6.5: City Models
African City Model
- Characterized by 3 CBDs, and reflects the influence of colonialism throughout the continent. - Traditional CBD: Small shops, narrow streets. - Colonial CBD: Big streets, straight, often in grid-like patterns, with government buildings with European architectural styles. *Sense of place! - Market Zone: Traditional open-air markets. - Mostly outdated, but the 3 CBDs can still be seen on the cultural landscape today in some African countries.
Southeast Asian City Model
- Characterized by a port zone, which was the center of commerce in colonial SE Asia - export oriented, so no CBD. - History of Chinese immigrants throughout SE Asia- on the model, there is a secondary commercial zone for Chinese business called the Alien commercial zone. - History of colonialism results in a Western commercial zone in which merchants from European countries are located. - Market gardening zone is distinctive due to the climate and agricultural land use in SE Asia.
Latin American City Model
- Shares basic structures of the Concentric Zone and Sector City Models. - Characterized by the "spine" that runs from the modernized CBD in the center, through wealthy housing and connects to a secondary urban center called the mall. - Spine: High-end commercial sector. - Market: Traditional market. - As distance from the CBD increases, housing becomes less expensive due to a lack of critical infrastructure available in those areas. - Disamenity Zones: Locations that are typically steep, mountainous, and dangerous terrain that are not connected to city services. - Squatter Settlements: Also known as "favelas" or "barrios" form on the outskirts of the city and in the disamenity zone. - Zone of In Situ Accretion: Mixed-quality housing, a transitional zone from elite housing to squatter settlements.
Hoyt Sector Model
Based on improving the Concentric Zone Model. Use of sectors/wedges to classify each type of land use pattern. - Sectors develop along transportation routes. - Low income housing develops surrounding industry and major transportation routes. - Middle and high-income housing develops further from the city center and manufacturing so as not to experience heavy traffic, pollution, etc.
Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Based on the development of Chicago in the 1920s. Concentric rings are used to classify each type of land use pattern. Ring #1: Bid-Rent Theory -> The CBD is the location of major economic activity and the most expensive land. Ring #2: Zone of Transition. Factories and industry with a mix of low income apartments. Ring #3: Another ring of low income housing. High population density, poor living conditions. Rings #4&5: As distance from the CBD increases, the cost of land is less expensive -> Larger plots of land -> low population density -> single family homes.
Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
Cities develop around multiple focal points and build outwards to create a functional region. Site and situational patterns influence land-use patterns. - CBD remains an important location, however there are other, smaller business districts in various locations. - Manufacturing & Industry are located near transportation routes for easier shipping. - Similar businesses locate near each other to take advantage of labor pools, suppliers and communication. - Middle and high-income housing develops further from the city center and industry so as not to experience heavy traffic, pollution, etc.
Galactic City Model
Most modern, developed in the 1980s. Focuses on the decentralization and suburbanization of urban environments. - As suburbanization and the ownership of cars increased starting in the 1950s, urban areas developed differently than in the past. - Includes edge cities which are like mini-CBDs, which include shopping, entertainment, and offices and are typically located along transportation routes.