A & P II (CH. 15)
How many major collateral ganglia are found on the aorta?
3
Which describes the sympathetic chain ganglia?
A longitudinal series of ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column
What neurotransmitters do the neurons of the autonomic nervous system secrete?
Acetycholine only
Which portion of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a trace of dopamine?
Adrenal medulla
Which are components of a visceral reflex arc?
Afferent neurons Smooth muscle Receptor in the stomach Efferent neurons
Indicate the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.
All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors. ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells.
What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?
Alpha-adrenergic Beta-adrenergic
What does the axon of a postganglionic neuron synapse with?
An effector
The efferent pathway of which nervous system uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?
Autonomic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exhibit a background rate of activity referred to as tone.
Autonomic
Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
Autonomic
Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
Autonomic
Which is usually under involuntary control?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the background activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS called?
Autonomic tone
Which division of the ANS causes penile or clitoral engorgement and stimulation of glandular secretion?
Both autonomic divisions stimulate salivary gland secretion.
Which regions of the CNS does the parasympathetic division of the ANS arise from?
Brain Sacral spinal cord
Identify the region of the CNS that has nuclei for regulating cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, bladder control, and pupillary constriction/dilation.
Brainstem
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the respiratory system?
Bronchoconstriction
Which plexuses receive parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve?
Cardiac plexus Pulmonary plexus Esophageal plexus
What are the three collateral ganglia of the abdominal plexus?
Celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
Which are sympathetic effects on the urinary system?
Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter Reduced urine output by the kidneys
Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord?
Defecation Ejaculation Erection Micturition
innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
Dual
An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?
Dual innervation
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Which cranial nerve regulates secretion from the tear glands,salivary glands, and nasal glands?
Facial nerve
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.
Glossopharyngeal Vagus Facial Oculomotor
syndrome is a disorder that results from an interruption to sympathetic innervation of the head.
Horner
Visceral effectors exhibit denervation when their nerves are severed.
Hypersensitivity
What region of the brain is the primary regulator of the visceral motor system?
Hypothalamus
Which is the major control center of the visceral motor system?
Hypothalamus
Parasympathetic fibers leave the brainstem through which cranial nerves? Select all that apply.
IX VII X III
Which are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system?
Increased gastric motility Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion Increased gastrointestinal secretion
Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system?
Increased heart rate Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin Increased blood clotting Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels
Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?
It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.
What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?
It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.
Which of the following describes an alpha-adrenergic receptor?
It is usually excitatory and may use a calcium second messenger system.
Which describes the autonomic nervous system?
It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata.
Which describes a beta-adrenergic receptor? Select all that apply.
It uses a cAMP second messenger system. It is usually inhibitory. It inhibits smooth muscle of the bronchioles, enhancing airflow.
Which are sympathetic effects on the reproductive system?
Labor contractions of the uterus Smooth muscle contraction during orgasm
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?
Lateral gray horn
Which send input to the ANS?
Medulla oblongata Cerebral cortex Spinal cord Hypothalamus
Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?
Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons
Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?
Muscarinic
Which describes the axons of the white communicating ramus?
Myelinated Sympathetic Preganglionic
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Norepinephrine
Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes contraction of the urinary bladder wall and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" division?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscle for near vision?
Parasympathetic division
Which division of the ANS is associated with normal body maintenance?
Parasympathetic division
After entering the sympathetic chain, preganglionic nerve fibers may do which of the following?
Pass through the sympathetic chain without synapsing, forming splanchnic nerves Move up or down the chain and synapse in ganglia at other levels Immediately synapse with postganglionic fibers
Which are only innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers?
Piloerector muscles Sweat glands Adrenal medulla
Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?
Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division
What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye?
Pupillary dilation Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision
disease is a disorder of the sympathetic nervous system which induces intermittent attacks of paleness, cyanosis, and pain in the digits due to excessive vasoconstriction.
Raynaud
In which of these conditions do the fingers and toes become cold and pale due to vasoconstriction of vessels in the extremities?
Raynaud disease
From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?
Sacral division of spinal cord Brainstem
Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.
Salivation Pupillary constriction Sweating Vasomotor control
Which of the following are sympathetic effects on the integumentary system?
Secretion from merocrine sweat glands Secretion from apocrine sweat glands
Neurons in which nervous system division secrete only acetylcholine?
Somatic
Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector?
Somatic
Which nervous system division has skeletal muscles as effectors?
Somatic
Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells?
Somatic nervous system
How can opposite effects be produced in the ANS?
Sometimes by innervation by only one division
Which region of the CNS integrates the reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation?
Spinal cord
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers typically synapse with sympathetic chain ganglia unless they pass through, forming nerves that instead enter collateral ganglia.
Splanchnic
What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?
Stereotyped Unconscious Automatic
Horner syndrome results from an interruption to what innervation of the head?
Sympathetic
The division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.
Sympathetic
The division of the ANS may induce an increased or decreased breakdown of adipose tissue.
Sympathetic
The division of the ANS stimulates the secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla?
Sympathetic
Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes a decrease in gastrointestinal secretions, pancreatic enzymes, and pancreatic insulin?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes bronchodilation in the respiratory system?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS stimulates sweat glands and piloerector muscle contraction?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS stimulates the breakdown of adipose tissue?
Sympathetic
Which ganglia extend from the cervical region to the coccygeal region along the vertebral column?
Sympathetic chain
Which division of the ANS is responsible for increasing heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, pulmonary airflow, blood-glucose concentration, and blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles?
Sympathetic division
Which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
The sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict. The sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down.
If the nerves to visceral effectors are severed, what happens to the effectors?
They become hypersensitive
The nerves of the sympathetic nervous system arise from which regions of the spinal cord?
Thoracic Lumbar
From where do all preganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system arise?
Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
What are the parasympathetic functions of the oculomotor nerve?
To adjust the shape of the lens and the diameter of the pupil
Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following?
To regulate motility through the digestive tract To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes
tone describes the continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension.
Vasomotor
What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?
Visceral motor system
The communicating ramus contains myelinated preganglionic sympathetic axons that extend from the spinal nerve to the nearest sympathetic ganglion.
White
The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds to ______ receptors.
adrenergic
A(n) -adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory and uses a calcium second messenger system or inhibits cAMP.
alpha
Regulation of pupillary constriction and dilation is an example of the ______ effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on the same organ.
antagonistic
The nervous system controls the activity of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
autonomic
The __________-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory and acts through a cAMP second-messenger system.
beta
Which receptors bind to ACh?
cholinergic
The phenomenon where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together to produce a unified outcome is called a(n) ______ effect.
cooperative
Parasympathomimetics
enhance parasympathetic activity
The nervous system consists entirely of neurons embedded in the wall of the digestive tract and does not originate from the brain or spinal cord.
enteric
The nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid salivary gland.
glossopharyngeal
The ______ communicating ramus carries unmyelinated sympathetic postganglionic fibers that exit the ganglion, enter a spinal nerve, and then travel to the target organ.
gray
Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers.
long, short
The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.
near the spinal column
The ______ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers that regulate the shape of the lens for vision and the diameter of the pupil.
oculomotor
Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?
postganglionic sympathetic
Parasympatholytics
suppress activity
Sympatholytics
suppress sympathetic activity
The division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects is the division.
sympathetic
In the ______ division of the ANS the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the ______ division the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Neural divergence is extensive in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the ______ division, divergence is minimal.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
thoracolumbar
