5. Perception and Individual Decision Making

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior? A. An employee postpones a meeting because he overslept. B. An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire. C. An employee was fired because he violated a company policy. D. An employee was promoted when he achieved more than the assigned objectives. E. An employee closed a sale with an important corporate client because of his excellent negotiation skills.

B. An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire.

_______ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics. A. Halo effect B. Contrast effect C. Confirmation bias D. Stereotyping E. Anchoring bias

B. Contrast effect

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception? A. Perception of reality is independent of one's personality. B. Our perception of a target is not affected by the context of the situation in which the perception is made. C. Our perception of reality can be different from objective reality. D. Our perception of reality is independent of our past experiences. E. We form a perception of a target by looking at it in isolation.

C. Our perception of reality can be different from objective reality.

Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen's behavior is an example of ________ bias. A. impact B. anchoring C. confirmation D. distinction E. Self-serving

E. Self-serving

Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception? A. interest B. similarity C. sound D. proximity E. Background

A. interest

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________. A. perceivers B. target C. timing D. context E. Situation

A. perceivers

Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome? A. rational decision-making model B. flexible decision-making model C. distributive decision-making model D. associative decision-making model E. integrative decision-making model

A. rational decision-making model

Name 2 Biases and give examples of how they would affect creativity

A manager could hinder creativity by engaging in overconfidence bias. A creative person in an office where the manager is confident that his decisions are always correct would be less inclined to offer ideas. In addition, a manager that often engages in confirmation bias would only be looking for answers that support his ideas, and a creative person would be less inclined to participate or offer ideas.

________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior. A. Attribution theory B. Equity theory C. Object relations theory D. Attachment theory E. Cultural schema theory

A. Attribution theory

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had an anchoring bias? A. Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker. B. Johanna participated actively in the interactive session conducted at the end. C. The speakers at the conference consisted of renowned environmental scientists and activists. D. Johanna has attended several conferences where the panel consisted of eminent scientists. E. Johanna was shocked by the startling facts shown during the concluding session.

A. Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker.

Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model? A. develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy B. analyze the problems of the project C. determine goals of the project D. select hydro energy as the best option E. weigh advantages between solar and wind energy

A. develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one of the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior. A. distinctiveness B. perverseness C. flexibleness D. resilience E. Timorousness

A. distinctiveness

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity? A. expertise B. logical thinking skills C. extrinsic task motivation D. intuition E. analytical skills

A. expertise

Harriet Kirby, a fundraising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby's decision? A. selective perception B. cognitive dissonance C. self-serving bias D. bandwagon effect E. self-fulfilling prophecy

A. selective perception

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli A. selective perception B. cognitive dissonance C. Self-serving bias D. emotional labor E. self-fulfilling prophecy

A. selective perception

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. A. utilitarianism B. selective perception C. self-fulfilling prophecy D. halo effect E. contrast effect

A. utilitarianism

Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which would block access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be undertaken. In such a situation, what is Simpson, who suffers from self-serving bias, most likely to say? A. I did not do sufficient research on public events in the city. B. My colleagues did not inform me about the rally. C. The director had warned me of this. I should have known better. D. I should have weighed the feasibility options for the event. E. I should have established better contacts to know about this update.

B. My colleagues did not inform me about the rally.

________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. A. Status quo B. Self-serving C. Distinction D. Congruence E. Anchoring

B. Self-serving

An area of study that analyzes how people behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas is ________. A. the halo effect B. behavioral ethics C. hindsight bias D. positivity offset E. selective perception

B. behavioral ethics

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? A. traceability B. consistency C. verifiability D. relatedness E. affect intensity

B. consistency

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model? A. developing alternatives B. defining the problem C. identifying the decision criteria D. weighing the decision criteria E. evaluating the alternatives

B. defining the problem

David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers´ perception of SUV drivers? A. his financial background B. his expectations C. his interest D. his motive E. his personality

B. his expectations

Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past, her decision is most likely influenced by which of the following? A. optimization B. intuition C. fundamental attribution error D. framing effect E. anchoring bias

B. intuition

Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfies while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisfying a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do? A. seek complete information while making decisions B. search for solutions that are reasonable C. identify all possible options to solutions D. analyze each alternative in an unbiased manner E. choose the optimal solution to each problem

B. search for solutions that are reasonable

With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisfaction involve? A. weighing each criteria before making a decision B. seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient C. scrutinizing and evaluating each alternative in detail D. selecting the best option with the highest utility E. finding optimal solutions to problems

B. seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient

Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior? A. An employee was late for a team meeting because of a heavy downpour. B. An employee was laid off because the company was attempting to cut costs by laying off employees. C. An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy. D. An employee could not attend an interview because of a delayed flight. E. An employee could not come to work because he met with an accident.

C. An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy.

Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers? A. Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's past experiences. B. Perception of reality depends on the perceiver's personality. C. Characteristics of the target affect people's perception. D. The time at which we observe behavior affects perception. E. Motives and interests of the perceiver affects perception of behavior.

C. Characteristics of the target affect people's perception.

_____ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience. A. Process consultation B. Action research C. Intuitive decision making D. Active selection E. Emotional intelligence

C. Intuitive decision making

Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model? A. It involves constructing simplified models without capturing all their complexity. B. It deals with satisfying decisions by seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient. C. It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner. D. It is an unconscious decision-making process created from distilled experience. E. It takes into consideration the limited information-processing capability of individuals.

C. It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this? A. Our perception of reality depends on our past experiences. B. Our perception of reality depends on our personality. C. We don't look at targets in isolation. D. The time at which we see an object can influence our perception of the object. E. Our motives and expectations affect our perception of a target.

C. We don't look at targets in isolation.

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon? A. Pygmalion effect B. emotional dissonance C. attribution theory D. two-factor theory E. framing effect

C. attribution theory

A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________. A. optimal decision making B. intuitive decision making C. bounded rationality D. active selection E. incremental decision making

C. bounded rationality

According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________. A. distinctiveness B. tractability C. consensus D. consistency E. Manageability

C. consensus

If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________. A. distinctiveness B. consensus C. consistency D. discontinuity E. Traceability

C. consistency

Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid-back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) ________. A. anchoring bias B. contrast effect C. fundamental attribution error D. self-fulfilling prophecy E. Pygmalion effect

C. fundamental attribution error

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes. A. low on distinctiveness B. low on adaptability C. low on consistency D. high on stability E. low on consensus

C. low on consistency

Describe and explain the causes of creative behavior

Creative behavior is a result of creative potential and a creative environment. Intelligence is related to creativity. Intelligence and Creativity: Smart people are more creative because they are better are solving complex problems. Personality and Creativity: Openness to experience, proactive personality, self-confidence, risk taking, tolerance and ambiguity, and perseverance are all traits of creative people. Expertise and Creativity: Expertise is the foundation for all creative work and thus is the single most important predictor of creative potential. Ethics and Creativity: Creativity is not correlated with ethicality.

Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making? A. It is a slow process of decision making. B. It is devoid of emotions. C. It is the most rational way of making a decision. D. It occurs within conscious thought. E. It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

E. It involves making decisions based on distilled experience.

_______ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic. A. Confirmation bias B. Self-serving bias C. Randomness error D. Halo effect E. Hindsight bias

D. Halo effect

During team meetings, Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask many questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law? A. expectation B. interest C. past experience D. context E. motive

D. context

Which of the following describes the halo effect? A. attributing our own successes to internal factors and failures to external factors B. judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which he or she belongs C. Interpreting a person's behavior in comparison to others recently encountered D. drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic E. underestimating the influence of external factors when making judgments about people

D. drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of plastic bag users? A. location B. time C. characteristic of the target D. expectation E. Context

D. expectation

William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five-star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies' perception? A. confirmation bias B. self-serving bias C. randomness error D. halo effect E. hindsight bias

D. halo effect

Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior? A. low on consensus B. high on reliability C. high on adaptability D. high on consistency E. low on distinctiveness

D. high on consistency

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception? A. attitude B. motive C. interest D. novelty E. Experience

D. novelty

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to _______ A. stereotyping B. self-serving bias C. halo effect D. selective perception E. contrast effect

D. selective perception

Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception? A. similarity B. size C. expectation D. time E. Experience

D. time

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________. A. change agents B. boundary spanners C. early adopters D. whistle-blowers E. free riders

D. whistle-blowers

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations? A. flexibility B. integrity C. consensus D. consistency E. Distinctiveness

E. Distinctiveness

A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency. T/F?

FALSE

Explain how stereotyping can cause problems for some managers when making ethical decisions. Provide an example

One of the criterion of ethical decision making is to focus on individual rights. Thus, the use of stereotyping would affect the ethical decision-making process. The focus on rights calls on individuals to make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges as set forth in documents like the Bill of Rights. An emphasis on rights in decision making means respecting and protecting the basic rights of individuals. If a manager engages in stereotyping, for example, believing that all women are less productive than men, he may be inclined to base organizational decisions on this stereotype. When an important project or promotion comes up, the manager would always be inclined to reward men over women.

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment A.Sensation B. Impression C. Apprehension D. Attribution E Perception

Perception

Research on rumination offers insight into gender differences in decision making T/F?

TRUE

Explain the three components of creativity

a) Expertise is the foundation for all creative work. The potential for creativity is enhanced when individuals have abilities, knowledge, proficiencies, and similar expertise in their field of endeavor. b) The second component is creative-thinking skills. This encompasses personality characteristics associated with creativity, the ability to use analogies, as well as the talent to see the familiar in a different light. c) The final component is intrinsic task motivation. This is the desire to work on something because it is interesting, involving, exciting, satisfying, or personally challenging. This motivational component is what turns creativity potential into actual creative ideas. It determines the extent to which individuals fully engage their expertise and creative skills.