A & P test Three

How many bones does the foot contain?

26 bones

Mover

A muscle or muscles using concentric contractions that are the main force causing joint motion through a specified plane of motion

What is the source of energy required for muscle contraction?

ATP adenosine triphosphate

Excitability

Ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus

Elasticity

Ability of a muscle to recoil and resume its original length after being stretched

The limbs and their attachments make up which part of the skeleton?

Appendicular

The accessory movement at a joint the describes how articulations surfaces move within the joint capsule and contribute to joint play called ————

Arthrokinematics

What term refers to movements of the articulating surfaces of the bones at joint surfaces?

Arthrokinematics

What term means joint?

Articulation

What is a bursae and what does it do?

Bursae is a thin lubricated disc between a bone and its surrounding soft tissue.

The main component of bone that has piezoelectric quality is

Collagen

The main component of bone that has the piezoelectric quality is —————.

Collagen

What is the rounded projection at the end of a bone is called?

Condyle

What is the bony projection of a condyle called?

Epicondyle

What is the term for opening in a bone?

Foramen

Depression of the bone is called ————.

Fossa

Which term means depression in the surface or at the end of a bone?

Fossa

Which plane divides the body into front and back?

Frontal plane

Which plane divides the body into upper and lower?

Horizontal plane

tendinitis definition

Inflammation of a tendon

Avulsion

Injury to a ligament or tendon involving tearing off of its attachment

If the major function of a muscle is to stabilize, Then which muscle function is involved?

Isometric

What bone type contain a diaphysis?

Long

A client complains of lower back pain and you obeserve in excessive lumbar curve. This is called what?

Lordosis

The most complex joint design is likely to function in ———-.

Mobility

Ball and socket joint is also called a ————.

Multiaxial joint

Antagonist

Muscle that has the opposite action to the mover and usually is located opposite side of the joint ———

Neutralizer muscle

Muscle that stops an unwanted action of the mover

isometric action

Occurs when a muscle generates force and attempts to shorten but cannot overcome the external resistance

What bony landmark is located on the humerus?

Olecranon fossa

What are the bony landmarks of the humerus?

Olecranon fossa and lesser tubercle

Which aspect of bone structure provides the elastic quality of a bone?

Organic material

The proximal attachment of a muscle is also known as ———.

Origin

The external connective tissue covering the bone is called the ————-.

Periosteum

The external connective tissue covering the bone is called what ?

Periosteum

The quality of bones that allows them to deform slightly and vibrate when electric currents pass through is

Piezoelectricity

Which joint is responsible for pronation and supination?

Radioulnar

The term used to describe the movement of the scapula toward the spine is ________?

Retraction

Which of the joint movements are opposites?

Retraction and protraction

The costal angle is located where.

Rib

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts?

Sagital plane

What is the term for lateral curvature of the spine is _____.

Scoliosis

What type of bone develops in a tendon or joint capsule?

Sesamoid bone

Which joint type has the the most limited mobility?

Syndemosis

Which type of joint has the most limited mobility?

Syndesmosis

Eccentric action

Take place when the muscle lengthens while under tension and changes in tension the descent of the resistance.

Which bones form the structure of the nose?

Vomer

Movement toward the midline is _____.

adduction

What is the term for a muscle that causes or control joint motion through a specified plane of motion ?

agonist

What muscles has the opposite action of the prime mover?

antagonist

What type of muscle is usually located on the opposite side of a joint from the agonist and has an opposing action?

antagonist

What is broad, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue?

aponeurosis

Biomechanics definition

application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

Which joint disorder is most common?

arthritis

Which term refers to accessory movements of the articulating surfaces of the bones described as roll. slide, and spin?

arthrokinematics

Which term means injury to a ligament or tendon in which an attachment is torn off?

avulsion

What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

ball and socket

Which is a protein in the form of small fibrils that combine to create the connective tissue of fascae, tendons, and ligaments?

collagen

A muscle developing tension as it shortens to provide enough force to overcome resistance is known as what type of action?

concentric

What bony landmarks are most often seen at or around the joints?

condyles, heads and facets

Movement in two directions, but with one motion predominating, is performed by what type of joint?

condyloid

What is the function of a ligament?

connect bones and stabilize joints

The ability to shorten forcible with adequate stimulation is _______.

contractibility

What is it called when a muscle cell shortens forcibly?

contractibility

Which property sets muscles apart from all other tissues?

contractibility

What is the term for freely moveable joint?

diarthrosis

What type of forces results in movement in or of an object?

dynamic

A muscle lengthening with tone because it contractile force is less than the opposing force is known as ____.

eccentric

Which action is sometimes described as a negative contraction?

eccentric

The ability for a muscle to recoil and resume its original resting length after being stretched is _____.

elasticity

Which type of connective tissue fiber has properties that allow fibers to return to the original condition after being stretched?

elastin

Which muscle groups extend the trunk?

erector spinae

What is the ability of a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus called?

excitability

What functional characteristic of muscle allows it to be stretched?

extensibility

What is the ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended called?

extensibility

The term for a muscle located at a joint or body part that contracts to stabilize the area. enabling another limb or body segment to extend to exert force and move is ______.

fixator

What is the most mobile joint in the body?

glenohumeral joint

Which type of joint allows sliding motion in various planes? q

gliding

What is a condition of arthritis?

gout

Which muscle is found in the inner thigh?

gracilis

Which muscle group is the antagonist to the extension of the knee?

hamstrings

What type of joint is the elbow?

hinge

Which type of joint allows flexion and extension in one plane changing the angle of the bones at the joint?

hinge

The movement of the humerus in the horizontal plane away from the midline of the body is ______.

horizontal abduction

The movement of a limb through the transverse plane toward and across the midline of the body is ____.

horizontal adduction

A range of motion of a joint greater than what would be permitted normally by the structure and results in _________.

hypermobility

What term means the range of motion of a joint less than what would be permitted normally by the structure?

hypomobility

Where is the xyphoid process located?

inferior end of sternum

What is the distal attachment of a muscle called?

insertion

The muscle staying the same length with tone because its contractile force equals that of the opposing force describes what type of action?

isometric

involuntary movement that occurs between articular surfaces, seperate from the range of motion of a joint produced by muscles is _______?

joint play

Which joint is actually three in one?

knee

What is an example of a hinge joint?

knee and elbow

Which condition is most indicated for massage therapy?

lordosis

The location where the motor neuron enters the muscle and where a visible contraction can be elicited with a minimum amount of stimulation is what type of point?

motor

What is the term for a group of muscle fibers that receive nerve stimulation from one neuron?

motor unit

Concentric action

muscle develops sufficient tension to overcome resistance, so that it shortens and changes the angle at a joint

Isotonic action

muscle shortens and movement occurs

What is an example of a pivot joint?

neck

A kinematic chain describes the association between joints as they____.

operate in relation to one another

The part of the muscle that attaches closest to the midline fo the body, and the least moveable part of a muscle is its ____?

origin

The movement of bones by the action of muscles is _____.

osteokinematics

Which condition is related to deficiencies in nutritional intake, absorption or assimilation of protein and minerals, cigarette smoking, and inactivity?

osteoporosis

knowledge of bony landmarks is incorporated into massage assessment by ??

palpating muscle attachments

A bony projection from one bone that fits into a ring formed by another bone and ligament structure to allow rotation around its own axis describes what type of joint?

pivot

The radioulnar joints provide which movements?

pronation and supination

The Coracoid process is located on which bone?

scapula

The coracoid process is located on which bone?

scapula

What is the only direct connection between the axial skeletal and shoulder girdle and arm?

sternoclavicular joint

What type of joint is limited movement and nonsynovial?

synarthrosis

A joint in which the material used for connecting the two components is hyaline cartilidge is called a _____.

synchondrosis

The term for a muscle that aids or assists the action of the agonist but is not primarily responsible for the action is the ____.

synergist

What provides nourishment to the structures within a freely moveable joint?

synovial fluid

What is an example of a saddle joint?

thumb

Which stress produced by mechanical force has the potential for the most serious joint injury?

torsion

What is one of the two large bony processes found only in the humerus?

trochanter

The term for a large, rounded protuberance on a bone is called??

tuberosity

What is an example of a gliding joint?

wrist and ankle

What is the exaggeration of the thoracic curve?

Kyphosis

What is the exaggeration of the normal lumbar curve?

Lordosis

What is the spinal deformity has the concavity in the lumbar and the convex it's in the thorax?

Lordosis

The bone disorder in which lack of calcium and other minerals and a decrease in bone protein leave the bones brittle, fragile, and more likely to break is ??

Osteoporosis

Which joint is most likely to first develop osteoartritis?

hip

On which bone are lateral and medial epicondyles, and greater and lesser tubercles located?

humerus

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of a tendon sheath

Tension developing in the muscle while it shortens or lengthens describes what type of action?

isotonic

Articulation

joint

What is another term for adduction of the spine?

lateral flexion

Internal rotation is known as what other type of rotation?

medial

What is a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls called?

motor unit

What is the structural unit of contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?

sacomere

Convex in one plane and concave in the other, with the surfaces fitting together, describes what type of joint?

saddle

What is a nutritional disorder due to a vitamin C deficiency?

scurvy

What classification of bone is the patella?

sesamoid

What is an example of ball and socket?

shoulder and hip

Kinesiology definition

study of human movement

What is small, rounded process of a bone?

tubercle

The scapular motion that moves the interior angle of the scapula superiorly and laterally away from the vertebral column is ______.

upward rotation

What are the main functions of the skeletal system? (8)

Support soft tissues and serve as framework provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments protect delicate internal organs, such as brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs serves as levers to provide movement created by the attached muscles

Extensibility

The ability of a muscle to be stretched or extended

What type of fracture occurs when a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of a bone?

avulsion

What is the subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to the muscles?

fascia