A & P Straighterline
Which of the following statements concerning smooth muscle is true?
A calcium-calmodulin complex initiates cross-bridge formation.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of hyperopia?
A. corrected by "minus" lenses
Genes that are passed from male to male are called
Y-linked
Which of the following situations could interfere with normal child birth?
a small pelvic outlet
Which of the following is found in the posterior group of forearm muscles?
abductor pollicis longus
Which of the following is NOT an example of a cytoplasmic inclusion?
actin filaments
Which pattern of hormone secretion, represented by epinephrine, can have dramatic changes in its concentration and circulating levels?
acute hormone secretion
A decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus defines the term ___.
adaptation
What is the girdle of glycoproteins just below the tight junction between epithelial cells?
adhesion belt
Compounds released from cells that influence the same cell are called _____________.
autocrine chemical messengers
What type of nerve would cause the smooth muscle of a blood vessel wall to constrict?
autonomic
Match the characteristic with the correct nervous system. Target tissues may be stimulated or inhibited
autonomic nervous system
What genetic disorder is caused by having three chromosomes 21?
Down syndrome
Thyroid hormones (TH) normally travel in the blood both free and bound to TH-binding proteins. What would you expect to see in the blood work of a patient who had a deficiency of TH-binding protein?
Normal free TH levels, and low bound TH levels.
Which of the following is NOT true of plasma?
Plasma volume can change drastically.
This condition is characterized by a thicker-than-normal stratus corneum producing large silvery scales
Psoriasis
A molecular biologist discovers that if a specific drug effectively treats obesity in mice, what can researchers conclude?
The drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans.
Insulin is necessary for the satiety center to detect the presence of glucose in extracellular fluid. When insulin levels are low
the person is intensely hungry
What is activated when light causes 11-cis-retinal to convert to all-trans-retinal?
transducin
Which of the following would occur as a result of a single muscle contraction?
twitch
Compared to a somatic reflex, an autonomic reflex utilizes
two motor neurons plus cardiac and smooth muscle and glands as effectors.
The external ear terminates at the
tympanic membrane
When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the _____ nerve.
ulnar
The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as
vascular spasm
Intercostal nerves are formed from the
ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by tissue in the walls and roofs of the
ventricles of the brain
Multiunit smooth muscle is located in the
wall of blood vessels
Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Provides more extensive innervation of GI tract
parasympathetic
Atropine causes the pupil of the eye to dilate by blocking the effect of muscarinic receptors. This means atropine is a(n)
parasympathetic blocking agent
The hematocrit is
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Cochlear neurons are stimulated by
bending microvilli or stereocilia on the hair cells.
When defective erythrocytes are broken down,
bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin
You are an airborne molecule that dissolves in the fluid covering the olfactory epithelium. Which of the following must you do in order to depolarize neurons in the olfactory epithelium?
bind to receptor molecules on the olfactory hair membrane
When a person consumes a substantial amount of nicotine, the response
both increases parasympathetic responses and increases sympathetic responses.
The strength of a stimulus is communicated through
both the frequency and the length of time action potentials are produced
Which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis?
both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia
The hypothalamohypophysial tract connects the hypothalamus to the
posterior pituitary
Impulses that initiate motivation and forethought originate in
prefrontal area
If a person decided to jump over a chair, which of the following areas organizes the motor functions needed to carry out this action.
premotor area
Beta-blockers (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) are frequently used to
prevent increases in heart rate
A protein that is converted to an active enzyme is a
proenzyme
A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in
protection
Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the
psoas major and iliacus
Which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh?
quadriceps femoris
To which of the following substances would the taste buds be most sensitive?
quinine (tonic) water
The component of the autonomic reflex arc that detects a change in stimulus is the
receptor
The elevated oxygen consumption relative to activity level after exercise has ended is called
recovery oxygen consumption
If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised?
regulation of pH
When a person sits on a hard surface for a period of time, his foot or leg may "go to sleep." This sensation is the result of compressing the _____ nerve.
sciatic
The outermost tunic of the eyeball is the
sclera
A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a(n)
sensory or afferent neuron
The portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin is the
shaft
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
Which of the following is NOT a means of parasympathetic innervation of effectors?
spinal nerves
In which type of bone would trabeculae be present?
spongy bone
The layer of the epidermis in which there is the greatest amount of mitotic activity.
stratum basale
Of the following muscles of the forearm, which one rotates the forearm to turn the palm upwards?
supinator
The study of the structural features and functions of the cell is
cytology
A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased
declarative memory
Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the
deltoid
Match the phrase to either the sympathetic or parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Effects are more general
sympathetic
The ___ division of the ANS functions mainly to prepare the body for energy-expending, stressful situations.
sympathetic
The opposite of depression is
elevation
If a person drums their fingers on the table, they would be using which of the following muscles?
flexor digitorum profundus
Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in
ganglia
Hemocytoblast stem cells
give rise to all formed elements in the blood.
Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function?
globulin - transport and immunity
A common site for injections is the
gluteus medius
Visual inspection of the appearance of the liver and gallbladder during surgery is associated with which of the following?
gross anatomy
Which of the following will inhibit the secretion of growth hormone?
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's ability to
have high levels of visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.
All of the following could be learned from a blood chemistry test except
heart rate and blood pressure
The ligamentum nuchae
helps keep the head erect
The glenoid cavity is where the
humerus articulates with the scapula
Parathyroid hormone is released when blood calcium levels decrease. This is an example of control by ___ stimuli.
humoral
The function of plasmin is to
hydrolyze fibrin.
Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to potassium. You would expect his cells to
hyperpolarize
Damage to a postsynaptic membrane would
interfere with the ability to respond to neurotransmitter.
The site where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column is the
intervertebral foramen
When acetylcholine binds to autonomic muscarinic receptors,
intestinal motility increases
The contractile structure that surrounds the pupil is the
iris
Physiological contracture
is a condition in which cross-bridges cannot release.
Once a lipid-soluble hormone is conjugated in the liver
it can be more quickly eliminated from the body.
The superior and inferior colliculi are located in which of the following portions of the midbrain?
tectum (roof)
Free nerve endings respond to
temperature change and pain
Which region of the nail contains the stratum basale layer?
matrix
Hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary is controlled by
neurohormones of the hypothalamus
Which of the following structures contains the other four items listed?
neuromuscular junction
The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
neuromuscular junctions
What gas is also carried by a beta-globin that may help regulate blood pressure?
nitric oxide
Most sensory input that ascends through the spinal cord and brainstem projects to the
thalamus
A baseball player was hit on the left side of his skull in the parotid area. He cannot close his eye and the corner of his mouth droops. Which cranial nerve was damaged?
Facial
You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue". These taste sensations would be carried via the _____ cranial nerve.
Facial
The lens
Focuses light onto retina
When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,
G proteins mediate the cell's response
Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter.
Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons
If both ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and cortisol levels increase, which of the following would occur?
High cortisol levels will begin to cause ACTH levels to decline.
The taste of salts results when ___ diffuses through channels leading to depolarization of the taste cell. Similarly, sour is tasted when ___ lead(s) to depolarization of taste cells.
Na+ and H+
The lower limit of resolution of a light microscope is
0.1 um
Damage to the cerebellum is likely to cause
All of the choices are correct.
When a person is exposed to temperature extremes, why is it difficult to distinguish hot from cold objects?
At extremes, pain receptors are stimulated by both very hot and very cold objects.
Which of the following will respond to a threshold stimulus with an all-or-none contraction?
Both a single muscle fiber and a single motor unit are correct.
Alex is participating in a 50-meter dash. Predict the most important chemical process his muscles will rely on during this race.
Both anaerobic respiration and creatine phosphate breakdown are correct.
How do hormones and target cells recognize one another?
By the presence of specific receptor molecules on or in the target cells
The anticodon sequence GUA pairs with which of the following codons?
CAU
What does "E" represent?
Central canal
Monamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Enhance
Which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
Every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve.
The ___ ___ are distributed throughout the dermal papillae and are involved in ___ ___ touch.
Meissner corpuscles; two-point discrimination
Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?
Regulates equilibrium and balance from the inner ear.
Which of the following is NOT a regulatory function of the endocrine system?
Regulates skeletal muscle contraction strength
The muscle that is used to cross the legs is the
Sartorius
What do all hormones have in common?
They bind to and interact with a receptor on or in the target cell.
Which type of muscle tissue causes contraction of the heart?
cardiac muscle
When a few intracellular mediator molecules activate several enzymes, and each of these activated enzymes activate still other enzymes, the hormone has initiated
cascade effect
Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?
causes the spread of inflammation
When the CNS responds to tissue damage by decreasing the pain threshold and increasing its sensitivity to pain, this is called
central sensitization
Lipid-soluble hormones can be more easily excreted once they have water-soluble molecules added to their structure in a process called
conjugation
Pinkeye is an acute inflammation of the
conjunctiva
Triangular muscles, like the pectoralis major are also called ___ muscles.
convergent
The respiratory center of the brain (taking into account input from chemoreceptors, pulmonary stretch receptors and higher centers of the brain to determine respiratory output) is an example of a ___ circuit.
converging
A primary function of the cerebellum is to
coordinate movement
The gray matter of the cerebrum is composed of neuron cell bodies and makes up both the ___ and the ___
cortex and deep cerebral nuclei
The peripheral nervous system includes the
cranial nerves
The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the
digestive tract
Contraction of the inferior rectus muscle directs the pupil to look
down
The thickest of the meninges is the
dura mater
From which germ layer does the nervous system form?
ectoderm
Which of the following is NOT a type of enteric neuron?
enteric bipolar neuron
What is the role of myosin phosphatase?
enzyme that removes phosphate from myosin
The condition characterized by overproduction of erythrocytes is called
erythrocytosis
The anconeus works with the triceps brachii to
extend forearm
All of the following are changes due to age-related decreases in endocrine secretions, except
inability to regulate blood glucose levels
Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to
increased bilirubin in his circulatory system
As muscle activity increases, the body temperature _____.
increases
The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathways is the ______.
inferior colliculus
Match the disorder with its description. Neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
What type of attachment proteins attach cells to extracellular molecules?
integrins
Light refracts as it passes through the
lens, cornea and humors of the eye.
Which of the following muscles does NOT extend the neck?
longus capitis
Which of the following situations would have the greatest effect on depth perception?
losing one eye in an accident
Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in taste buds?
mitral cells
Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle?
moving your feet in walking
Specialized muscle fibers associated with detection of muscle length are
muscle spindles
Which of the following nerves is part of the brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous
Neutrophils of the blood are derived from a population of stem cells called
myeloblasts
Sympathetic neurons can serve as ___ stimuli for hormone release from certain endocrine organs.
neural
Visual input is sent to the brainstem via the _____ nerve, whereas the _____ nerve sends facial sensation to the brainstem.
optic; trigeminal
What kind of cells form bone?
osteoblasts
Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?
osteoblasts
Muscular dystrophy is characterized by
replacement of muscle cells by connective tissue.
Muscles exhibit the property of excitability. This means that the muscle
responds to stimulation by the nervous system
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the
reticular formation
Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell?
reticulocyte
Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
sacral plexus
For distant vision,
the ciliary muscles are relaxed
Superficial pain is highly localized, but visceral pain is diffuse because
the viscera has fewer mechanoreceptors which give location information.
Maureen is hiking in the cold, and to maintain homeostasis her body begins to
to shiver
