#6 Bone Tissue and Skeletal System
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones
diaphysis
tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone
epiphyseal line
completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate
long bone
cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever
endosteum
delicate membranous lining of a bone's medullary cavity
compact bone
dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces
osteoclast
cell responsible for resorbing bone
osteoid
uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts
perforating canal
(also, Volkmann's canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum
spongy bone
(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution
epiphyseal plate
(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length
ossification
(also, osteogenesis) bone formation
canaliculi
(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte's many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients
lacunae
(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte
trabeculae
(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone
fracture
broken bone
projection
bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach
osseous tissue
bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton
osteoblast
cell responsible for forming new bone
ossification center
cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification
hypercalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium
hypocalcemia
condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium
yellow marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored
red marrow
connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place
short bone
cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion
osteoporosis
disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages
orthopedist
doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries
periosteum
fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments
medullary cavity
hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow
central canal
longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal
perichondrium
membrane that covers cartilage
osteocyte
primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix
intramembranous ossification
process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue
remodeling
process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
modeling
process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another
secondary ossification center
region of bone development in the epiphyses
zone of calcified matrix
region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis
reserve zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis
proliferative zone
region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
zone of maturation and hypertrophy
region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate
primary ossification center
region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification
cartilage
semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement
nutrient foramen
small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment
sesamoid bone
small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces
articular cartilage
thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber
osteogenic cell
undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts
articulation
where two bone surfaces meet
epiphysis
wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow