#5 Endocrine System

What cells produce growth hormone and prolactin?

Acidophil

What cells are responsible for the exocrine products of the pancreas?

Acinar cells

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults results in ______

Acromegaly

Name the gland and region of the gland that produces the corticosteroids

Adrenal gland located in Adrenal cortex

Name the gland that lies superior to the kidneys

Adrenal/Suprarenal glands

______ regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex region of the adrenal gland

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

______ regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids mainly by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

Aldosterone/mineral corticoids

What pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

Alpha cells

_____ causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate, thereby reducing urine output and conserving water

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Give one symptom of hypoglycemia

Anxiety/weakness

What cells produce the tropic hormone TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH?

Basophil

What pancreatic cells produce insulin?

Beta cells

______ decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in bones

Calcitonin

The active D3 form of vitamin D is called

Calcitrol

What cells produce parathyroid hormone?

Chief Cells

What pituitary cells have no hormonal production?

Chromophobes

What do the follicles of the thyroid contain?

Colloid/T3/T4

Hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration from excess urine output, a condition called?

Diabetes Insipidus

Name the disease produced by hyposecretion of insulin

Diabetes Mellitus

What is the function of CORTISONE?

Enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

what is the function of CORTICOSTERONE?

Enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

what is the function of CORTISOL (hydrocortisone)?

Enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

Name the second major control system of the body (with the nervous system) that coordinates and integrates the activity of the body's cells

Endocrine system

Name one hormone produced by the medullar region of the adrenal gland

Epinephrine

Name one of the hormones that acts in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to elicit the fight-or-flight response to stressors

Epinephrine

Name one of the hormones produced by the female gonads

Estrogen

Name one gonadocorticoid hormone

Estrogens/Androgens

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children result in ______

Gigantism

_____ stimulates the liver to break down glycogen, when blood glucose is low, to glucose and releases it into the blood

Glucagon

These hormones regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads

Gonadotrophins/FSH/LH

_______ is a general metabolic hormone that plays a role in determining body size, growth of muscle and long bones of the body

Growth Hormone (GH)

abnormal hairiness due to hyposecretions of the gonadocorticoids is called?

Hirsutism

The endocrine's system uses chemical messengers called?

Hormones

Low blood sugar is called?

Hypoglycemia

The vessel system that sends hypothalmic hormones to the pituitary is called?

Hypophyseal Portal System

Give the characteristics of diabetes mellitus

Inability of body cells to utilize glucose & it's subsequent loss in the urine

The stalk that attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus is called?

Infundibulum

These hypothalmic hormones inhibit the release of the hormonal products of the pituitary are called?

Inhibiting hormones

Name one hormonal product of the pancreas

Insulin

______ decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating transport of glucose into the body's cells

Insulin

What are the endocrine regions of the pancreas called?

Islets of Langerhans

_____ is known to play a role in biological rhythms, also may exert some inhibitory effect on the reproductive system that prevents precocious sexual maturation

Melatonin

Mental and physical sluggishness in adults caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine is called?

Myxedema

Name one of the human gonads

Ovaries or Testes

what are the characteristics of acromegaly?

Overgrowth of bones in hands, feet, and face of adult

_______ stimulates powerful uterine contractions during childbirth and coitus and also causes milk ejection in nursing mothers

Oxytocin

_______ causes release of calcium from the bone matrix and prods the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate from the filtrate

PTH

The _______ is both an endocrine & exocrine gland

Pancreas

What cells produce calcitonin?

Parafollicular/ C cells

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

What gland produces melatonin?

Pineal gland

What glial cells are found in the posterior pituitary/ neurohypophysis?

Pituicytes

Hyposecretion of growth hormone results in ______ in children

Pituitary Dwarfism

This gland produces tropic hormones, known as the "master gland"

Pituitary gland

The part of the pituitary that stores the hormonal products of the hypothalamus (ADH, oxytocin) is called ?

Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis

________ is a prohormone that is slit by enzymes into ACTH and MSH

Pro-opiomelanocortin

________ brings about cyclic changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle (with estrogen), as well as maintaining the uterine musculature in a quiescent state during pregnancy and preparing breast tissue for lactation

Progesterone

_______ stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth

Prolactin

These hypothalmic hormones cause the pituitary to release its hormonal products

Releasing hormones

What is the function of Thymopoietins?

T-lymphocytes & immune system synthesis

What is the function of Thymosins

T-lymphocytes & immune system synthesis

What is the function of Thymulin?

T-lymphocytes & immune system synthesis

What two hormones constitute the colloid thyroglobulin?

T3 & T4

Organs that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as ________

Target organs

The male gonads are called?

Testes

________ is responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the male at puberty and is responsible for the sex drive/libido

Testosterone

Prolonged muscle spasm that can result in respiratory paralysis and death due to hyposecretion of PTH is called?

Tetany

Name one of the hormonal products of the thymus?

Thymulin

What gland produces T3 & T4 as well as calcitonin?

Thyroid Gland

_______ influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/ Thyrotropin

What is the function of thyroxine?

Thyroxine (T4) controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation

What is the function of Triiodothyronine?

Triiodothyronine (T3) controls the rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation

A ______ hormone stimulates a target organ, that is an endocrine organ, to secrets its hormones

Tropic

In what adrenal cortex zona are the glucocorticoids produced?

Zona Fasiculata

In what adrenal cortex zona are the mineralcorticoids produced?

Zona Glomerulosa

In what adrenal cortex zona are the sex hormones produced?

Zona Reticularis

the part of the pituitary that produces tropic hormones as well as growth hormone and prolactin is called?

anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

What is the function of thyroid hormone?

controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation

what is the function of glucocorticoids?

enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

Name the female sex hormones

estrogen

______ are responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty and brings about cyclic changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle (with progesterone)

estrogen

Name one gonadotropic hormone

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/Lutenizing Hormone (LH)

Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids may cause what condition?

gynecomastia / virulism

______ produces neurosecretions, releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary

hypothalamus

The female gonads are called

ovaries

what hypothalmic hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis?

oxytocin

ADH and oxytocin are produced in what two neuronal regions of the hypothalamus?

paraventricular nuclei & supraoptic nuclei

What is the function of mineralcorticoids?

regulate water & electrolyte balance in extracellular fluid by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

What is the function of CORTICOSTEROIDS?

regulate water & electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

name the male sex hormones

testosterone