ANATOMY MIDTERM

The combination of extra cellular fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

Matrix

Which cells are very sensitive to calcium levels in the blood

Muscle cells

Connective tissue structures that attach muscle to bone are called

Tendons

Structure K is where

The long bone joint with another bone

How could this tissue be described?

The tissue is for compression, which moves food through the organ

T/F: A small cut in the skin would be repaired through regeneration

True

T/F: The matrix hyaline cartilage consists of abundant collagen fibers

True

T/F: the common name for the antebrachium is the forearm

True

The heart, lungs, and small intestine are in body cavities located on the ____________ side of the body

Ventral

Your doctor suggests that you increase your calcium intake to maintain your healthy bones. You do not understand why the doctor suggested this since you are a healthy 32-year-old. What was the doctors reasoning?

You are at an age where calcium levels in the bone may start to subside, producing weaker bones later in life

The Striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from

actin and myosin arrangement

Which connective tissue type provides insulation

adipose tissue

Which of the following regional terms means the anterior surface of the elbow

antecubital region

Which of the following primary functions of the skeletal system applies to the role of red bone marrow?

blood cell production

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue

bone tissue

The process of depositing calcium salts into a tissue is called

Calcification

The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the _________

Cardiovascular system

Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury

Epithelial cells that are adapted for moving material along their apical surface usually have

Cilia

Skeletal muscle is to muscle tissue as bone is to ________________

Connective tissue

Which of the following accounts for almost 2/3 of the mass of bone tissue?

calcium phosphate

Neurons have

cell body, dendrites, and an axon

Which of the following is the correct sequence going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

The most diverse tissues of the body are

connective tissues

The most common type of cartilage is

hyaline

The antebrachial region is ___________ to the brachial region

inferior

The bones of the upper arms and thighs are classified as

long bones

_____________ refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body

metabolism

Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides

nervous system - responsiveness

Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function

nutrients

Immature, active bone cells that produce new bone matrix are termed

osteoblasts

Which of the following is found only in compact bone?

osteons

Two hormones that work together to elevate calcium levels in the body are ________ and ________

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called

perimysium

Muscle fascicles are separated by

perimysium

The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is

periosteum

The study of the function of the body and body parts is called:

physiology

An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus in ___________.

positive feedback

A person who is lying on his or her stomach is said to be in the

prone position

Which of these is not a survival need

reproduction

The production of another human organism is the function of which of the following systems

reproductive

Characteristics of most living organisms include the ability to

respond and adapt to their environment

The area between Z lines is the

sarcomere

The terminal cisternae are structural features of the

sarcoplasmic reticula

During regeneration, fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers known as ________ tissue

scar

Tarsal bones are classified as _____ bones.

short

Which type of epithelium secretes enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands

simple cuboidal

The type of epithelium that is found in the exchange surfaces of the lungs is

simple squamous

Which muscles are involuntary?

smooth and cardiac

Which tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs?

smooth muscle

Which of the following is a term used to describe the number of layers of epithelial cells

stratified

The main function of the respiratory system is

supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

neuroglial cells are

supporting cells around neurons

What is the anatomical term for the calf

sural

Which of the following is a correct statement about the stratified epithelial

they cover surfaces that are subjected to mechanical or chemical stress

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function are

tissues

Groups of cells that have a common function are termed __________.

tissues

Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony rods or plates called

trabeculae

Anterior is to ________ as posterior is to dorsal.

ventral

The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification: 1. Bone forms at the diaphysis surface 2. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify 4. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity 5. Blood vessels invade the inner cartilage and new osteoblasts form spongy bone at the primary ossification center

3, 1, 5, 4, 2

The region of a sarcomerer containing myosin, going from one end of the myosin molecules to the other end of the myosin molecules is the

A band

Which statement is true

An organ will likely be composed of different tissues

The armpit area is called the __________ region.

Axilla

Osteocytes

Maintain normal bone structure by recycling the calcium salts in the bony matrix around themselves

A primary function of the skeletal system is

Maintaining the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions in body fluids

The component of a homeostatic control system that provides the means for the control center's response is called the ______________

Effector

What is the main function of the urinary system

Eliminate metabolic waste from the body

Structure A is the

Epiphysis

The tissue type in the body that lines internal passageways is ____________ tissue

Epithelial

T/F: Correct anatomical position has the body erect and facing forward, hands at the side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, and feet turned out

False

T/F: collagen would be considered a component of the ground substance

False

T/F: smooth muscle cells are uninucleate spindle-shaped cells that are voluntary

False

T/F: stratified epithelium consists of one layer of epithelial cells

False

T/F: the maintenance of boundaries between the internal organs of the body and the outside world is achieved by the endocrine system

False

Which of the following cartilage types has little ground substance and has a matrix dominated by collagen fibers

Fibro cartilage

Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers

Have many nuclei

The area of the sarcomere that is the light region between two successive a bands is the

I band

Which of the following is an example of the skeletal system's primary function of providing structural support?

Individual bones provide a framework for the attachment of soft tissues and organs

Covering, protection, and control of body temperatures are functions of which organ system of the human body

Integumentary

The primary function of _____________ is exemplified when bones function as to change the magnitude and direction of the forces generated by skeletal muscle

Leverage

As a result of playing tennis in the summer heat without proper hydration, you have become very dehydrated. You are now in hypernatremia, a condition where your blood sodium levels are too high. Your brain tells you to drink water and, as a result, your blood sodium and hydration levels go back to normal. This illustrates

Negative feedback

During the process of _____________, an existing tissue is replaced with bone

Ossification

The bone cells that contribute to increases in calcium in blood are the

Osteoclasts

structure D is the

Periosteum

Perforating canals

Provide passageways from linking the blood vessels of the central canals with those of periosteum and the marrow cavity

The type of epithelium found lining the trachea is

Pseudostratified columnar

In response to tissue injury, the process during which fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers that are known as fibrous tissue is the start of

Regeneration

This connective tissue is found in organs with an open meshwork of thin collagen fibers- liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. It facilitates diffusion and cell movements.

Reticular connective tissue

Which type of epithelial lines the stomach and intestinal tract

Simple columnar

Which of the following statements describes how muscles help maintain homeostasis?

Skeletal muscle contractions help maintain body temperature

The bone tissue at J is ____________ bone

Spongy

When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees

distal

Exocrine secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through a

duct

Secretions that are discharged directly into the blood are characteristic of _____________ glands

endocrine

The system that controls and coordinates the body through hormones is the

endocrine system

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with

endosteum

A layer of collagen fibers that surrounds an entire muscle is called

epimysium

Which of the following is one of the four main types of tissue

epithelial

Which of the following accounts for most of the volume of connective tissues

extracellular matrix

A muscle ______________ contains a sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofilaments, and myofibrils

fiber