A & P Straighterline

Which of the following statements concerning smooth muscle is true?

A calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross-bridge formation.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of hyperopia?

A. corrected by "minus" lenses

Genes that are passed from male to male are called

Y-linked

Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?

a small pelvic outlet

Which of the following is found in the posterior group of forearm muscles?

abductor pollicis longus

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cytoplasmic inclusion?

actin filaments

Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?

acute hormone secretion

A decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus defines the term ___.

adaptation

What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial cells?

adhesion belt

Compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called _____________.

autocrine chemical messengers

What type of nerve would cause the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall to constrict?

autonomic

Match the characteristic with the correct nervous system. Target tissues may be stimulated or inhibited

autonomic nervous system

What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21?

Down syndrome

Thyroid hormones (TH) normally travel in the blood both free and bound to TH-binding proteins. What would you expect to see in the blood work of a patient who had a deficiency of TH-binding protein?

Normal free TH levels, and low bound TH levels.

Which of the following is NOT true of plasma?

Plasma volume can change drastically.

This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales

Psoriasis

A molecular biologist discovers that if a specific drug effectively treats obesity in mice, what can researchers conclude?

The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.

Insulin is necessary for the satiety center to detect the presence of glucose in extracellular fluid. When insulin levels are low

the person is intensely hungry

What is activated when light causes 11-cis-retinal to convert to all-trans-retinal?

transducin

Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?

twitch

Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes

two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.

The external ear terminates at the

tympanic membrane

When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.

ulnar

The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as

vascular spasm

Intercostal nerves are formed from the

ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the

ventricles of the brain

Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the

wall of blood vessels

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Provides more extensive innervation of GI tract

parasympathetic

Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a(n)

parasympathetic blocking agent

The hematocrit is

percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

Cochlear neurons are stimulated by

bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.

When defective erythrocytes are broken down,

bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin

You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium?

bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane

When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response

both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses.

The strength of a stimulus is communicated through

both the frequency and the length of time action potentials are produced

Which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis?

both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia

The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the

posterior pituitary

Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in

prefrontal area

If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.

premotor area

Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to

prevent increases in heart rate

A protein that is converted to an active enzyme is a

proenzyme

A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in

protection

Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the

psoas major and iliacus

Which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh?

quadriceps femoris

To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive?

quinine (tonic) water

The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the

receptor

The elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called

recovery oxygen consumption

If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised?

regulation of pH

When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve.

sciatic

The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the

sclera

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)

sensory or afferent neuron

The portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the

shaft

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?

spinal nerves

In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?

spongy bone

The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity.

stratum basale

Of the following muscles of the forearm, which one rotates the forearm to turn the palm upwards?

supinator

The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is

cytology

A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased

declarative memory

Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the

deltoid

Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Effects are more general

sympathetic

The ___ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.

sympathetic

The opposite of depression is

elevation

If a person drums their fingers on the table, they would be using which of the following muscles?

flexor digitorum profundus

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

ganglia

Hemocytoblast stem cells

give rise to all formed elements in the blood.

Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function?

globulin - transport and immunity

A common site for injections is the

gluteus medius

Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?

gross anatomy

Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's ability to

have high levels of visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.

All of the following could be learned from a blood chemistry test except

heart rate and blood pressure

The ligamentum nuchae

helps keep the head erect

The glenoid cavity is where the

humerus articulates with the scapula

Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels decrease. This is an example of control by ___ stimuli.

humoral

The function of plasmin is to

hydrolyze fibrin.

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to potassium. You would expect his cells to

hyperpolarize

Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would

interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.

The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the

intervertebral foramen

When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors,

intestinal motility increases

The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the

iris

Physiological contracture

is a condition in which cross-bridges cannot release.

Once a lipid-soluble hormone is conjugated in the liver

it can be more quickly eliminated from the body.

The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?

tectum (roof)

Free nerve endings respond to

temperature change and pain

Which region of the nail contains the stratum basale layer?

matrix

Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by

neurohormones of the hypothalamus

Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed?

neuromuscular junction

The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

neuromuscular junctions

What gas is also carried by a beta-globin that may help regulate blood pressure?

nitric oxide

Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the

thalamus

A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?

Facial

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.

Facial

The lens

Focuses light onto retina

When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,

G proteins mediate the cell's response

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.

Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons

If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the following would occur?

High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.

The taste of salts results when ___ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when ___ lead(s) to depolarization of taste cells.

Na+ and H+

The lower limit of resolution of a light microscope is

0.1 um

Damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause

All of the choices are correct.

When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?

At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.

Which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction?

Both a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit are correct.

Alex is participating in a 50-meter dash. Predict the most important chemical process his muscles will rely on during this race.

Both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown are correct.

How do hormones and target cells recognize one another?

By the presence of specific receptor molecules on or in the target cells

The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons?

CAU

What does "E" represent?

Central canal

Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Enhance

Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?

Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve.

The ___ ___ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in ___ ___ touch.

Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear.

Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?

Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength

The muscle that is used to cross the legs is the

Sartorius

What do all hormones have in common?

They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell.

Which type of muscle tissue causes contraction of the heart?

cardiac muscle

When a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes, and each of these activated enzymes activate still other enzymes, the hormone has initiated

cascade effect

Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?

causes the spread of inflammation

When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called

central sensitization

Lipid-soluble hormones can be more easily excreted once they have water-soluble molecules added to their structure in a process called

conjugation

Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the

conjunctiva

Triangular muscles, like the pectoralis major are also called ___ muscles.

convergent

The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a ___ circuit.

converging

A primary function of the cerebellum is to

coordinate movement

The gray matter of the cerebrum is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes up both the ___ and the ___

cortex and deep cerebral nuclei

The peripheral nervous system includes the

cranial nerves

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the

digestive tract

Contraction of the inferior rectus muscle directs the pupil to look

down

The thickest of the meninges is the

dura mater

From which germ layer does the nervous system form?

ectoderm

Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron?

enteric bipolar neuron

What is the role of myosin phosphatase?

enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin

The condition characterized by overproduction of erythrocytes is called

erythrocytosis

The anconeus works with the triceps brachii to

extend forearm

All of the following are changes due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions, except

inability to regulate blood glucose levels

Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to

increased bilirubin in his circulatory system

As muscle activity increases, the body temperature _____.

increases

The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathways is the ______.

inferior colliculus

Match the disorder with its description. Neuritis

inflammation of a nerve

What type of attachment proteins attach cells to extracellular molecules?

integrins

Light refracts as it passes through the

lens, cornea and humors of the eye.

Which of the following muscles does NOT extend the neck?

longus capitis

Which of the following situations would have the greatest effect on depth perception?

losing one eye in an accident

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in taste buds?

mitral cells

Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?

moving your feet in walking

Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are

muscle spindles

Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?

musculocutaneous

Neutrophils of the blood are derived from a population of stem cells called

myeloblasts

Sympathetic neurons can serve as ___ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs.

neural

Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the _____ nerve, whereas the _____ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem.

optic; trigeminal

What kind of cells form bone?

osteoblasts

Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?

osteoblasts

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by

replacement of muscle cells by connective tissue.

Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle

responds to stimulation by the nervous system

The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the

reticular formation

Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?

reticulocyte

Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.

sacral plexus

For distant vision,

the ciliary muscles are relaxed

Superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because

the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information.

Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to

to shiver