6th ed APA Manual

Citing in text with two or more sources for one statement

( Adams, 2012; Brown, 2013; Cole 2014) be sure to keep authors in alphabetical order and if same author, put most recent publication first

in-text citation - specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

in-text citation - 2 or more sources in same ()

(Smith, 1995; Jones, 1990)

What is the recommended maximum word length of a title?

12

APA Headings -- five heading levels

APA uses a system of five heading levels 1 Centered, boldface, uppercase, and lowercase heading 2 left-algined, boldface, uppercase and lowercase heading 3 indented, boldface, lowercase, heading with period 4 indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading, with period 5 indented, italicized heading with period

How does running head vary between page 1 and all other pages?

All other pages just have the TITLE IN ALL CAPS

reference page - edited book

Editors' names. (Eds.). (Year). {Title}. City: Publisher.

Citing in text with six and more authors

First and second citation- (Adams et al. 2012)

Citing in text with three to five authors

First citation- (Adams, Brown, & Cole, 2012) Second citation- (Adams et al., 2012)

Numbers: general rule

General rule of thumb use numerals to express numbers 10 and above and words to express below 10

Numbers: as numerals

Numbers as Numerals -numbers above 10 -numbers in your abstract (that aren't at the beginning of the sentence) -numbers immediately preceding a unit of measurement (5mg dosage) -numbers that represent mathematical functions (multiple by 5) -numberst that represent time, ages, score or points on a scale -numbers that reference a table or figure (In Table 1)

Abstract format

Running Head - now without "Running head:" - this is how it should show look at the rest of the paper Ex. Running head: AN AWESOME PAPER Heading; -abstract -centered but not bolded - at the top of the paper chapter 2

Abstract content

The abstract - should be a brief summary of your paper that is concise and accurate. - should contain, research topic, reseach question(s) participants, method, results(s), date analysis and conclusions - may also include possible implications - between 150-200 words - no indentation (block formatting) - best to write after finishing the paper. chapter 2

What page in a paper is page 1?

The title page

in-text citation - 2 authors

(Smith & Jones, 2006) Smith and Jones (2006)

title page - info included

Title Name School

In-text Citations: A work with 3 to 5 authors

When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all authors in the first phrase or in parenthesis (Harklau, Siegal, & Losey, 1999) In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses (Harklau et al., 1999) notice that there is not a comma between the author's name and "et al." "et al" = and others in latin

In-text Citations: Two or more works

When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them alphabetically by the author's name, add the year of publication, then separate by a semi-colon. OCD is typically treated with anti-anxiety medication (Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008). Despite the controversy, many physicians continue to prescribe the Drug A (Capuozzo & Anderson, 2011; Sady, 2010).

Numbers beginning a sentence, numbers or words?

Words

reference page - order of references

alphabetical, numbers go first

direct quotes - info

author, year, page #

reference page - online article

doi: ###### Retrieved from url Retrieved from database

quote < 40 words

enclose in quote marks and incorporate into sentence

in-text citation - 3 to 5 authors

first time - (all authors, year) after that - (1st author et al., year)

Are titles of periodicals and books bolded, italicized or underlined?

italicized

On reference list if there is one to seven authors...

list all authors

On reference list if there is eight or more authors...

list first six and then insert 3 ellipsis points(...) and add the last authors name. Do not use & with this citation!

title page - length of title

no more than 12 words

Reducings bias language (pp.70-77)

Avoid sexist basis -e.g. do not use he to refer to both sexes Avoid gendered pronouns -avoid "he" and or "she' Racial and ethnic identities, disablilities & age are other areas to avoid langage bias. You can describe participants using teh parameters of your research -e.g. "Results showed differences between those with high self-esteem compared to those with low self-esteeem..." -e.g. "Patients diagnosed with cancer..."

Book reference example (note: Quizlet can't show italics!)

Book: Last name, A.A. & Last name, B.B. (year). Title of the work. Location: Publisher. Triandis, H. C. & Smith, G.F. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

In-text Citations: Format for a quotation example

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a "delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena" (p.11). A traumatic response frequently entails a "delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena" (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

On the title page, where is the title placed?

Centered between right and left margins positioned in upper 1/2 of page

Electronic journal reference example (note: Quizlet can't show italics!)

Electronic journal: Last name, A.A., Last name, B.B., & Last name, C.C. (year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, volume, pp-pp. Thomas, A., Donnell, A. J., & Buboltz, W. C. (2001). The Hong Psychological Reactance Scale: A confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 2-13.

Heading & Subheadings

Function as an outline & reveal organization Bullets are not acceptable in APA Do not have just one subsection within a section (i.e., if you have an A, you must have a corresponding B) Incorrect: Procedure Survey. Correct: Procedure Survey. Stress hormones.

Main body -- format

Heading: sames as an abtract page Title: - same title from title page - centered on first page

In writing a paper you have to include " introduction" as a level 1 heading followed by "diabetes" as a level 2 heading. How do the 2 levels differ?

Introduction is centered, boldface, upper and lower case. Diabetes is flush left, boldface, upper and lower case. see chapter 2

Introduction -- format

Introuduction: - the introudction does not have a heading - text of your paper starts on the first line after the title. see chapter 2

reference page - article in magazine

Last name I. (Year, Month Day). Title. {Magazine}, pg-pg.

reference page - book

Last name, I. (Year). Title{italics}. City of Publication: Publisher.

reference page - newspaper article

Last name, I. (Year, Month Day). Title. {Newspaper}, p.#.

reference page - online newspaper article

Last name, I. (Year, Month Day). Title. {Newspaper}. Retrieved from url

reference page - three to seven authors

Name, A., Name, B., & Name, C. (Year). Article. {Journal, volume}(issue), #-#.

reference page - more than seven authors

Name, A., Name, B., Name, C., Name, D., Name, E., Name, F., . . . Name, G. (Year). Article. {Journal, volume}(issue), #-#.

reference page - two authors

Name, I. & Name, B. (Year). Article. {Journal, volume}(issue), #-#.

What is running head format?

Page 1 Running Head: TITLE IN ALL CAPS

Title page -- page header

Page header: - title flush left - "Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE" - no more than 50 characters - page number flush right-just the number - use the insert header option with different first page - repeated on every page, with one change

What is the title used on the "reference list" page?

References

reference page - subtitle

References

References Page -- content and format

References: All sources referenced in your paper must appear in your references section The first line of each entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (this is called "hanging indent") Entries are in alphabetical order, by the first author's surname (followed by 1st initial) Double spaced

References Page -- format

Running Head: Still there with the page number Heading: "References" should be at the top and centered, but not in bold Remember that this section starts on a new page

How is the title'SAVING THE WORLD ONE PATIENT AT A TIME: A PILOT STUDY' typed?

Saving the world one patient at a time: A pilot study

APA Headings -- misc.

Section headings always receive level one formatting Each sub-section of the Main Body begins at level 1 *Notice that none of the headings begin with a number

Main body -- content and format

The main body of your paper inludes: Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion This section begins on a new page (page 3) after the Abstract, but all four of the subsectsion within the main body flow without a page break - exeception if the title of the subsection spilts a page

Title page -- title

Title: -upper half of the page and centered - double-spaced - full-title of the paper -no more 12 words - no abbrevations - upper & lower case letters -name (no title or degree) - affliation (university, etc.) - no date & instructor name

References: format basics

Titles: Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Only book titles should be in italics Journals: Capitalize all major words in the title of a journal (not the title of the article) Volume: In italics

In-text Citations: Two Choices

Two types of citations: In-text: Lonsbary (2002) found that conversation increases empathy. Parenthetically: Engaging in conversation increases empathy (Lonsbary, 2002). Notice that there is not a period before the citation. The period only goes at the end of the sentence, following the citation.

In-text Citations: 6 and more authors

When citing a work with six and more authors, identify the first author's name followed by "et al." Smith et al. (2006) maintained that.... ..... (Smith et al., 2006) When referring to a work with more than six authors in-text: Smith and colleagues (2006) investigated....

In-text Citations: A work with two authors

When citing a work with two authors, use "and" in between authors' name in the signal phrase, but use "&" between their names in parenthesis. According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate (1997), "It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored" (p. 2). Some feminists researchers question that "women's responses to the war have been ignored" (Raitt & Tate, 1997, p. 2).

In-text Citations: Format for a quotation

When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase. Make sure to include the author's name, the year of publication, the page number, but keep the citation brief. Only include a page number when you are directly quoting someone else's words

In-text Citations

Whenever you refer to ideas or findings that are originally from another researcher, you MUST cite your source. Include the author's LAST name and the date of publication Do not include the title of the article or journal you used within text Barton (2015) found cat purring reduces stress. For quotations provide a page number as well but refrain from using quotes! In your papers it is better to over-cite, than to under-cite

Word Choice

Word choice influences how the reader interperts your paper -Use "participants" instead of "subjects" -do not use words such as "prove" or "proof" because we cannot prove a hypothesis or theory with a single study -Use "contribute" instead Avoid poetic language -minimize figurative language (e.g. metaphors) -do not use rhyming schemes -use simple, descriptive language

Reference List

alphabetize by last name; same last names as first author-go until there is a last name that is different; same author different works-place most recent in list

paraphrasing - in-text citation info

author and year (year does not need to be repeated in the same paragraph if the material is the same)

components of references

authors publication date title volume, issue- use if issue begins with page 1, page # url versus doi- use url if no doi

The title page contains two other items besides the title, what are they?

authors' name and college name

in-text citation - 6 or more authors

every time - (1st author et al., year)

reference page - electronic books

if anyone can access: Retreived from url if purchased: Available from url

Abbreviations

if you are going to be using a term, name, or expression more than three times or if the abbreviations is popular, then you should abbreviate it. The first time use the full expression followed by the abbrevation in parenthesis. From then on you should use the abbreviations -Obessive Complusive Disorder (OCD) is often considered a genetic disorder. Pervious investigations found that OCD occurs more in females than in males.

quote > 40 words

make the quote a block quote should appear apart from surrounding text, w/ each line indented 5 spaces from left margin, no quote marks and citation follows punctuation mark

in-text citation - secondary sources

name primary source in narrative list secondary source in references and include in in-text citation preceeded by "as cited in"

title page - number of characters on each line

no more than 50

Numbers ten and above, numbers or words?

numbers

What page of a paper is the abstract located on?

page 2

reference page - title capitalization

proper nouns and 1st word after colons

running head

upper-left margin starting on page 1, on all pages but "Running head" only appears on the first page, all caps

direct quotes - if electronic source, no page #

use paragraph # (para. #) and section headings if possible (count paragraph # from there)

in-text citation - no author

use the source's by the first word or 2 or its title

Numbers less then ten, numbers or words?

words

When listing three or more items, do you put a comma before the words and & or?

yes

reference page - book w/out author or editor

{Title (ed)}. (Year). City: Publisher.

in-text citation - 1 author

(Miller, 2006)

in-text citation - unknown publication date

(Murano, n.d.)

General Format -- sections

- Your essay should include four major sections - each of these sections begins on a new page - tables and figures follow the reference section - The main body includes: -introduction - method -results -discussion

General Format -- margins, space, running head, etc.

-Standard sized paper (8.5x 11) -typed 12pt time new roman font -double -space -1 inch margins on all sides - running head on every page - page number on every page

Precision and clarity: colloquial

1. Avoid colloquial (non-formal) expression a. "I will come up with a research..." b. "Many times..." c. "Whether or not..."

What is the word limit of the abstract?

150-250 words

in-text citation - groups as author

1st time - (National Endowment for the Arts [NEA], 2000) every time after - (NEA, 2000)

Precision and clarity: ambiguous approximations

2. Avoid approximations that are ambiguous and interpreted differently by different readers. a. "quite a large part..." b. "most people.."

Precision and clarity: cliches

3. Avoid clinches a. "Old as time..." b. "All that glitters..."

When quoting a source, what is the difference if the quotation is less than 40 words or 40 words and greater?

<40 incorporate into text with quotation marks. >40 indent 1/2 inch from left margin and double space entire quote. Needs to be cited with page number.

reference page - journal title capitalization

capitalize all words

reference page - indent

hanging

Citing in text with two authors

(Adams & Brown, 2012)

Citing in text with one author

(Adams, 2012) or Adams (2012)

in-text citation - more than author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878) (W. James, 1880)

Grammar (pp.77-86)

Use complete sentences -no fragments -complex sentences are welcomed (that doesn't mean run-on sentencs) No contractions -incorrect: "The results didn't show an increase...." -correct: " The results did not show an increase..."

In-text Citations: Other things to Remember

When citing a work of unknown author, use the source's full title in the signal phrase According to "Indiana Joins Federal Accountability System" (2008), ... When citing different authors with the same last name printed in the same year, include their first initials (B. Kachru, 2008; Y. Kachru, 2008) When citing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references Smith's (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants...

In-text Citations: Signal words

Acquiring a rich repertoire of signal words and phrases is the key to success in representing others' ideas in academic writing. Signal phrases are key to introducing quotations: According to Smith (2010), "......" (p.2). Smith (2010) argues that "......" (p.2). Use such signal verbs as: acknowledge, contend, maintain, respond, report, argue, conclude, etc..

reference page - two or more works by the same article

Author, I. (Yeara). Age . . . Author, I. (Yearb). Effects . . .

reference page - online lecture notes and presentation slide

Author, I. (Yeare). {Title} [PDF document]. Retrieved from url