A & P ch 7: Appendicular

the carpal bones of the wrist (16 total but 8 in each hand)

"Sam Likes To Push The Toy Car Hard". Lateral-to-medial order, first four words are proximal carpal bones and last are distal carpal bones •Proximal carpal bones include: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform; and the Distal carpal bones include: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate •Scaphoid- the proximal carpal bone on the lateral border of the wrist. Closeest carpal bone to the styloid process of the radius •Lunate- is between scaphoid and triquetrum, the lunate also articulates with the radius. •Triquetrum- small, pyramid shaped bone, next to the lunate but posterior to the pisiform. Articulates with the articular disc that separates the ulnar head from the wrist •Pisiform- pea shaped, sits anterior to the triquetrum •Trapezium- lateral bone of the distal row, articulates with the scaphoid •Trapezoid- wedge shaped, is between trapezium nd capitate, articulates with scaphoid •Capitate- largest carpal bone, between trapezoid and hamate. •Hamate- distal carpal bone, has a prominent hook projecting anteriorly. Next to capitate carpal bone

appendicular skeleton includes ?

126 bones; pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs •Pectoral girdles (4): includes the Clavicle (2) and Scapula (2) •Upper limbs (60): includes the Humerus (2), Radius (2), Ulna (2), Capal bones (16), Metacarpal bones (10), Phalanges (28 which includes proximal, middle, nd distal) •Pelvic girdle (2): includes the Hip/Coxal bone (2) •Lower limbs (60): includes the Femur (2), Patella (2), Tibia (2), Fibula (2), Tarsal bones (14), Metatarsal bones (10), Phalanges (28)

Dancer's fracture

Diaphysis of the fifth metatarsal is broken. Occur while the body weight is being supported by the longitudinal arch of the foot caused by sudden shift in weight from medial to lateral arch.

Pectoral girdles structure (4)

The clavicles (S-shaped) and scapulae (broad, flat) connect the upper limbs to the axial skeleton. •Clavicle originates at the lateral border of the manubrim of the sternum, lateral to jugular notch •Clavicle notch (sternal end) articulates with the sternum forming the sternoclavicular joint (only articulations between the pectoral girdles and axial skeleton). •The end of the clavicle (acromial end) articulates with a process of the scapula, the acromion, at the acromioclavicular joint. •Ligaments attach to the conoid tubercle (closest to acromial end) and costal tuberosity (closest to sternal end). •Scapula has a depression in the anterior surface called the subscapular fossa •Scapula forms a triangle, the three sides are called the superior border (top), medial border or vertebral boder (closest to the middle of the body), and the lateral border or axillary. •The superior angle is between the superior border and medial border, the inferior angle is between the medial border and the lateral border, and the lateral angle is between the lateral border and superior boder •Lateral angle forms a broad process that supports the glenoid cavity; glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the humerus forming the glenohumerol joint (attachment site for muscles) •Infront of the acromion (end that articulates with the clavicle) is a coracoid process •Posterior surface of scapula is convex, the ridges and processes are for muscle attachment •Scapular spine- ridge that crosses posterior surface of te scapular body, starts at acromion and ends at the medial border •Supraspinous fossa- a concave area superior to the scapular spine, posterior to the superior angle •Infraspinous fossa- region inferior to the spine, the posterior area of the scapula

epicondyles

processes that develop proximal to an articulation and provide additional surface area for muscle attachment

pubic symphysis

right and left pubic bones are attached to a median pad of fibrocartilage. Posteriorly, the rest of the bone (two ilia specifically), articulate with the sacrum

true and false pelvis

•Bony pelvis is divided into two regions; false pelvis and true pelvis •False (greater) pelvis consists of the expanded, bladelike portions of each ilium superior to the pelvic brim •pelvic brim is the bony margin of the true pelvis •pelvic inlet is the opening enclosed by the pelvic brim •pelvic outlet is the opening bounded by the coccyx, the ischial tunerosities and ischial spines, and inferior border of the pubic symphysis •True (lesser) pelvis encloses the pelvic cavity, inferior to pelvic brim

Humerus structure (2)

•Humerus (2) is the only bone located in the arm/brachium, articulates with the radius and ulna of the forearm. Lower epiphysis of humerus extends to the lateral epicondytes and medial epicondytes •Head- at the top proximal end, round, articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula •lesser tubercle- small projection that lies on the anterior medial surface of the epiphysis. Important site for muscle attachment •greater tubercle- rounded projection on lateral surface of epiphysis, this establishes the lateral contour of the shoulder. Important site for muscle attachment •intertubercular sulcus- is between the lesser and greater tubercles. A large tendon runs along the groove •anatomical neck- marks extent of the joint capsule •surgical neck- located in the matapysis of the growing bone. Name derives from fractures typically occurring at site. •deltoid tuberosity- large, rough elevation on the lateral surface of the shaft, halfway along it's length, named after the deltoid muscle which attaches to this site. •radial groove- depression that crosses inferior end of deltoid tuberosity. Can be seen on the posterior side, marks path of radial nerve, which provides sesonry info from the osterior surface ot the limb and motor control over the large muscles that straighten the bone. •radial fossa- accomodates portion of head of radius for the forearm and humerus to allow elbow to bend •coronoid fossa- anterior surface, next to radial fossa, located in distal epiphysis •olecranon fossa- posterior surface, in the distal epiphysis •Trochlea- pulley, spool-shaped medial portion of the condyle. Extends from the olecranon fossa to the coronoid fossa •Condyle- is where humerus articulates with the radius and ulna of the forearm, forming the radiohumeral joint, condyle is divided into two articular regions •Capitulum- forms lateral surface of the condyle

Arches of the foot

•The posterior portion of the calcaneus is a rough, knob shaped projection. This is the attachment site for the calcaneal tendon (achilles tendon), which arises at the calf muscles •Lateral surface of the trochlea articulates with the lateral malleolus of the fibula •Transverse arch describes the degree of curvature from the medial border to the lateral border of foot •in flatfeet, normal arches are lost or never form •main longitudinal arch- ties the calcaneus to the distal portions of the metatarsal bones. As a result, the medial plantar surface of the food remains elevated, so that the muscles, nerves, blood vessels that shoot the inferior surface are not squeezed between the metatarsal bones and the ground. •weight transfer occurs along the longitudinal arch of foot, amount of weight transferred forward depends on the position of the foot and placement of one's body weight; ex- stand normal and all weight is distributed equally •medial part has more elasticity than lateral part which provides more curvature •elasticity absorbs the shocks from sudden changes in weight loading, such as stresses that running or dancing places on toes

Ulna and Radius structure (4)

•Ulna and Radius are parallel bone supporting the forearm/antebrachium •Head of the radius- disc shaped, articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. Radial head swings into the radial fossa of the humerus when bending elbow •Neck of the radius- extends from the radial head to the radial tuberosity •Radial tuberosity- marks the attachment site of the biceps brachii muscle (large muscle on the anterior surface of the arm) •Olecranon- proximal end of the ulna, point of the elbow •trochlear notch of the Ulna- articulates with the trochlea of the humerus at the elbow joint •Coronoid process- forms inferior lip of the trochlear notch, during flexion (elbow bending), the coronoid process fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus •Radial notch- accomodates the head of the radius at the proximal radio-ulnar joint (where radius and ulna meet) •Interosseous membrane of the forearm- a fibrous sheet that connects the shafts of the ulna and radius •Ulnar notch of the radius- can be seen in posterior view, marks the site of articulation with the head of the ulna •Radial styloid process •head of ulna- located on distal epiphysis, is slender and rounded. Lateral surface of the ulnar head articulates with the distal end of the radius to for the distal radio-ulnar joint •Ulnar styloid process- short process attached to the posterior, lateral surface of the head of ulna. A triangular articular disc attaches to the styloid process; this cartilge separates the ulnar head from the bones of the wrist •Radial styloid process- helps stabilize the wrist joint. The distal end of the radius articulates with the bones of the wrist

patella structure

•a large sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris, a group of muscles that extend the kee •Base of patella- top of the bone •Attachment area for quadriceps tendon- located inferior to the base, on the anterior side •Attachment area for the patellar ligament, which attaches the patella to the tibia- located anterior side of the femur, superior to the Apex of patella •Apex of patella- distal end of the patella •Lateral facet- located on the posterior side of the patella, connects to lateral condyle of femur •Medial facet- located on posterior side of patella, connects to medial condyle of femur •Articular surface of patella- located on posterior side, near the distal end

tarsal bones, metatarsal bones and phalanges

•ankle and foot consist of tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, and phalanges •bones from the tarsus, or ankle, accept body weight from the leg and transfer it to the ground by distributing it through the bones of the foot. •The ankle consists of seven tarsal bones: calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones •Calaneus- heel bone, largest of the tarsal bones. When you stand normally most weight is trasmitted from tibia to talus, to clcaneus and then to the ground •Articulation between talus and tibia occurs across the superior and medial surfaces of the trochlea (a spool or pulley shaped articular process) •Talus- large, transmits weight of body from tibia towared toes •Navicular- anterior and inferior to the talus, medial side of ankle, articulates with the talus and with three cuneiform bones •Cuboid- articulates with the anterior and inferior surface of the calcaneus •Three Cuneiform bones- are arrange in a row, articulates with each other, is inferior to the talus. Named by position: Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, and lateral cuneiform •Metatarsals bones articulate with the cuboid and cuneiform bones. •Metatarsal bones are identified by Roman numerals I-V, proceeding from medial to lateral; I-III articulate with the threee cuneiform bones while IV and V articulate with the cuboid. •Each metatarsal bone articulates with a different proximal phalanx •Phalanges or toe bones (14); Hallux is the big toe and contains two phalanges (proximal and distal), the other toes have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal)

coaxal bone structure (lateral view or posterior to anterior) outer view

•consists of paired hip bones called coxal bones •each hip bone contains 3 fused bones: Ilium, Ischium, and a Pubis •Ilium dominates the hip bone, has markings along the margin called ilial spines: Posterior Superior iliac spine, Posterior Inferior iliac spine, Anterior Superior iliac spine, and Anterior Inferior iliac spine. These mark the attachment sites of important muscles and ligaments •Gluteal lines mark the attachment of large hip muscles. They include: Anterior, Inferior, and Posterior Gluteal Lines, the lines are located located in the ilium portion •Greater Sciatic Notch- passageway in which the large sciatic nerve reaches the lower limb, is located in the ilium portion •Iliac crest- is an importatnt ridge for muscle attachment, located on the top of the ilium •Lunate surface- is the smooth cup shaped articular surface •Acetabulum- A concave socket, articulates with the head of the femur. The ilium, ischium, and pubis meet inside the acetabulum, resembling a pie cut into three pieces •Acetabular Notch- a gap in the bony rim of the acetabulum •Ischial spine- projects superior to the lesser sciatic notch and on the lateral side of the ischium, marks where blood vessels, nerves, and a small muscle pass across the surface •Lesser sciatic notch- below the ischial spine •Ischial tuberosity- a roughened projection, bears the body's weight when you are seated

pelvis structure

•contains bones fof the axial skeleton (sacrum and coccyx) and the apendicular skeleton (hip bones) •interconnections increase stability of pelvis; an extensive network of ligaments connects lateral boders of sacrum with the iliac crest, ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, and acuate line. Other ligaments tie ilia to posterior lumbar vertebrae •sacro iliac joint- an articulation between the sacrum and adjacent ilium. These joints form union between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton •Pubic symphysis- is a fibrocartiage pad that forms the articulation between the two pubic bones •pelvis can be divided into the true pelvis and the false pelvis. The true pelvis encloses the pelvic cavity, a subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity

Adult male and female skeleton differences

•female pelvic adapted to support weight of fetus and passage through pelvic outle t during delivery •Male skull is heavier and rougher, cranium is aout 10% larger, forehead is more sloping, sinuses are larger, teeth are larger, mandible is larger and more robust/squarer •Female skull is lighter and smoother, cranium is about 10% smaller, forehead more verticle, sinuses smaller, teeth smaller, and mandible is small and narrower/less robust •Male pelvis is narrower; rougher and more robust. ilium is more vertical and extends further superior to sacro-iliac joint; Sacrum is long, narrow triangle with pronounced sacral curvature; iliac fossa is deeper; pelvic inlet is narrower, eart shaped; pelvic outlet is narrow; coccyx points anteriorly; acetabulum is directed laterally; obturator foramen is oval; pubic angle is less than 90 degrees •Woman pelvis is broader, smoother, less robust; ilium is less verticle, has less extension superior to sacral articulation; sacrum is broad, short triangle with less sacral curvature; illiac fossa is shallower; pelvic inlet is open, circular shaped; pelvic outlet is wide; coccyx points inferiorly; acetabulum faces slightly anteriorly; obsturator foramen is triangular; pubic angle is more than 100 degrees •Males have greater bone mass and density, more prominent bone markings •Females have lesser bone mass and density, less prominent bone markings.

femur structure (2)

•femur is the longest and heaviest bone; articulates with the hip bone at the hip joint and with the tibia of the leg at the knee joint •greater trochanter- large, rough projection that extends laterally from the junction of the head and shaft. The trochanters develop where large tendons attach to the femur •fovea capitis- a small pit in the center of the head of the femur, a ligament attaches the acetabulum to the femur •head of the femur- round, located at epiphysis, articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum •neck of the femur- joins the shaft at a 125 degree angle, located inferior to the head •lesser trochanter- projects posteriorly and medially from the junction of the head and shaft •intertrochanteric line- marks the edge of the articular capsule on the anterior surface of the femur •gluteal tuberosity- marks the attachment site of the gluteus maximus muscle •Intertrochanteric crest- located at the epiphysis, posterior of the femur next to the neck •linea aspera- is a rough ridfe that marks the attachment site of powerful hip muscles •lateral supracondylar ridge •medial supracondylar ridge •adductor tubercle- marks the attachment site of the adductor magnus muscle •popliteal surface- a flattened triangular area •patellar surface- smooth articular surface over which the patella glides, located anteriorly and inferior to the femur, between lateral and medial condyle •lateral epicondyle- on lateral side of distal epiphysis •medial epicondyle- on medial side of epiphysis •intercondylar fossa- on posterior side of femur, depression between lateral and medial condyle •lateral condyle- located inferior to the epicondyle, part of the knee joint •medial condyle- located inferior to the medial epicondyle, part of the knee joint

metacarpal structure (10 total/5 each) and phalanges of the hand (28 total/14 each)

•five metacarpal bones articulate with the distal carpal bones •Metacarpal bones are numbered in Roman numerals I (articulates to the trapezium and closer to radius side) to V (articulates with hamate and closer to ulna side) •Distally, metacarpal bones articulate with the proximal finger bones •each hand has 14 finger bones/phalanges, proximal to distal phalanges go in order of: Proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phalanx. The thumb goes in order from: proximal pollex to distal pollex. •Metacarpal I articulates with Proximal Pollex

coaxal bone structure (medial view or anterior to posterior) inner view

•iliac crest is located at the top •iliac tuberosity- a roughened area superior to the auricular surface. Ligamets originating here stabiline the sacro-illiac joint •Auricular surface of the ilium- articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum •greater sciatic notch- located inferior to the auricular surface •iliac fossa- a shallow depression that helps suport the abdominal organs and provides additional area for muscle attachment •arcuate line of the ilium- is continuous with the pectineal line of the pubis •Pectineal line- is a ridge that ends at the pubic tubercle, a small, elevated area anterior and lateral to the pubic symphysis •Pubic tubercle- projection at the pubis where the pectineal line ends •Obturator foramen- space that is closed by a sheet of collagen fibers whose inner and outer surfaces provide a firm base for the attachment of muscles of the hip •ischial ramus, inferior pubic ramus, superior pubic ramus are located at the botton of the coaxal bone as they form the obturator foramen

Tibia/shinbone and fibula structure

•medial and lateral tibial condyles- located at the proximal end of the tibia, articulates with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur •Fibula bone is lateral to the tibia but does not connect to the knee joint and bears no weight. •Fibula is important as a site for the attachment of muscles that move the foot and toes •Distal tip of the fibula extends lateral to the ankle •superior tibiofibular joint- inferior to the lateral tibial condule, connects fibula to tibia •Lateral tibial condyle- superior to the superior tibiofibular joint •head of the fibula- articulates with the tibia, the articular facet is located on the anterior, inferior surface of the lateral tibial condyle •Articular surface of medial tibial condyle- located superior to the medial condyle •Intercondylar eminence- is a ridge that seperates the condyles, can be seen posterior view better •Articulr surface for lateral tibial condyle- located beside the intercondyler eminence and superior to lateral tibial condyle •Tibial tuberosity- marks the attachment of the patellar ligament •Interosseos membrane- helps stabilize the positions of the tibia and fibula and provides additional surface area for muscle attachment •Anterior margin- is a ridge that begins at the tibial tuberosity and extends distally along the anterior tibial surface •Inferior tibiofibular joint- can be seen easier posterior view, is on distant end where the tibia connects to the fibula •medial malleolus-Large tibial process familiar as the medial projection at the ankle •Lateral malleolus- located at distal end of fibula, provides lateral stability to the ankle joint •inferior articular surface- located at distal end of tibia