A & P chapter 11-16
The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the ___________________
adenonypophysis
thin layer of gray matter comprising the outer portion of the cerebrum is called the ____________________
cerebral cortex
The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the
hypothalamus
At a chemical synapse, a(n) ________________ is released to stimulate the effector membrane
neurotransmitter
The "fight-or-flight" response is a function of which of the following? Select one: A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Cerebrum C. Somatic nervous system D. Hypothalamus E. Parasympathetic nervous system of motor neurons.
A. Sympathetic nervous system
Damage to which of the following cranial nerves could result in death? Select one: A. Vagus B. Accessory C. Abducens D. Facial E. Trigeminal
A. Vagus
The thin median membrane that separates the lateral ventricles is called the: Select one: A. septum pellucidum. B. cerebral aqueduct. C. septum insula, D. falx cerebri. E. interventricular foramina.
A. septum pellucidum
The thin median membrane that separates the lateral ventricles is called the: Select one: A. septum pellucidum. B. cerebral aqueduct. C. septum insula, D. falx cerebri. E. interventricular foramina.
A. septum pellucidum.
A funnel-shaped structure composed of elastic cartilage in the ear is called the
Auricle
The _________________nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, glandular activity, and cardiac muscle
Autonomic
Which of the following hormones changes the blood's osmotic pressure? Select one: A. TSH B. ADH C. Oxytocin D. ACTH
B. ADH
Atrial natriuretic peptide has exactly the opposite function of which of the following hormones? Select one: A. Norepinephrine B. Aldosterone C. Antidiuretic hormone D. Androgen E. Calcitonin
B. Aldosterone
Which of the following adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion? Select one: A. Beta 3 B. Alpha 2 C. Beta 2 D. Beta 3 E. Alpha 1
B. Alpha 2
Which of the following is important for the development of early immunity? Select one: A. Thyroid B. Thymus C. Adrenal glands D. Kidneys E. Liver
B. Thymus
Drugs that target muscarinic receptors are classified as: Select one: A, autonomic blocking drugs. B. parasympathomimetics. C. sympathetic blocking drugs. D. parasympathetic blocking drugs. E. svmpathomimetics
B. parasympathomimetics
Many visceral reflexes are regulated by the ___________________ and spinal cord.
Brain stem
Which of the following conditions may result from decreased levels of parathyroid hormone? Select one: A. Ketoacidosis B. Hyperglycemia C. Convulsions D. Profuse sweating E. Water retention
C. Convulsions
Which of the following hormones promotes conversion of lipids to glucose, and the formation of glycogen in the liver? Select one: B A. Aldosterone B. Secretin C. Cortisol D. Thymosin
C. Cortisol
Which of the following may be caused by insufficiency of insulin? Select one: A. Diabetes insipidus B. Goiter C. Diabetes mellitus D. Acromegaly E. Gigantism
C. Diabetes mellitus
Which of the following hormones increases the numbers of red blood cells? Select one: A. Atrial natriuretic peptide B. Aldosterone C. Erythropoietin D. Thyroxin E. Cortisol
C. Erythropoietin
Which of the following occurs when blood glucose levels fall? Select one: A. Insulin is released B. Protein synthesis decreases C. Glucagon is released D. Peripheral cells take up less glucose E. Parathyroid hormone decreases
C. Glucagon is released
Imbalances of the ANS cannot cause which of the following? Select one: A. Dysreflexia B. Hypertension C. Hydrocephalus D. Raynaud's disease E. Heart disease
C. Hydrocephalus
Which of the following is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas? Select one: A. Renin B. Lipase C. Insulin D. Glucagon E. Cortisol
C. Insulin
Which of the following are small phagocytic cells that engulf bacterial cells and cellular debris? Select one: A. Astrocytes B. Ependymal cells C. Microglia D. Oligodendrocytes E. Schwann cells
C. Microglia
Which of the following terms describes the condition in which an individual lapses into REM sleep directly from the awake state? Select one: A. Dreaming B. Moodiness C. Narcolepsy D. Insomnia
C. Narcolepsy
The myelin sheaths around axons, within the brain and spinal cord, are formed by which of the following? Select one: A. Schwann cells B. Ependymal cells C. Oligodendrocytes D. Astrocytes E. Microglia
C. Oligodendrocytes
Which of the following describes permissiveness? Select one: A. One hormone has the same effects as another hormone at a target cell B. The effects of two hormones have amplified effects when combined C. One hormone cannot have full effects without another hormone D. Integrative effects of two hormones E. One hormone opposes another hormone
C. One hormone cannot have full effects without another hormone
Which of the following terms describes the joining of the ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves? Select one: A. Dermatomes B. Lateral nerves C. Plexuses D. Autonomic nerves E. Tracts
C. Plexuses
Conduction of sound from the middle ear to the internal ear occurs via vibration of which of the following? Select one: A. Stapes against the tympanic membrane B. Malleus against the tympanic membrane C. Stapes in the oval window D. Malleus against the oval window E. Incus in the round window
C. Stapes in the oval window
Which of the following parts of the cortex stores musical memory? Select one: A. Occipital lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Frontal lobe E. Insula
C. Temporal Lobe
Which of the following is true about muscarinic receptors? Select one: A. They control sodium channels in the affected membrane. B. They are activated by norepinephrine. C. They are activated by acetylcholine. D. When stimulated, they always produce an excitatory response. E. They are located on the surfaces of ganglion cells, in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
C. They are activated by acetylcholine
Which of the following statements about postganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland is true? Select one: A. They have no endocrine function. B. They do not have nicotinic receptors. C. They release epinephrine into the blood circulation. D. They do not release neurotransmitters when stimulated. E. They release acetylcholine into blood capillaries.
C. They release epinephrine into the blood circulation.
Which of the following is the nerve impulse event related to potassium ions? Select one: A. They open in the trigger zone of the neuron. B. They maintain the membrane at resting potential. C. They repolarize the membrane by diffusing outward. D. They cause a local bioelectric current. E. They depolarize the membrane by diffusing inward.
C. They repolarize the membrane by diffusing outward.
Neurons are responsible for which of the following functions? Select one: A. Creating a two-dimensional framework for the CNS B. Destroying and engulfing bacterial cells C. Transferring and processing in the nervous system D. Repairing damaged neural tissue E. Controlling the internal environment of the body
C. Transferring and processing in the nervous system
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland secrete the hormone called
Calcitonin
The ion needed to initiate the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is ___________________
Calcium
The most common _______________________ are epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
Catecholamines
The optic nerve passes through the optic canal of each eye orbit, and forms the optic _____________ where fibers cross over partially.
Chiasma
A 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness is called a(n) _____________________ rhythm.
Circadian
A 24-hour cycle of sleep and wakefulness is called a(n) _________rhythm.
Circadian
Which of the following glands contains medullary chromaffin cells? Select one: A. Thyroid gland B. Posterior pituitary gland C. Pineal gland D. Adrenal gland E. Parathyroid gland
D. Adrenal gland
Which of the following is the connection between the cell body and the axon? Select one: A. Synapse B. Myelin sheath C. Collateral D. Axonal hillock E. Axon terminal
D. Axonal hillock
The third ventricle is surrounded by which of the following? Select one: A. Fissure B. Gyri C. Insula D. Diencephalon E. Sulcus
D. Diencephalon
Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to do which of the following? Select one: A. Decrease heart rate B. Decrease sweat C. Increase gastric motility D. Dilate bronchioles E. Decrease blood pressure
D. Dilate bronchioles
The central sulcus separates which of the following lobes? Select one: A. Frontal from insula B. Temporal from parietal C. Occipital from temporal D. Frontal from parietal E. Parietal from temporal
D. Frontal from parietal
Which of the following hormones is an antagonist of insulin? Select one: A. Growth hormone B. Prolactin C. Epinephrine D. Glucagon E. Oxytocin
D. Glucagon
Longer exposure to daylight may cause which of the following? Select one: A. Decreased levels of MSH in the blood B. Increased levels of melatonin C. Increased activity of the hypothalamus D. Increased levels of melanin production E. Increased activity of the pineal gland
D. Increased levels of melanin production
Which of the following is not a function of the prostaglandins? Select one: A. Involved in inflammation B. Effects upon blood clotting C. Increasing uterine contractions D. Increasing bone density E. Regulation of blood pressure
D. Increasing bone density
Which of the following is not an effect of the hypodermic injection of epinephrine? Select one: A. Increasing blood flow to the skeletal muscles B. Dilation of the bronchi C. Increasing blood pressure D. Increasing peristalsis E. Increasing heart rate
D. Increasing peristalsis
Which of the following hormones causes a decrease in FSH levels in both females and males? Select one: A. Aldosterone B. Somatostatin C. Testosterone D. Inhibin E. LH
D. Inhibin
Which of the following best describes the blind spot of the eye? Select one: A. It is where only rods are found. B. It is where more cones than rods are found. C. It is where the central artery originates. D. It is where the optic nerve leaves the eye. E. It is where the macula lutea is located.
D. It is where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Which of the following neuron types have several dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma? Select one: A. Tripolar B. Polypolar C. Unipolar D. Multipolar E. Bipolar
D. Multipolar
Which of the following is not a chemical classification or type of neurotransmitter? Select one: A. Purines B. Biogenic amines C. Amino acids D. Nucleic acids E. Acetylcholine
D. Nucleic acids
When sodium channels are inactivating and potassium channels are open, it is known as: Select one: A. hyperpolarization. B. depolarization. C. resting period. D. repolarization. E. absolute refractory period.
D. Repolarization
Which of the following are not glial cells in the central nervous system? Select one: A. Ependymal cells B. Microglia C. Oligodendrocytes D. Satellite cells E. Astrocytes
D. Satellite cells
The divisions of the cerebral hemispheres that are named after the overlying skull bones are called which of the following? Select one: A. Fissures B. Sinuses C. Gyri D. Sulci E. Lobes
D. Sulci
Excess cerebrospinal fluid is drained into which of the following? Select one: A. Falx cerebri B. Dural Sinus C. Jugular vein D. Superior sagittal sinus E. Cranial vein
D. Superior sagittal sinus
Which of the following is not true about steroid hormones? Select one: A. They are produced by the reproductive glands. B. They bind to receptors within cells. C. They are lipids. D. They are produced by the adrenal medulla. E. They are structurally similar to cholesterol
D. They are produced by the adrenal medulla
Which of the following is true regarding thermoreceptors? Select one: A. They are structurally different from cold stimuli. B. They are tonic receptors. C. They are the most complex of the peripheral receptors. D. They are scattered immediately beneath the surface of the dermis. E. They are also called tactile corpuscles.
D. They are scattered immediately beneath the surface of the dermis.
Which of the following is true about steroid hormones? Select one: A. They cannot diffuse through cell membranes. B. They are proteins. C. They are transported in the blood, dissolved in the plasma. D. They bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells. E. They remain in circulation for relatively short periods of time.
D. They bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells.
Which of the following is not true about the effect of adrenergic receptors on various organs? Select one: A. They decrease intestinal gland secretions. B. They increase blood flow to the skeletal muscles. C. They decrease concentrations of blood glucose. D. They increase secretion of the salivary glands. E. They dilate the pupils of the eyes.
D. They increase secretion of the salivary glands
Which of the following resembles a flat pancake? Select one: A. Large proteins with subunits B. Anionic cytoplasmic proteins C. Myelin sheaths D. Thinned cytoplasm near the tips of oligodendrocyte processes E. Nerve fibers
D. Thinned cytoplasm near the tips of oligodendrocyte processes
Diabetes insipidus is a condition related to ADH_______________________ in which the patient experiences intense thirst.
Deficiency
Hyposecretion of growth hormone in children can result in a condition called __________________
Dwarfism
Which of the following statements is not true about atrial natriuretic peptide? Select one: A. It is produced by the atria of the heart. B. It suppresses ADH secretion. C. It reduces the sensation of thirst. D. It promotes sodium loss at the kidneys. E It increases aldosterone secretion.
E It increases aldosterone secretion.
Which of the following hormones may be lost if the infundibulum is transected? Select one: A. LH B. ACTH C. TSH D. GH E. ADH
E. ADH
Which of the following is true about saltatory propagation? Select one: A. The greater the diameter of the axon, the slower the impulses that are conducted. B. Action potential is not produced. C. Sodium ions pass through cell membranes more easily than potassium ions. D. Voltage-gated channels are not common on the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers. E. Action potentials move much more quickly along axons.
E. Action potentials move much more quickly along axons.
Which of the following hormones regulates the sodium ion concentration of the blood? Select one: A. Growth hormone D B. Calcitonin C. Gonadotropin D. Glucagon E. Aldosterone
E. Aldosterone
The enzyme called renin is responsible for the activation of which of the following? Select one: A. Adrenaline B. Erythropoietin C. Atrial natriuretic peptide D. Cortisol E. Angiotensin
E. Angiotensin
Which of the following are the most abundant and largest glial cells? Select one: A. Oligodendrocytes B. Schwann cells C. Satellite cells D. Microglial cells E. Astrocytes
E. Astrocytes
The brain and spinal cord comprise which of the following? Select one: A. Peripheral nervous system B. Afferent nervous system C. Efferent nervous system D. Autonomic nervous system E. Central nervous system
E. Central nervous system
Which of the tollowing are branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon? Select one: A. Synaptic knobs B. Hillocks C. Synapses D. Telodendria E. Collaterals
E. Collaterals
Which of the following is true about the pancreatic islets of Langerhans? Select one: A. Secrete alkaline juice B. Make up most of the pancreas C. Produce amylase enzyme D. Produce digestive enzymes E. Contain endocrine cells
E. Contain endocrine cells
Which of the following cranial nerves carries taste impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue? Select one: A. Cranial nerve VIll B. Cranial nerve V C. Cranial nerve II D D. Oral nerve E. Cranial nerve VII
E. Cranial nerve VII
Which of the following is the role of parathyroid hormone? Select one: A. Increasing cell utilization of glucose B. Decreasing calcium absorption from the small intestine C. Increasing calcium excretion from the body D. Increasing bone formation and lowering blood calcium levels E. Demineralizing bone and increasing blood calcium levels
E. Demineralizing bone and increasing blood calcium levels
Insulin consists of two amino acid chains that are linked by which of the following? Select one: A. Double helix bonds B. Disaccharide bonds C. Diphosphate bonds D. Dipeptide bonds E. Disulfide bonds
E. Disulfide bonds
Which of the following are ciliated CNS neuroglia that aid in moving the cerebrospinal fluid? Select one: A. Oligodendrocytes B. Microglial cells C. Astrocytes D. Schwann cells E. Ependymal cells
E. Ependymal cells
Excessive secretion of growth hormone in children may cause which of the following? Select one: A. Acromegaly B. Myxedema C. Dwarfism D. Cretinism E. Gigantism
E. Gigantism
Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in a patient suffering from Addison's disease? Select one: A. Decreased levels of ACTH B. Water retention C. Edema D. Muscle protein loss E. Hypoglycemia
E. Hypoglycemia
Which of the following cranial nerves control eye movements? Select one: A. Il, Ill, and IV B. I, Ill, and V C. X, XI, and XIl D. V, VIl, and IX E. Ill, IV, and VI
E. Ill, IV, and VI
Which of the following is a true statement about multiple sclerosis? Select one: A. It can be prevented by a vaccine. B. It occurs at any age. C. It is caused by a rotavirus. D. It can be diagnosed by chest x-ray. E. It involves demyelination of axons.
E. It involves demyelination of axons.
Absence of thyroid hormone may cause which of the following? Select one: A. Increased heart rate and hypertension B. Sweating C. High metabolic rate D. Exophthalmos E. Lethargy and mental sluggishness
E. Lethargy and mental sluggishness
Which of the following are classified as eicosanoids? Select one: A. Hydrocortisones B. Serotonin C. Melanotropin D. Erythropoietin E. Leukotrienes
E. Leukotrienes
Complex synaptic terminals exist at which of the following? Select one: A. Synaptic delay B. Synaptic vesicles C. Synaptic knobs D. Synaptic transmission E. Neuromuscular junctions
E. Neuromuscular junctions
Which of the following are the gaps between adjacent Schwann cells? Select one: A. Saltatory nodes D B. Axonal hillocks C. Synaptic nodes D. Synapses E. Nodes of Ranvier
E. Nodes of ranvier
Which of the following cranial nerves attaches to the cerebrum? Select one: A. Oculomator nerve B. Vagus nerve C. Accessory nerve D. Abducens nerve E. Olfactory nerve
E. Olfactory nerve
Protein kinase C is an enzyme that performs which of the following? Select one: A. Resistance B. Food digestion C. Diffusion D. Exhaustion E. Phosphorylation
E. Phosphorylation
Which of the following is the cartilaginous structure that surrounds the external auditory meatus? Select one: A Saccule B. Utricle C. Labyrinth D. Ossicle E. Pinna
E. Pinna
Which of the following is true about the pancreatic islets of Langerhans? Select one: A. Secrete alkaline juice B. Produce amylase enzyme C. Contain endocrine cells D. Make up most of the pancreas E. Produce digestive enzymes
E. Produce digestive enzymes
Which of the following hormones is an insulin antagonist? Select one: A. Cholecystokinin B. Renin C. Ghrelin D. Gastrin E. Resistin
E. Resistin
Which of the following special senses contains mitral cells? Select one: A. Sense of equilibrium B. Sense of taste C. Sense of sight D. Sense of hearing E. Sense of smell
E. Sense of smell
Which of the following nervous system divisions is the primary controller of blood pressure? Select one: A. Parasympathetic B. Somatic C. Resting D. Craniosacral E. Sympathetic
E. Sympathetic
Which of the following release neurotransmitters? Select one: A. Synapses B. Cell bodies of neurons C. Dendrites D. Hillocks E. Synaptic knobs
E. Synaptic knobs
Which of the following is true about hormones? Select one: A. They affect only non-hormone-producing organs. B. They are made up only by amino acids. C. They remain at constant concentrations in the blood. D. They are produced by the exocrine glands. E. They are carried to all parts of the body by the blood.
E. They are carried to all parts of the body by the blood.
Which of the following is also known as the sympathetic division of the ANS? Select one: A. Somatic division B. Resting division C. Craniosacral division D. Sensory division E. Thoracolumbar division
E. Thoracolumbar division
Thyroid hormone is synthesized from which of the following? Select one: A. Tetraiodothyronine 0 B. Colloid C. Thyroxine D. Triodothyronine E. Thyroglobulin
E. Thyroglobulin
Which of the following is the primary function of ADH? Select one: A. To dilate peripheral blood vessels to decrease blood pressure B. To prevent urination C. To increase absorption along the digestive tract D. To decrease the amount of water lost via the kidneys E. To increase the amount of water lost via the kidneys
E. To increase the amount of water lost via the kidneys
Which of the following cranial nerves does not originate from the medulla oblongata? Select one: A. Vagus (X) B. Vestibulocochlear (VIll) C. Hypoglossal (KIl) D. Glossopharyngeal (IX) E. Trigeminal (V)
E. Trigeminal (V)
Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary gland? Select one: A. Growth hormone B. Sterogen C. Prolactin D. Luteinizing hormone E. Vasopressin
E. Vasopressin
Which of the cranial nerves was previously called the auditory nerve? Select one: A. Vagus B. Trochlear C. Trigeminal D. Facial E. Vestibulocochlear
E. Vestibulocochlear
Approximately 70% of all sensory receptors are found in the _________
Eyes
The orbicularis oculi closes the eye and is controlled by the ____________ nerve.
Facial
-The adrenal medulla produces androgens. Select one: True False
False
A hormone that is synergistic to growth hormone is renin. Select one: True False
False
Alpha cells are to insulin as beta cells are to glucagon. Select one: True False
False
Cranial nerves are connected to the spinal cord, Select one: True False
False
FSH and H affecting the urinary organs regulate the water concentration of body fluids. Select one: True False
False
Neurons conduct phagocytosis and produce myelin. Select one: True False
False
Preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers release norepinephrine. Select one: True False
False
Sodium and potassium ions move from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration, based or permeability. Select one: True False
False
Steroid hormones are insoluble in lipids. Select one: True False
False
Temporal summation involves simultaneous stimuli that are applied at different locations. Select one: True False
False
The ANS is mostly controlled by only the brain. Select one: True False
False
The SNS consists of cranial and autonomic nerves. Select one: True False
False
The auditory ossicles are located in the inner ear, Select one: True False
False
The auditory ossicles are located in the inner ear. Select one: True False
False
The auricle of the external ear is also called the helix. Select one- True False
False
The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the cardiovascular system in many ways Select one: True False
False
The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes. Select one: True False
False
The olfactory nerve is associated with the sense of hearing. Select one: True False
False
The pituitary hormone that stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin is STH. Select one: True False
False
The primary metabolic effect of cortisol is as a mineralocorticoid. Select one: True False
False
The processing in the cortical sensory areas is called adaptation. Select one: True False
False
The terminal ganglia of the parasympathetic division are in the vertebral column. Select one: True False
False
The vascular system is almost entirely innervated by parasympathetic fibers. Select one: True False
False
The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands produces epinephrine. Select ones True False
False
There are lateral horns in the sacral spinal cord regions, as compared to the sympathetic neurons in the thoracolumbar regions. Select one: True False
False
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of fatty acids. Select one: True False
False
lodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thymosin. Select one: True False
False
The stomach secretes gastrin and ________________
Ghrelin
Alpha islet cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone called
Glucagon
Alpha islet cells of the pancreas secrete the hormone called _________________[
Glucagon
Any stimulus that opens a gated channel will produce a(n) ___________potential.
Graded
The three types of cones are referred to as red cones, blue and ___________ cones.
Green
Acromegaly is the result of hypersecretion of _______________ hormone.
Growth
Alcohol intake inhibits ADH secretion and ___________________ urine output.
Increases
Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of _______________ and calcium.
Iodines
The middle layer of the eye includes the choroid coat, ciliary body, and
Iris
_____________________glands are large glands located along the margin of the eyelid and secrete lipid rich products.
Meibomian
The most superior region of the brain stem is the ________________
Midbrain
Drugs that mimic the activity of one of the normal autonomic neurotransmitters are called
Mimetic
The efferent division carries ____________ commands to muscles and glands.
Motor
____________________neurons are the most common type of neurons in the central nervous system
Multipolar
Damage to the_______________ sheath in Guillain-Barre syndrome may be repaired.
Myelin
____________________is a wrapping, primarily made up of lipids, produced by some glial cells.
Myelin
Ependymal cells and astrocytes are types of ________________
Neuroglia.
The nondominant hemisphere controls _____________________________ functions and intuitive and emotional thoughts.
Nonverbal
Most taste buds are found on the surface of the tongue, with tiny elevations called
Papillae
Mechanically regulated channels open or close in response to _____________ distortion of the membrane surface.
Physical
The voltage across a membrane is a measure of the _______________across the membrane.
Potential
The major motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the ___________________gyrus.
Precentral
The secretion of prolactin is regulated by a neuroendocrine __________________ Which involves both the endocrine and nervous systems.
Reflex
The zona__________________produces sex hormones, which are called androgens.
Reticularis
The longest and thickest nerve in the body is the ______________ nerve.
Sciatic
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland produces _______ hormones.
Six
The part of the nervous system that is voluntary and conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the __________________ nervous systems
Somatic
The addition of several stimuli arriving at different locations on the same cell, to produce an action potential is called _________________
Spatial summation
The hypophyseal portal veins pass along the pituitary _____________________ to the capillary network of the anterior pituitary.
Stalk
ACh binding to nicotinic receptors always causes ______________ directly opening channels and depolarizing postsynaptic cells.
Stimulation
When one hormone produces the same effects as another hormone at a target cell, it is called
Synergism
The minimum amount of stimulus required to depolarize an excitable membrane and generate an action potential is called _________________
Threshold
The ______________gland is especially large in early childhood, after which it decreases in size and function with age
Thymus
The_________________ gland is especially large in early childhood, after which it decreases in size and function with age.
Thymus
The largest endocrine gland in the body is the
Thyroid
Which of the following hormones is an example of neural stimuli? Select one: A. Epinephrine B. Growth hormone C. Thyroid hormone D. Insulin E. Parathyroid hormone
A. Epinephrine
Which of the following reflexes are also known as myotatic reflexes? Select one: A. Somatic B. Innate C. Visceral D. Long E. Autonomic
A. Somatic
Which of the following best describes spinal nerves? Select one: A. Interneuronal nerves B. Mixed nerves C. Only motor nerves D. Only sensory nerves E. Involuntary nerves
B. Mixed nerves
Which of the following is not a mixed cranial nerve? Select one: A. Oculomotor nerve B. Olfactory nerve C. Vagus nerve D. Facial nerve E. Trigeminal nerve
B. Olfactory nerve
Which of the following types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life? Select one: A. Auditory inner hair cells B. Olfactory receptor cells C. Gustatory epithelial cells D. Auditory outer cells E. Retinal ganglion cells
B. Olfactory receptor cells
Autonomic ganglia are motor ganglia, and contain the cell _________[[[
Bodies
The radial nerve is the largest branch of the ________________ plexus.
Brachial
Calcium ions act as messengers, usually in combination with an intracellular protein called: Select one: A. calcitonin. B. antidiuretic hormone. C. calmodulin. D. adrenocorticotropic hormone. E. thyroid-stimulating hormone,
C. Calmodulin
Which of the following is true about the pancreatic islets of Langerhans? Select one: A. Secrete alkaline juice B. Produce amylase enzyme C. Contain endocrine cells D. Make up most of the pancreas E. Produce digestive enzymes
C. Contain endocrine cells
Which of the following hormones regulates ovarian hormone synthesis? Select one: A. ACTH B. FSH C. LH D. Oxytocin E. ADH
C. LH
Which of the following are classified as ecosanoids? Select one: A. Melanotropin B. Erythropoietin C. Leukotrienes D. Hydrocortisones E. Serotonin
C. Leukotrienes
Which of the following is the vital center for the control of respiration and blood pressure? Select one: A. Pons B. Cerebellum C. Medulla D. Midbrain E. Cerebrum
C. Medulla
Which of the following parts of the ear contains an ampulla? Select one: A. Ossicle B. Utricle C. Semicircular duct D. Pinna E. Labyrinth
C. Semicircular duct
Which of the following is a junction between any two communicating neurons? Select one: A. Synaptic vesicle B. Synaptic transmission C. Synapse D. Chemical synapse E. Synaptic terminal
C. Synapse
Which of the following statements refers to central adaptation? Select one: A. The change in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated B. Increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus C. A change in motor receptivity of a neuron D. Inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway E. A phenomenon that is characteristic of phasic receptors
D. Inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway
Which hormone controls appetite and increases energy expenditure? Select one: A. Secretin B. Gastrin C. Erythropoietin D. Leptin E. Renin
D. Leptin
Which of the following are alternate names for prolactin and ACTH? Select one: A. Oxytocin and insulin B. Oxytocin and mammotropin C. Oxytocin and corticotropin D. Mammotropin and corticotropin E. Gonadotropin and mammotropin
D. Mammotropin and corricotropin
Which of the following hormones is secreted from the pars intermedia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Select one: A. Prolactin B. Luteinizing hormone C. Growth hormone D. Melanotropin E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
D. Melanotropin
Which of the following is not a visual pigment of the eye? out Select one: A. Retinine B. Rhodopsin C. Retinal D. Melatonin E. Opsin
D. Melatonin
Which of the following hormones is responsible for body metabolism? Select one: A. Aldosterone B. Thymosin C. Calcitonin D. Thyroxine E. Parathyroid hormone
D. Thyroxine
Which of the following body organs are the primary targets of the F cells? Select one: A. Lymphatic organs B. Brain and CSF C. Lungs D. Kidneys E. Digestive organs
E. Digestive organs
The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct __________________ regulation.
Endocrine
Larger axons are enclosed in myelin sheaths that originate from astrocytes. Select one: True False
False
Most nerves are sensory nerves, and the other two types are mixed and relatively rare. Select one: True False
False
Myelin decreases the speed at which an action potential travels along the axon. Select one• True False
False
The gyri of the surface of the cerebellum are known as folia. Select one: True False
False
Blood levels of ____________________ are higher when there is more stored fat.
Leptin
Neostigmine is used to treat myasthenia gravis, which impairs the activity of skeletal muscle. Select one: True False
True
The time during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the _________________
refractory period
Thyroid-stimulating hormone is also known as
thyrotropin
Which of the following causes a local bioelectric current to reach other portions of the membrane? Select one: A. Action potential B. Resting potential C. Threshold potential D. Nerve impulse E. All-or-none phenomenon
A. Action potential
Which of the following are the brain waves produced by normal adults while resting, with their eyes closed? Select one: A. Alpha B. Beta C. Theta D. Gamma E. Delta
A. Alpha
Which of the following structures of the ear functions to amplify the force of vibrations? Select one: A. Auditory ossicles B. Maculae C. Oval window D. Utricles E. Cochlea
A. Auditory ossicles
The ventral rami of spinal nerves Cs to Ty form which of the following plexuses? Select one: A. Brachial B. Lumbar C. Cervical D. Thoracic E. Sacral
A. Brachial
Which of the following connects the two cerebral hemispheres? Select one: A. Corpus callosum B. Pons C. Cerebellum D. Midbrain E. Brain stem
A. Corpus callosum
Which of the following is not a symptom of autonomic neuropathy? Select one: A. Decreased blood pressure B. Dizziness after standing up quickly C. Slowed reactions of the pupils D. Urinary incontinence E. Abnormal sweating
A. Decreased blood pressure
The hormone osteocalcin may be an effective form of treatment for which of the following? Select one: A. Diabetes type 2 B. Graves' disease C. Hypertension D. Myxedema E. Hypothyroidism
A. Diabetes type 2
The phrenic nerves supply sensory and motor fibers to which of the following muscles? Select one: A. Diaphragm B. Levator scapula C. Trapezius D. Sternocleidomastoid E. Pectoralis minor
A. Diaphragm
Which of the following terms means "double vision"? Select one: A. Diplopia B. Presbyopia C. Hyperopia D. Hypopia E. Myopia
A. Diplopia
Which of the following is the most dorsal part of the diencephalon, and forms the roof of the third ventricle? Select one: A. Epithalamus B. Midbrain C. Pons D. Medulla oblongata E. Limbic system
A. Epithalamus
Which of the following occurs when blood glucose levels fall? Select one: A. Glucagon is released B. Insulin is released C. Protein synthesis decreases D. Parathyroid hormone decreases E. Peripheral cells take up less glucose
A. Glucagon is released
Which of the following is not a function of thyroid hormone? Select one: A. Increasing blood calcium levels B. Increasing basal metabolic rate C. Calorigenic effects D. Maintaining blood pressure E. Regulating tissue growth
A. Increasing blood calcium levels
Which of the following is not a function of neuroglia? Select one: A. Making up the perikaryon B. Producing components of myelin C. Producing cerebrospinal fluid D. Conducting phagocytosis E. Providing structural frameworks
A. Making up the perikaryon
Which of the following is the most common type of neurons in the human body? Select onet A. Multipolar B. Tripolar C. Bipolar D. Anaxonic E. Unipolar
A. Multipolar
A current is a movement of charged particles in response to a potential difference. Select one: True False
True
A neural cortex is found on the surface of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Select one: True False
True
Aldosterone release occurs in response to angiotensin Il. Select one: True False
True
Aldosteronism is the hypersecretion of aldosterone. Select one: True False
True
An average adult has between 2,000 and 10,000 taste buds. Select one: True False
True
Any shift from the resting potential toward O mV is called a depolarization. Select one: True False
True
Damage to the Schwann cells by a bacterial infection may destroy myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous svstem. Select one: True False
True
Hormones diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the bloodstream. Select one: True False
True
Hypersecretion of cortisol can cause Cushing's disease. Select one: True False
True
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing somatomedins, select one: True False
True
Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing somatomedins. Select one: True False
True
Nerve tissue contains neurons and neuroglia. Select one: True False
True
Proper growth requires thyroid hormone and somatotropin. Select one: True False
True
Rhodopsin is a light-sensitive biochemical in rods that is also known as visual purple. Select one: True False
True
Sensory receptors are diverse but sensitive to certain types of environmental changes. Select one: True False
True
Sympathomimetic drugs stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors to constrict nasal mucosa blood vessels. Select one: True False
True
Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia include flushing of the face, headache, and sweating. Select one: True False
True
The cochlea is a snail-shaped and conical chamber that links the anterior vestibule. Select one: True False
True
The cytoplasm of a neuron contains many sac-like Niss| bodies. Select one: True False
True
The dorsal root is also known as the dorsal root ganglion. Select one: True False
True
The effects of ACh and NE upon their effectors are not always excitatory or inhibitory. Select one: True False
True
The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the organ of Corti. Select one: True False
True
The kidneys are responsible for the secretion of renin, calcitriol, and erythropoietin. Select one: True False
True
The major hyposecretory disorder of the adrenal cortex is known as Addison's disease. Select one: True False
True
The mapping of the CNS structures of the body is referred to as somatotopy. Select one: True False
True
The sympathetic division may be referred to as the "E division." Select one: True False
True
Two hormones that have additive effects are called synergists. Select one: True False
True
Which of the following spinal nerves innervate the muscles of the neck? Select one: A. Sacral B. Cervical C. Thoracic D. Coccygeal E. Lumbar
B. Cervical
The ciliary body develops anteriorly from which of the following? Select one: A. Retina B. Choroid C. Sclera D. Lens E. Ora serrata
B. Choroid
Which of the following body organs are the primary targets of the F cells? Select one: A. Lymphatic organs B. Digestive organs C. Kidneys D. Brain and CSF E. Lungs
B. Digestive Organs
Which of the following hormones corresponds, in females, to testosterone in males? Select one: A. Luteinizing hormone B. Estrogen C. Prolactin D. FSH E. Progesterone
B. Estrogen
Which of the following may occur when ependymal cells are damaged? Select one: A. Neurotransmitters are transported within axons. B. Formation of cerebrospinal fluid C. Formation of myelin sheaths D. Axons are repaired. E. Formation of ganglia
B. Formation of cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the following hormones is secreted from the stomach? Select one: A. Glucagon B. Ghrelin C. Incretin D. Cholecystokinin E. Secretin
B. Ghrelin
Which of the following hormones is not fat-soluble? Select one: A. Androgen B. Glucagon C. Cortisol D. Testosterone E. Progesterone
B. Glucagon
Which of the following is not a function of the prostaglandins? Select one: A. Effects upon blood clotting B. Increasing bone density C. Regulation of blood pressure D. Involved in inflammation E. Increasing uterine contractions
B. Increasing bone density
Which of the following is true about oxytocin? Select one: A. It decreases sweat. B. It is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism. C. It increases blood levels of calcium. D. It controls milk production. E. It is an adenohypophyseal secretion.
B. It is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism.
Which of the following sensations is provided by interceptors? Select one: A. Touch B. Pain C. Smell D. Temperature E. Taste
B. Pain
Which of the following lies within the abdominopelvic cavity, near the border between the stomach and the small intestine? Select one: A. Thyroid gland B. Pancreas C. Testis D. Adrenal gland E. Thymus gland
B. Pancreas
Which of the following is the function of the cerebral nuclei? Select one: A. Plans and coordinates voluntary muscle activity B. Provides the general pattern and rhythm for movements, such as walking C. Controls the secretions of the pituitary gland D. Controls respiration and blood pressure E. Coordinates sensory information
B. Provides the general pattern and rhythm for movements, such as walking
The dural and arachnoid membranes extend inferiorly to which of the following? Select one: A. L2 B. S2 C. L1 D. S4 E. S1
B. S2
Which of the following nerves is the largest and longest branch of the sacral plexus? Select one: A. Tibial B. Sciatic C. Brachial D. Femoral E. Fibular
B. Sciatic
Which of the following prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close? Select one: A. Sebaceous gland secretions B. Tarsal gland secretions C. Lacrimal fluid D. Ciliary gland secretions E. Conjunctival fluid
B. Tarsal gland secretions
