A & P(anatomy)

A brain biopsy of a patient exhibits an abnormally high concentration of microglia. The neurologist wants to get a diagnostic sample to test for different CNS pathogens which could be causing the microglia proliferation. Which of the following would not be useful to diagnose the particular pathogen?

Analyzing a stool (feces) sample

Yuna is a professional soccer player, and excels at penalty kicks. Her athletic trainer wants to keep her healthy and insists that she work out the muscles of her thigh that help her extend her knee, and the muscles that antagonize that action. Her athletic trainer has designed exercises for her to work on actions that antagonize extension of her knee. These exercises target which of the following muscles?

Biceps femoris

Cells maintain a charge difference across their plasma membranes. This charge difference is used in processes such as signaling by the nervous system, and for stimulating coordinated contraction in muscle cells. Select which of the following statements is correct about the plasma membrane.

Both "The region just outside of the plasma membrane contains a greater number of positively charged ions and molecule than found in the corresponding region inside the membrane" and "The extracellular fluid contains more positively charged ions than the intracellular fluid" are correct.

Given its reactive nature, oxygen is essential to cellular metabolic reactions. Peroxisomes use oxygen to break down fatty acids. In doing so, they use oxygen to remove hydrogens from fatty acid chains, yielding hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cells also routinely release potentially destructive molecules, such as superoxide (O2) in signaling, self-defense, or as a metabolic side product. Superoxide combines with hydrogen peroxide to make an even more destructive molecule called a hydroxyl radical. Therefore, the removal of these two reactants is a routine "housekeeping" chore within the cell. Which enzyme is used to prevent hydrogen peroxide accumulation in the peroxisome?

Catalase

Omar is sitting at a table with his palms pressed flat and his forearms resting on the surface. In this position, are the bones of Omar's forearm running parallel with one another, or are they crossed?

Crossed

Which of the following may be a symptom of damage to the olives of the medulla oblongata?

Difficulty with balance and coordination

Luis tripped over his coffee table in the middle of the night and bruised the anterior surface of his leg. The swelling in his anterior compartment prevented those muscles from functioning correctly. What action will Luis have trouble performing until the swelling subsides?

Dorsiflexion of the ankle

Carpal tunnel syndrome is commonly suffered by people who type on keyboards. Which of the following muscles of the thumb can contribute to carpal tunnel syndrome if its tendon became inflamed?

Flexor pollicis longus

Thyroid hormone (TH) can cause some cells to produce more proteins, such as sodium-potassium pumps, to help increase metabolic rate and heat production. Which of the following best describes how TH accomplishes this?

Genes are activated in the target cell, increasing transcription of specific mRNAs.

When an orthopedic surgeon performs a hip replacement, they must cut through the deep muscles of the gluteal region (piriformis, gemellus superior and inferior, obturator internus and quadratus femoris). In most individuals the muscles do not fully recover, and another muscle must be relied on to compensate for the weakened muscles. Which of the following muscles could compensate for the loss of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

Gluteus maximus

Jerred notices that he has no difficulty opening his right eye, however he is unable to close it. He must tape it shut at night when he sleeps so that the cornea does not dry out and ulcerate. What other difficulty would you suspect that Jerred suffers?

He has difficulty smiling

As Matt was rushing to get to the bus stop on time, he accidently stepped off the curb awkwardly and sprained his ankle. Which type of sprain did Matt likely suffer and why?

He probably suffered an overinversion sprain due to the weakness of the lateral ligament.

A histologist takes a section from the tissue covering of the end of a long bone. Under the microscope he observes chondrocytes surrounded by a smooth, transparent matrix. What specific tissue is he looking at?

Hyaline cartilage

A women's college basketball star suffered a severe knee injury during the NCAA championship game. The athletic trainer performed a series of tests back in the locker room and noted that there was far too much forward movement when he tugged anteriorly on the tibia. What sort of injury would produce this result?

Hyperextension of the leg at the knee joint

If a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first?

If a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first?

Rodney is a 60-year-old retiree. After a few years of retirement (and relaxation!) he is eager to return to exercise, but finds that he can't lift as much weight as he did when he was in his 20s and working in construction. Which aspect of skeletal muscle cells is preventing Rodney from attaining his goal?

Inactivity-related decrease in myofibrils leads to muscle atrophy.

While they look dissimilar, the bones of the forearm and leg have some things in common. Which of the following statements is true about both the bones of the forearm and leg?

Interosseus membranes connect the bones of the forearm and bones of the leg.

Spasticity (tightening) of the popliteus muscle prevents the knee from "unlocking" out of the extended ("locked") position immediately prior to knee flexion. What movement is part of "locking" the knee?

Lateral rotation of the tibia

Riley is walking behind a woman at the pool and notices that her wet footprints on the cement are different than his. While the woman has the characteristic contoured footprint shape, Riley's footprints appear to have the entirety of his sole touching the ground. Riley is concerned that he is showing signs of fallen arches, which arch has fallen in his foot?

Medial longitudinal arch

After accidentally being struck by a baseball bat in the back of his head during a little league game, Michael was evaluated by his elderly grandfather attending the game. The grandfather was a former physician who had practiced medicine for nearly fifty years. Based upon Michael's symptoms, the elder physician noted: "It appears that Michael's occipital lobe has been affected." What symptom did Michael demonstrate that made his grandfather suspect this?

Michael was unable to see the scoreboard.

A boy lifts a glass of milk to take a drink. He then lifts a gallon of milk in order to pour himself a new glass. Which of the following is occurring to help him lift the gallon of milk, which is much heavier than a single glass?

More motor units are recruited.

Muscle-splitting surgical incisions are performed by surgeons to reduce scarring and decrease healing time. In a muscle-splitting incision, the surgeon spreads the muscle fascicles apart to access a deeper structure instead of cutting perpendicular to the muscle fiber orientation. Which of the following types of muscle architecture would provide the greatest challenge to a surgeon who desired to do a muscle-splitting procedure?

Multipennate muscle like the deltoid

Jonathan was not wearing a helmet while riding his bicycle. He lost control of his bike after hitting a rock on the street. After the fall and losing consciousness, he was taken to the ER where X-rays revealed a fracture of the cranial base across the posterior cranial fossa. Which cranial bone was fractured?

Occipital

Marianne tore her subscapularis muscle while she was pitching a baseball. Which of the following muscles can help compensate for the action of the subscapularis muscle while Marianne recovers?

Pectoralis major

Tyler has a deviated septum stemming from a fight in his early 20s in which he suffered a broken nose. What was fractured in the fight?

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Marjorie can feel a "bump" protruding into her vagina. After visiting her gynecologist, she has learned that she has a prolapsed uterus. Marjorie's uterus is "sagging" into her vagina as a result of a weakened pelvic floor. She is working with a physical therapist on learning to do "Kegel" exercises. Which muscle will be strengthened by these exercises?

Pubococcygeus muscle

Charise is doing biceps curls with light weight dumbbells. Charise usually lifts 30 pound dumbells, but today she is taking it easy and lifting 10 pound dumbbells. What is happening in Charise's biceps brachii muscle during her workout?

Since the dumbbells are light, only small motor units are recruited to contract.

Margie is trying to get back into shape after delivering her first baby. In order to gain back abdominal wall muscle tone and possibly a "six-pack," which exercise would be most beneficial?

Sit-ups

Javier is doing a handstand. The bony connection of the upper limb to the axial skeleton is very small and Javier is having a difficult time supporting his body weight. What part of the pectoral girdle is directly connected to the axial skeleton?

Sternal end of the clavicle

Select the brain structure that is most similar in function to the substantia nigra.

Subthalamic nucleus

Francis spent a day helping his friend Danny move to a new apartment. Francis carried many of the very heavy items by balancing them on his right shoulder and arm. The next day Francis had trouble flexing his elbow. If Francis' injury is due to compression of the nerve that innervates the main flexors of the elbow, what other weakened action would you expect Francis to display?

Supination of the forearm

Toby is a new radiology resident and he is reading his first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. He is inspecting transverse sections of a patient's vertebral column for a cause of her back pain. At the L4 vertebral level, Toby notes that there is no spinal cord evident in the vertebral canal. How can this feature best be explained?

The adult spinal cord is shorter than the vertebral column.

A young mother was playing with her 3-year-old son at the park. She grabbed her son's outstretched arms and began to twirl him around in a circle until she heard a scream of pain from her son. She noticed that his elbow was deformed and that he could no longer straighten his arm. She rushed him to the doctor's office where she was informed that the head of his radius had "popped" out. Which ligament is responsible for holding the head of the radius in place?

The anular ligament

The head of the femur is much larger than the head of the humerus. Which of the following best explains the difference in size of these bony landmarks?

The femoral head supports more weight than the humeral head.

Marissa has started to recognize that her grandmother seems to be "shrinking" and getting shorter. What intervertebral structure is the primary culprit behind this decrease in stature as people get older?

The nucleus pulposus loses water content.

Melanie tripped over her coffee table in the middle of the night and has a big bruise on the bony prominence just distal to her patella. What is the name of the structure that Melanie hit the table with?

Tibial tuberosity

After suffering a head injury, a patient exhibits weak and uncoordinated movement of the jaw as well as numbness of the tongue and lower gums. Based on these symptoms, predict which nerve might have been damaged.

Trigeminal nerve

A patient is asked to read a paragraph while the clinician recorded the brain activity on a PET scan. Which of the following brain regions would "light up" the most?

Wernicke area

A nurse developed an acoustic neuroma in her inner ear that significantly affected her senses of hearing and balance. An MRI revealed that the neuroma was located within the skull. Where is the most likely place that the neuroma was found?

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone

An x-ray determines that Philip fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone.

diaphysis

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone may result in ____________.

elevated blood calcium levels

Some hormone receptors can be found associated with the cell membrane of a target cell. These receptors are proteins that have a portion exposed to the extracellular environment (where the hormone will be found) and a portion exposed to the cytoplasmic environment of the cell (where the cellular change begins to take place). Based on this information, these hormone receptors are _________.

integral proteins

If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the

motor neurons in the premotor area.

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result, the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.

To prevent the entry of toxic substances or pathogens into the bloodstream, the liver screens everything that the digestive system takes in. Because this organ's cells are actively involved in the detoxification of chemicals, many liver cells contain large quantities of __________.

peroxisomes

If a person decided to jump over a chair, the __________ area would organize the motor functions needed to carry out this action.

premotor area

A baseball pitcher dislocated his shoulder at the glenohumeral joint. During his rehabilitation, it is most important to strengthen the __________ as these contribute most significantly to the stability of the joint.

rotator cuff muscles

To look and follow the flight of a butterfly would involve the function of the __________.

superior colliculi

What is the origin of the highlighted muscle?

supraspinous fossa

When Charles was on a flight to attend a business conference, he noticed that when he yawned his ears would "pop" as pressure equalized within them. The popping occurs as equalization is achieved by _________ muscles opening the auditory tubes.

tensor veli palatini

Match of the attachments in the sentence with the appropriate muscle.Then place the sentences in order of muscle location from superior to inferior.

~infraspinatus:Infraspinous fossa of the scapula to greater tubercle of the humerus ~teres minor: Lateral border of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus ~teres major: Inferior angle of scapula to medial lip of intertuberculr sulcus of humerus ~latissimus dorsi: Spinous processes of T6-T12 to floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Calvin was walking barefoot on the beach and stepped on a piece of glass. The glass cut the tendon of the most lateral muscle of the superficial muscles in his foot. What action will be lost if this muscle is damaged?

Abduction of the 5th toe

Which of the following is an example of posttranslational processing?

Adding polysaccharide side chains to a protein

Indira is an orthopedic surgeon who specializes in the elbow. She is performing a repair to ligaments attaching to a patient's medial epicondyle. Which of the following muscles must she avoid damaging as they attach to the same bony structure?

A muscle that adducts the wrist