A & P 1- Swiger (Chapter 2)

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________. glycogen triglycerides glucose cholesterol

glycogen

Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals. triglyceride cellulose glucose glycogen

glycogen

Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat? high heat capacity cushioning high heat of vaporization polar solvent properties reactivity

high heat of vaporization

What type of bond is formed between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule? Space-filling molecular model and structural formula for water. nonpolar covalent bond ionic bond polar covalent bond hydrogen bond

hydrogen bond

Which of these pairs indicates an incorrect coupling of reversible reactions? anabolic and catabolic dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis hydrolysis and breakdown breakdown and synthesis

hydrolysis and breakdown

Salts are always ________. hydrogen bonded ionic compounds double covalent compounds single covalent compounds

ionic compounds

The pH scale __________. is linear is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is based on the salinity of a solution ranges from 1 to 7

is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number? protons None of them—atomic number and atomic mass number are essentially the same thing. neutrons electrons

neutrons

With a family history of cardiovascular disease, which toast spread would be considered the most "heart healthy?" butter containing butterfat margarine containing trans fats olive oil lard (pig fat)

olive oil

Lithium has an atomic number of 3. How many electrons are there in the outermost (valence) shell? zero one two three

one

A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond? nonpolar covalent bonds ionic covalent bonds polar covalent bonds weak bonds

polar covalent bonds

Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else? polar covalent bonds ionic bonds water oxygen

polar covalent bonds

Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom? protons and neutrons neutrons only protons and electrons electrons only

protons and neutrons

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________. addition of a water molecule between each two units removal of a water molecule between each two units addition of a carbon atom between each two units removal of a carbon atom between each two units

removal of a water molecule between each two units

Which of the following is a product in the following reaction? glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O sucrose fructose glucose oxygen (O2)

sucrose

Consider sweetened ice tea. Which of the following is a solute? ice sugar water the beverage itself

sugar

Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction. synthesis decomposition exchange reversible

synthesis

Hydrogen bonds would be found in which of the following? the geometric patterns formed by salt crystals a water molecule between any hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to any other atom and the atom it is bonded to the complex, three-dimensional structure of protein molecules

the complex, three-dimensional structure of protein molecules

When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? the neutrons the protons the outermost electrons both the protons and the electrons

the outermost electrons

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with ________. the consumption of energy forming a larger molecule a synthesis the release of energy

the release of energy

An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain? 26 total subatomic particles 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons The atomic number and the mass number do not provide enough information to determine how many of each subatomic particle is present. 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons

An atom with an atomic number of 10 and a mass number of 24 would have ________. 10 neutrons 14 electrons 24 protons 14 neutrons

14 neutrons

The numbers listed represent the number of electrons in the first, second, and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? 2, 8 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 8 2

2, 8, 1

What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)? 4:1 2:1 1:1 3:1

3:1

Atom X has 17 protons. How many electrons are in its valence shell (outermost energy level)? 7 5 3 10

7

If atom X has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following? 37 protons and 37 electrons 37 protons and 37 neutrons 74 protons 37 electrons

74 protons

Which of the following statements is true concerning the differences between compounds and mixtures? Compounds are all homogeneous. Mixtures consist of chemical bonds between the components. Mixtures are all heterogeneous. Compounds can be separated by physical means.

Compounds are all homogeneous.

Brenda is a 26-year-old female who is being discharged from the hospital after a vaginal delivery of an 8-pound healthy infant. Brenda is instructed by the nurse to eat a diet high in fiber and to drink 8 glasses of water per day to prevent constipation. Why? Dietary fiber adds bulk that cannot be absorbed by the body. This results in more water remaining in the digestive tract, easing the movement of feces through the bowel. Fiber adds bulk to the diet that cannot be absorbed. This results in less water remaining in the digestive tract, easing the movement of feces through the bowel. Fiber interferes the absorption of the excess volume of water in the digestive tract, allowing the correct amount of water intake to be taken up into the body. The increased water intake allows more of the fiber to be absorbed by the body. Fiber aids in the absorption of the excess volume of water in the digestive tract, allowing the increased water intake to be taken up into the body.

Dietary fiber adds bulk that cannot be absorbed by the body. This results in more water remaining in the digestive tract, easing the movement of feces through the bowel.

Cation

Electrically charged particle due to loss of an electron.

True or False: A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.

False

True or False: A weak base buffers an acid by completely dissociating and accepting all of the acid's H+.

False

True or False: About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds.

False

True or False: Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy.

False

Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-. a bicarbonate ion common in the liver a weak acid a proton donor

a bicarbonate ion

In general, the lipids that we refer to as oils have ________. a high degree of unsaturated bonds a high water content a high degree of saturated bonds long fatty acid chains

a high degree of unsaturated bonds

What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3? alkaline solution buffered solution acidic solution neutral solution

alkaline solution

What is an ion? an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s) an atom that loses all of its protons an atom that has lost one or more neutrons an atom that is sharing electrons with another atom

an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s)

Which of the following best describes an isotope? an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of protons an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of electrons an atomic structural variation in which atoms have valence shell difference an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons

an atomic structural variation in which atoms have differing numbers of neutrons

Which of the following would represent the attraction between an anion and a cation? a nonpolar covalent bond a polar covalent bond hydrogen bonds an ionic bond

an ionic bond

Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? adipose (fat) tissue atoms the heart cells

atoms

Which of the following is an example of a suspension? cytosol salt water rubbing alcohol blood

blood

ATP → ADP + Pi is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. reversible synthesis exchange decomposition

decomposition

Sucrose is a ________. triglyceride polysaccharide monosaccharide disaccharide

disaccharide

Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more? Cholesterol is produced by the pancreas, and is essential for human life. Cholesterol has a long half-life, and will take years to be broken down by the body. Cholesterol is present in plasma membranes, and you can only eliminate 20% of your body's cells safely. Cholesterol is produced naturally by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods. Cholesterol is present in all foods. Mr. Martinez did not actually remove all cholesterol from his diet, although he thought he did.

Cholesterol is produced naturally by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods.

Molecule

Combination of two or more atoms of the same element held together by chemical bonds

True or False: A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.

True

True or False: A chemical bond is an energy relationship between outer electrons and neighboring atoms.

True

True or False: All salts are ions, but not all ions are salts.

True

True or False: Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding ions.

True

True or False: Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

True

True or False: Mixtures are combinations of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but are not bound by chemical bonds.

True

True or False: Omega-3 fatty acids appear to decrease the risk of heart disease.

True

True or False: The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.

True

True or False: The atomic weight is an average of the relative weights (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element.

True

True or False: The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

True

True or False: The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis.

True

True or false: Hydrogen bonds are too weak to bind atoms together to form molecules, but they do hold different parts of a single large molecule in a specific three-dimensional shape.

True

Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds? An enzyme has a unique shape that allows it to bond only with specific molecules. Two strands of DNA are linked together taking a shape similar to a ladder. Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. Some hair is straight, some wavy, and some very curly.

Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas.

________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function. Vitamin K Vitamin A Vitamin D Cortisol

Vitamin D

Which of the following statements is false? The pH of blood is slightly basic. When acids and bases are mixed, they react with each other to form water and a salt. The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution. When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.

Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not? Yes, but only with other stable atoms. Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so. No, because they have an even number of valence electrons so they are already stable. No, because they do not have enough valence electrons.

Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so.

When your muscles contract to move your body, such as during walking, work is done, and work requires energy. Based on the Law of Conservation of Energy, from where does this energy come? mechanical energy stored in ATP heat chemical energy New energy is created by our cells whenever we need it.

chemical energy

Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest? hydrogen, ionic, covalent ionic, hydrogen, covalent covalent, ionic, hydrogen hydrogen, covalent, ionic

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? +1 +2 -2 -1

+2

Think about a 10% saline solution (saline refers to salt.). Which of the following is a correct statement? It contains 10% solvent and 90% water. It contains 10% salt and 90% solution. It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent. It contains 10% solvent and 90% solute.

. It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.

An acid with a pH of 6 has ________ hydrogen ions than pure water. 10-fold more 100-fold fewer 10-fold fewer 100-fold more

10-fold more

An atom with 3 electrons in its outermost (valence) shell may have a total of ________ electrons altogether. 3 17 8 13

13

Matter

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

In a covalent bond, Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Adjacent atoms share a single electron. An atom gains one or more electrons from another atom to gain stability. An atom loses electrons to another to gain stability.

Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

Energy

Can be measured only by its effects on matter.

A patient is hyperventilating. The "blowing off" of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. How can the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system function to correct this imbalance? CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3- HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and lower pH H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and raise pH HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and raise pH H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH

H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH

Which of the following is a neutralization reaction? HCl⟶H++Cl− NaOH⟶Na++OH− HCl+NaOH⟶NaCl+H2O NH3+H+⟶NH4+

HCl+NaOH⟶NaCl+H2O

Colloids

Heterogeneous, will not settle.

Suspensions

Heterogeneous, will settle.

A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Which physical property and which physiological role of water caused the dehydration, and why? Reactivity; the increased temperature of water in the body made it unavailable for use by the body. High heat of vaporization; water was lost when evaporating from the skin to cool the body. High heat capacity; the heat from the sun was absorbed and 'neutralized' by the water within the body, making it unavailable for use by the body. High heat capacity; water was lost when evaporating from the skin to cool the body. High heat of vaporization; the heat from the sun was absorbed and 'neutralized' by the water within the body, making it unavailable for use by the body.

High heat of vaporization; water was lost when evaporating from the skin to cool the body.

Solutions

Homogeneous, will not settle. Will not scatter light

How do ions form ionic bonds? One atom swaps all of its negative electrons for all of the other atom's positive protons. Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges. Two atoms come together to share their electrons. Ions of the same type are drawn together because they are attracted to their own kind.

Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.

Weight

Is a function of, and varies with, gravity.

Why can dehydration be such a life-threating event? Tissue interstitial fluid accumulates around vital organs, such as the heart, causing them to work less efficiently. It significantly alters the ratio of body water (solvent) to dissolved substances (solutes), such as sodium ions. The kidneys will excrete more sodium ions to make up for the lack of water intake. Blood chemistry is severely altered to the point that electrolyte concentrations of solutes such as sodium ions become too dilute

It significantly alters the ratio of body water (solvent) to dissolved substances (solutes), such as sodium ions.

Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water? Water's polar nature helps it to easily dissociate most covalently bound compounds. As a polar molecule, it's difficult for water to dissociate inorganic compounds. Its unusual polar arrangement allows more substances to dissolve in water than in any other chemical. Nonpolar organic molecules such as fats and waxes dissolve very well in water.

Its unusual polar arrangement allows more substances to dissolve in water than in any other chemical.

Which of the following statements is false? Chemical reactions proceed more quickly at higher temperatures. Chemical reactions progress at a faster rate when the reacting particles are present in higher numbers. Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reactions, sometimes while undergoing reversible changes in shape. Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.

Larger particles move faster than smaller ones and thus collide more frequently and more forcefully.

Although a man who weighs 175 pounds on Earth would be lighter on the moon and heavier on Jupiter, his ___ would not be different.

Mass

Based on the general theme of conservation, which of the following is most likely to happen if an athlete breaks his arm and must wear a cast and not use that arm for six weeks? Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used. The muscles in the injured arm will get stronger to compensate for the injured bone. The muscles in the injured arm will not change—only the bone was broken. The muscles in the other arm will get stronger in order to help out.

Muscles in the injured arm will get smaller because they are not being used.

Which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nerve impulses? Fe I Na P

Na

Neutron

Neutral subatomic particle

Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? No, because only atoms with 2 valence electrons are stable. Yes, because oxygen is in the air we breathe and it doesn't hurt us. Yes, because the Octet Rule says stable atoms have 8 electrons. No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.

No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.

Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds? Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. Only covalent bonds can form between molecules. Only ionic bonds can form within molecules. Only hydrogen bonds can form within molecules.

Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules.

Blood loss due to a moderate hemorrhage has several adverse effects on patient wellbeing. Why would administering IV fluids alone not be sufficient to return a patient to health? IV saline administration does not greatly alter blood sodium chemistry regardless of the amount of blood loss. Potential risk for over-hydration due to excess fluid infusion is too great to give IV fluids alone. Giving hypertonic IV fluids such as lactated ringers may cause more harm than good. Oxygen-carrying red blood cells lost along with the fluid component must also be replaced.

Oxygen-carrying red blood cells lost along with the fluid component must also be replaced.

Why is it possible to safely drink a solution that contains a 50:50 mixture of equal concentrations of a strong acid and a strong base, either of which, if ingested separately, would be very caustic and damaging? The mixture of a strong acid and base will still be very caustic if ingested. The damage caused by the acid is undone by the base. Salt and water are formed when a strong acid and base are mixed. The strong acid and base each act as a buffer for one another. A reaction occurs, resulting in a mixture of only weak acids and bases.

Salt and water are formed when a strong acid and base are mixed.

Atom

Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.

Mrs. Mulligan goes to her dentist and, after having a couple of cavities filled, her dentist strongly suggests that she reduce her intake of sodas and increase her intake of calcium phosphates in the foods she eats. Why? Sodas contain lots of sugar that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth. Sodas are strong acids that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth. Sodas contain lots of sugar that can dissolve the calcium carbonate in bone and teeth. Sodas are carbonated, and the increased carbon dioxide can dissolve the calcium carbonate in bone and teeth. Sodas are strong bases that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth.

Sodas are strong acids that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth.

Which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells? magnesium potassium hydrogen sodium

Sodium

Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds? The same number of electrons are gained by one atom as are lost by another. They are rather weak bonds. The electrons are shared unequally. Electrons are shared equally.

The electrons are shared unequally.

Which of the following is true? The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance. Atomic weight is determined by the number of protons in an atom of a given element. The chemical reactivity of an atom is based on the overall number of electrons in the atom. Atomic weight is determined by the number of electrons in an atom of a given element.

The reactivity of an atom is based on the number of electrons in its outer valance.

Which of the following is true about lipids? Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water. Lipids found in the cell membrane are composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid chains and are called phospholipids. Lipids that serve as hormones are derived from glycolipids. Lipids used as energy reserves in the body are stored as molecules of phospholipids.

Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.

Water is an important molecule because it __________. is a poor solvent since few things dissolve in it is non-polar has a low heat capacity can form hydrogen bonds

can form hydrogen bonds

Which four elements comprise approximately 96% of our body weight? carbon, oxygen, potassium, and sodium. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and potassium. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. carbon, oxygen, iron, and potassium

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense? two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the non-polar tails facing out on both sides a single layer of phospholipids with the polar heads facing outside the cell a single layer of phospholipids with the polar heads facing inside the cell two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides

two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides

Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? protons the orbitals the nucleus of each atom valence electrons

valence electrons

What molecule must be lost when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol? Bonding of fatty acids and polar phosphate groups to glycerol. hydrogen water carbon dioxide oxygen

water