#5 Endocrine System
What cells produce growth hormone and prolactin?
Acidophil
What cells are responsible for the exocrine products of the pancreas?
Acinar cells
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults results in ______
Acromegaly
Name the gland and region of the gland that produces the corticosteroids
Adrenal gland located in Adrenal cortex
Name the gland that lies superior to the kidneys
Adrenal/Suprarenal glands
______ regulates the endocrine activity of the cortex region of the adrenal gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
______ regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids mainly by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
Aldosterone/mineral corticoids
What pancreatic cells produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
_____ causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtrate, thereby reducing urine output and conserving water
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Give one symptom of hypoglycemia
Anxiety/weakness
What cells produce the tropic hormone TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH?
Basophil
What pancreatic cells produce insulin?
Beta cells
______ decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in bones
Calcitonin
The active D3 form of vitamin D is called
Calcitrol
What cells produce parathyroid hormone?
Chief Cells
What pituitary cells have no hormonal production?
Chromophobes
What do the follicles of the thyroid contain?
Colloid/T3/T4
Hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration from excess urine output, a condition called?
Diabetes Insipidus
Name the disease produced by hyposecretion of insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
What is the function of CORTISONE?
Enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
what is the function of CORTICOSTERONE?
Enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
what is the function of CORTISOL (hydrocortisone)?
Enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
Name the second major control system of the body (with the nervous system) that coordinates and integrates the activity of the body's cells
Endocrine system
Name one hormone produced by the medullar region of the adrenal gland
Epinephrine
Name one of the hormones that acts in conjunction with the sympathetic nervous system to elicit the fight-or-flight response to stressors
Epinephrine
Name one of the hormones produced by the female gonads
Estrogen
Name one gonadocorticoid hormone
Estrogens/Androgens
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in children result in ______
Gigantism
_____ stimulates the liver to break down glycogen, when blood glucose is low, to glucose and releases it into the blood
Glucagon
These hormones regulate gamete production and hormonal activity of the gonads
Gonadotrophins/FSH/LH
_______ is a general metabolic hormone that plays a role in determining body size, growth of muscle and long bones of the body
Growth Hormone (GH)
abnormal hairiness due to hyposecretions of the gonadocorticoids is called?
Hirsutism
The endocrine's system uses chemical messengers called?
Hormones
Low blood sugar is called?
Hypoglycemia
The vessel system that sends hypothalmic hormones to the pituitary is called?
Hypophyseal Portal System
Give the characteristics of diabetes mellitus
Inability of body cells to utilize glucose & it's subsequent loss in the urine
The stalk that attaches the pituitary to the hypothalamus is called?
Infundibulum
These hypothalmic hormones inhibit the release of the hormonal products of the pituitary are called?
Inhibiting hormones
Name one hormonal product of the pancreas
Insulin
______ decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating transport of glucose into the body's cells
Insulin
What are the endocrine regions of the pancreas called?
Islets of Langerhans
_____ is known to play a role in biological rhythms, also may exert some inhibitory effect on the reproductive system that prevents precocious sexual maturation
Melatonin
Mental and physical sluggishness in adults caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine is called?
Myxedema
Name one of the human gonads
Ovaries or Testes
what are the characteristics of acromegaly?
Overgrowth of bones in hands, feet, and face of adult
_______ stimulates powerful uterine contractions during childbirth and coitus and also causes milk ejection in nursing mothers
Oxytocin
_______ causes release of calcium from the bone matrix and prods the kidneys to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate from the filtrate
PTH
The _______ is both an endocrine & exocrine gland
Pancreas
What cells produce calcitonin?
Parafollicular/ C cells
What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What gland produces melatonin?
Pineal gland
What glial cells are found in the posterior pituitary/ neurohypophysis?
Pituicytes
Hyposecretion of growth hormone results in ______ in children
Pituitary Dwarfism
This gland produces tropic hormones, known as the "master gland"
Pituitary gland
The part of the pituitary that stores the hormonal products of the hypothalamus (ADH, oxytocin) is called ?
Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
________ is a prohormone that is slit by enzymes into ACTH and MSH
Pro-opiomelanocortin
________ brings about cyclic changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle (with estrogen), as well as maintaining the uterine musculature in a quiescent state during pregnancy and preparing breast tissue for lactation
Progesterone
_______ stimulates breast development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth
Prolactin
These hypothalmic hormones cause the pituitary to release its hormonal products
Releasing hormones
What is the function of Thymopoietins?
T-lymphocytes & immune system synthesis
What is the function of Thymosins
T-lymphocytes & immune system synthesis
What is the function of Thymulin?
T-lymphocytes & immune system synthesis
What two hormones constitute the colloid thyroglobulin?
T3 & T4
Organs that respond to a particular hormone are referred to as ________
Target organs
The male gonads are called?
Testes
________ is responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the male at puberty and is responsible for the sex drive/libido
Testosterone
Prolonged muscle spasm that can result in respiratory paralysis and death due to hyposecretion of PTH is called?
Tetany
Name one of the hormonal products of the thymus?
Thymulin
What gland produces T3 & T4 as well as calcitonin?
Thyroid Gland
_______ influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/ Thyrotropin
What is the function of thyroxine?
Thyroxine (T4) controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation
What is the function of Triiodothyronine?
Triiodothyronine (T3) controls the rate of body metabolism & cellular oxidation
A ______ hormone stimulates a target organ, that is an endocrine organ, to secrets its hormones
Tropic
In what adrenal cortex zona are the glucocorticoids produced?
Zona Fasiculata
In what adrenal cortex zona are the mineralcorticoids produced?
Zona Glomerulosa
In what adrenal cortex zona are the sex hormones produced?
Zona Reticularis
the part of the pituitary that produces tropic hormones as well as growth hormone and prolactin is called?
anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
What is the function of thyroid hormone?
controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation
what is the function of glucocorticoids?
enable the body to resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
Name the female sex hormones
estrogen
______ are responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty and brings about cyclic changes in the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle (with progesterone)
estrogen
Name one gonadotropic hormone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)/Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids may cause what condition?
gynecomastia / virulism
______ produces neurosecretions, releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary
hypothalamus
The female gonads are called
ovaries
what hypothalmic hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis?
oxytocin
ADH and oxytocin are produced in what two neuronal regions of the hypothalamus?
paraventricular nuclei & supraoptic nuclei
What is the function of mineralcorticoids?
regulate water & electrolyte balance in extracellular fluid by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
What is the function of CORTICOSTEROIDS?
regulate water & electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids by regulating sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
name the male sex hormones
testosterone