership?
c. Good wardens and deputy directors prevail in at least 75% of lawsuits against them.
Per Worley, which of the following label of inmate develops inappropriate relationships with staff by using a unique kind of psychological warfare?
c. Hell-raiser
________ loyalty is the obligation of each agency member to support the agency's mission.
c. Institutional
The acronym ISP stands for:
c. Intensive Supervision Probation.
Which of the following is not an outside force that causes problems in scheduling people for trial?
c. Interference from interested politicians
Which one of the following is not one of the common ethics tests that are used to help guide the decisions of criminal justice employees?
c. Test of popularity
Corrections staff must make decisions about at least two issues regarding inmates:
c. The inmate's level of physical restraint or "security level," and the inmate's level of supervision or custody grade.
15. According to Certo, the major pitfalls of budgets include all but which of the following?
c. The manager's trying to execute the budget unilaterally, without assistance from the governing board
After examining the effects of supermax prisons, Pizarro et al. found all but which of the following to be true?
c. These prisons do not present a danger to society beyond that of regular imprisonment.
Which of the following is not one of the four separate activities of time as allocated by the Supreme Court justices?
c. Time for calling constituents to obtain their opinions
21. Which of the following is not one of the new technologies that are now in development?
c. Voice-activated firearms
Edward Tully blames for the lapse in police ethics.
c. agency leaders
The two most common forms of ADR used today are ___________ and _____________.
c. arbitration / mediation
In the final level of the grievance procedure, the neutral, outside person who conducts a hearing to conclude the grievance is a(n):
c. arbitrator.
The state organization that oversees all of the prisons is often termed the:
c. central office
26. The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law will spearhead the effort, aggregating documents and media from selected courts. When the project is complete, content will be more accessible to non-legal audiences mentioned in the textbook, except:
c. correctional facility inmates.
Regarding federal sentencing guidelines, in late 2007 the U.S. Supreme Court went further and:
c. decided two cases that together restored federal judges to their traditional central role in criminal sentencing, even if the guidelines call for different sentences.
15. The use of BYOD policies is thought to be beneficial because of the following except:
c. it can result in officers spending more time in the office.
The Ethics Reform Act of 1989 regulates:
c. judicial conduct.
. A special relationship is one where the officer:
c. knows or should know the likelihood of harm to someone if he/she fails to do his/her duty.
Prison and jail corruption differs from other forms of public corruption because of all of the following except:
c. lack of vicarious liability
The police culture often exalts _______________ over integrity.
c. loyalty
Deontological ethics examines:
c. one's duty to act.
About _______ of state court judges and magistrates said that they have used social media in either their personal or professional lives.
c. one-third
According to the__________________ of the Prison Litigation Reform Act, an inmate cannot file a lawsuit for mental or emotional injury unless he or she can also show physical injury.
c. physical injury requirement
Both __________ and _________ oppose plea bargaining, but for different reasons.
c. police / civil libertarians
14. The best-known management budget for monitoring the activities of the organization is the _____________ budget.
c. program
13. The key characteristic of a performance budget is that it:
c. relates volume of work to money spent.
"Three-strikes" laws refer to:
c. repeat offenders.
1. The word budget comes from the French word "bougette," meaning a:
c. small leather bag.
1. Criminal justice now finds itself in the trend of what has been termed "__________________."
c. the Era of Big Data
Miller v. Pate was an example of misconduct by:
c. the prosecutor.
Cooper v. Pate was one of the earliest prison cases and is significant because in it the Supreme Court first recognized:
c. the use of Title 42 United States Code Section 1983 as a legal remedy for inmates
Proximate cause is established by asking:
d. "But for the officer's conduct, would the plaintiff have sustained the injury or damage?"
Section 1983 lawsuits allege that criminal justice employees acted ___________.
d. "under color of law"
24. At present, the Stored Communications Act, enacted in 1986 as part (Title II) of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, allows law enforcement access to electronic messages greater than ______ days old without a warrant.
d. 180
In about what year did the focus of prison studies change from administrator to prison inmates?
d. 1940
The decade of the served as a significant launching pad for court reform across the United States and led to the creation of a variety of different problem-solving courts.
d. 1990s
In one year's time, ______ judges were suspended from office, according to the American Judicature Society.
d. 25
According to a recent annual survey, _____ allegations of sexual violence were brought by prison and jail inmates.
d. 6,500
Under the Speedy Trial Act, how many days are allowed to pass from indictment to the trial?
d. 70
What number of new federal judges acknowledge having psychological problems on the bench?
d. About three-fourths
What division of a state's central office oversees budget development and new prison construction?
d. Administrative division
A good judge would exhibit which of the following professional traits?
d. All of the above
According to Farkas, "rule enforcers" are the most common type of correctional officer. They are characterized as:
d. All of the above
According to a federal report, jail administrators must function as:
d. All of the above
Areas of criminal procedure covered under Section 1983 include:
d. All of the above
Because of the expectation of loyalty to their supervisors, in extreme cases practitioners may find themselves:
d. All of the above
The loner correctional officer is one who:
d. All of the above
Types of disputes commonly resolved through arbitration include:
d. All of the above
Which of the following is a staffing level that can be developed for hostage taking incidents in corrections?
d. All of the above
A special relationship can be based on:
d. All of the above a. whether the officer could have foreseen that he was expected to take action in a given situation to prevent injury. b. departmental policy or guidelines that prohibit a certain course of action. c. the spatial and temporal proximity of the defendant-officer behavior to the injury damage.
Which of the following is not a minimum due process requirement for discharging public employees?
d. All of the above are required. a. Representation by counsel b. An impartial hearing officer presiding c. A public hearing
23. _______________________ uses a wearable computer and a head-mounted display with advanced software and 3-D applications.
d. Augmented reality
Which of the following is not one of the four goals that jails should attempt to accomplish in preparing inmates for reentry in society?
d. Avoid a complex and time-consuming intake and assessment process
The hard-liner correctional officer has all but which of the following characteristics?
d. Being flexible
Studies of hostage negotiations indicate that they tend to follow a common cycle:
d. Both parties will make exaggerated demands, and there is a period of withdrawal and a return to negotiations with more moderate demands.
Who stated that "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime"?
d. Calvin Coolidge
As with the police, there are several benefits to be realized for corrections agencies wishing to become accredited; they include all but which of the following?
d. Cost savings with respect to staff salaries
Which of the following is not a legitimate alternative to imprisonment?
d. Court-administered restitution
What are the two different philosophies about correctional organizations?
d. Custodial, treatment
Which of the following is not one of the four cultural orientations that were found to shape the conduct and performance of the nation's state trial courts?
d. Dependency
Which of the following is not recognized as being one of the best pieces of advice received by participants in the NIC Executive Training Program for New Wardens?
d. Do not worry about your every statement being scrutinized.
12. Which of the following is not a strong feature of line-item budgets?
d. Ease of modifying the status quo
The United States Supreme Court has made dramatic decisions in all but which of the following areas?
d. Elections of judges
One of the major responsibilities of prison administrators is to carry out the death penalty. All of the following are activities associated with these duties, except:
d. None of the above
Which of the following is not a common type of tort brought against police?
d. Paternity and lewd and lascivious behavior
Which of the following is not a reason why more people are going to prison and staying there longer?
d. Plea bargaining
11. Which of the following is not an area of budgeting accountability where audits are concerned?
d. Projection
Returning the facility back to normal operations at the conclusion of a disturbance is also a major priority, and includes all but which of the following?
d. Relocating all disruptive inmates who were involved to other state prisons
16. With real-time reporting, during the trial, judges and attorneys can do all but which of the following?
d. Review and mark portions of testimony on their computers without interrupting the trial, and perform searches for specific words, phrases, roots of words, and other more complicated information instantaneously
Most works on judicial administration point to ________________ as the founder of the study of judicial administration.
d. Roscoe Pound
Which of the following is not a disciplinary action commonly used by agencies?
d. Salary cut
Robert Levinson delineated four categories for classification of new inmates, which include all except?
d. Security and custody, and housing and programs
All but which of the following are examples of confidential employees in the courts?
d. Security screeners
The best outcomes that could come from the collective bargaining battle would include all but which of the following?
d. Significant increases in government employee salaries
All but which of the following are good strategies for judges to follow in evaluating their administrators?
d. The judge should examine the budget, ending the fiscal year "in the black."
Which of the following is not true concerning the Wolff and Shi study of prison assaults?
d. The victims typically knew the motive for their being attacked, and retaliated instantly.
22. Advocates, for the use of UAVs and the potential for the violations of citizens' rights argue:
d. They are no worse than the widespread use of cell phone cameras.
Which of the following is NOT a basic premise of mental health courts?
d. They improve the quality of life for people with mental illnesses who are not charged with crimes
The 2005 Supreme Court decision to establish sentencing policies and guidelines for the federal criminal justice system was rendered in ______________________.
d. U.S. v. Booker
A critical element of emergency planning in corrections is a use-of-force policy, which should cover which of the following?
d. Which staff members are authorized to order the use of force, and what weapons and less-lethal munitions are appropriate
The field of judicial administration was greatly influenced by President ________, who believed that administration was a noble calling.
d. Wilson
Given the negative psychological effects of many forms of long-term supermax confinement, some researchers believe:
d. all such facilities must implement the best and most humane of the available practices, and strict time limits should be placed on the length of time that prisoners are housed in supermax.
Some authors indicate concern that instead of being ________ to prisons and probation, intermediate sanctions often become ________ to our existing correctional system.
d. alternatives / supplements
The master calendar system pulls its cases for each judge out of a:
d. central pool
9. Approval of a city's budget is a responsibility of the:
d. city governing board/city council.
Before correctional administrators can begin to plan for emergencies within their facilities, the following three broad elements are especially important:
d. command, planning, and training, and unity of command—members of an organization are accountable to a single superior.
It is helpful for the courts to view issues and practices through the lenses of the ________ model(s).
d. crime control and due process
Critics of three-strikes laws argue that:
d. defendants facing lengthy mandatory sentences would be more likely to avoid plea bargaining and demand trials, thereby slowing the processing of cases, and convicted offenders would serve long terms of incarceration and thus explode prison populations.
Several studies, including those by the RAND Corporation and the National Institute of Justice, have concluded that states with three-strikes laws:
d. do not appear to have experienced faster declines in crime since those laws were implemented than have states without such laws, and have not experienced a greater increase in incarceration rates.
Jeffrey Ulner found that the sentence combination associated with the least likelihood of re-arrest was:
d. house arrest / probation.
Studies show that as supermax inmates face greater restrictions and social deprivations, their levels of social withdrawal:
d. increase and tend to result in depression, hostility, severe anger, sleep disturbances, and anxiety.
To be effective, an alternative to incarceration must:
d. interfere with inmates' lives and protect society
6. The Courts and Law Enforcement Management Information Systems (CLEMIS) Consortium system includes data sets for all but the following:
e. All are included in the system.
Under Withrow and Dailey's ethics model, the receiver can act as a(n):
e. All of the above
16. Police policies and practices have also undergone a transformation in order to adapt to the economic changes brought about by the Great Recession discussed in the chapter. All of the following are examples of this adaptation, except:
e. All of the above are examples
Today, prisoners must be given all but which of the following due process rights?
e. All of the above must be given.
9. All of the following are examples of modern technology law enforcement agencies are using, except:
e. MRI based lie detectors.
The quality of judges determines the ____________ of justice.
e. None of the above
10. In early 2014, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) announced that six states had been selected to develop test sites for drones. They include all the following, except:
e. Oklahoma