A+ Ch. 20 Virtualization, Linux, and Mac OS X

Mission Control

In OS X, a utility and screen that gives an overview of all open windows and thumbnails of the Dashboard and desktops.

System Preferences

In OS X, a utility to customize the OS X interface and is available on the Apple menu.

Screen Sharing

In OS X, a utility to remotely view and control a Mac and is similar to Remote Assistance in Windows.

gestures

In OS X, finger movements on a touch screen or the trackpad of a Mac computer.

Space

In OS X, one desktop screen is called a Space. Multiple desktops or Spaces can be open and available to users.

15. Which app manages multiple desktop screens in OS X?

mission control

12. What symbol displays in the shell prompt to indicate the logged-in user is root in Linux?

#

dock

(1) For an Android device, the area at the bottom of the Android screen where up to four apps can be pinned. (2) For a Mac computer, a bar that appears by default at the bottom of the screen and contains program icons and shortcuts to files and folders.

7. What is the full path to the home directory of the user account lucio in Linux?

/home/lucio

8. In which directory are you likely to find logs created by applications running in Linux?

/var/log

13. What is the Linux vi editor command to save your changes and exit the editor?

:wq

iwconfig

A Linux and OS X command similar to ifconfig, but applies only to wireless networks. Use it to display information about a wireless interface and configure a wireless adapter.

ifconfig

A Linux and OS X command similar to the Windows ipconfig command that displays details about network interfaces and can enable and disable an interface. When affecting the interface, the command requires root privileges.

chmod

A Linux and OS X command to change modes (or permissions) for a file or directory.

chown

A Linux and OS X command to change the owner of a file or directory.

dd

A Linux and OS X command to copy and convert files, directories, partitions, and entire DVDs or hard drives. You must be logged in as a superuser to use the command.

sudo

A Linux and OS X command to execute another command as a superuser when logged in as a normal user with an account that has the right to use root commands. Stands for "substitute user to do the command."

apt-get

A Linux and OS X command to install and remove software packages and install OS updates.

su

A Linux and OS X command to open a new terminal shell for a different user account. Stands for "substitute user."

grep

A Linux and OS X command to search for and display a specific pattern of characters in a file or in multiple files.

vi editor

A Linux and OS X text editor that works in command mode (to enter commands) or in insert mode (to edit text).

kernel panic

A Linux or OS X error from which it cannot recover, similar to a blue screen of death in Windows.

3. List two types of hypervisors and describe their fundamental differences.

A Type 1 hypervisor installs before any OS installs. A Type 2 hypervisor installs as an application in an OS.

ultra-thin client

A client computer that does not have an operating system and merely provides an interface between the user and the server. Also called dumb terminal, or zero client.

dumb terminal

A client computer that does not have an operating system and merely provides an interface between the user and the server. Also called dumb terminal.

zero client

A client computer that does not have an operating system and merely provides an interface between the user and the server. Also called dumb terminal.

thin client

A computer that has an operating system, but has little computing power and might only need to support a browser used to communicate with a virtualization server.

multiple desktops

A feature of Mission Control in OS X, where several desktop screens, each with its own collection of open windows, are available to the user.

Remote Disc

A feature of OS X that gives other computers on the network access to the Mac's optical drive.

hardware-assisted virtualization (HAV)

A feature of a processor whereby it can provide enhanced support for hypervisor software to run virtual machines on a system. The feature must be enabled in UEFI/BIOS setup.

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)

A presentation of a virtual desktop made to a client computer by a server that is serving up a virtual machine.

fat client

A regular desktop computer or laptop that is sometimes used as a client by a virtualization server. Also called thick client.

NetBoot

A technology that allows a Mac to boot from the network and then install OS X on the machine from a clone DMG file stored on the server.

Boot Camp

A utility in OS X that allows you to install and run Windows on a Mac computer.

emulator

A virtual machine that emulates hardware, such as the hardware buttons on a smart phone.

Linux

An OS based on UNIX that was created by Linus Torvalds of Finland. Basic versions of this OS are open source, and all the underlying programming instructions are freely distributed.

Finder

An app embedded in Mac OS X that functions similar to File Explorer in Windows; use it to find and access files and applications in OS X.

2. In Question 1, what Microsoft software can be used to create this environment?

Application Virtualization (App-V)

1. Which type of client-side virtualization creates a virtual environment in memory for an application to run on a client machine?

Application virtualization

6. What is the name of the current Linux boot loader that is used to manage a dual boot?

GRUB

clone

In Linux and OS X, an image of the entire partition on which the OS is installed.

root account

In Linux and OS X, the account that gives the user access to all the functions of the OS; the principal user account.

shell prompt

In Linux and OS X, the command prompt in the terminal.

terminal

In Linux and OS X, the command-line interface.

live CD

In Linux, a CD, DVD, or flash drive that can boot up a live version of Linux, complete with Internet access and all the tools you normally have available in a hard drive installation of Linux, but without installing the OS on the hard drive.

dump

In Linux, a collection of data that is copied to a backup media.

DMG file

In Mac OS X, a disk image file similar to WIM or ISO files in Windows.

Time Machine

In OS X, a built-in backup utility that can be configured to automatically back up user-created data, applications, and system files onto an external hard drive attached either directly to the computer or through the local

Keychain

In OS X, a built-in password manager utility.

Recovery System

In OS X, a lean operating system that boots from a hidden volume on the OS X startup disk and is used to troubleshoot OS X when startup errors occur.

Dashboard

In OS X, a screen that contains widgets, such as a calendar, a calculator, a clock, and a weather report.

login item

In OS X, programs that are automatically launched after a user logs in. Login items are managed in the Users & Groups utility in System Preferences.

startup item

In OS X, programs that automatically launch at startup. Apple discourages the use of startup items, which are stored in two directories: /Library/StartupItems and /System/Library/StartupItems. Normally, both directories are empty.

secondary click

In OS X, right-click the mouse or tap the lower-right corner of the trackpad on a Mac laptop.

startup disk

In OS X, the entire volume on which OS X is installed.

Apple menu

In OS X, the menu that appears when the user clicks the Apple icon in the upper-left corner of the screen.

Launchpad

In OS X, the screen that shows all apps installed on the computer, similar to the Windows 8 Start screen.

Spotlight

In OS X, the search app that can be configured to search the local computer, Wikipedia, iTunes, the Maps app, the web, and more.

local snapshot

In OS X, the temporary backups that Time Machine creates when the Mac is not connected to the backup media. When the media is later available, local snapshots are copied to the media.

force quit

In OS X, to abruptly end an app without allowing the app to go through its close process.

17. List the steps to open Terminal in OS X.

Open Finder, click Applications in the sidebar, scroll down and double-click Utilities. Scroll down and double-click Terminal. Alternately, press ⌘+Spacebar to open Spotlight, type Terminal, and press return.

18. How can you install printer, scanner, and graphics driver updates in OS X?

Printer, scanner, and graphics driver updates are usually included in OS X updates. Drivers that are not included in OS X updates can be downloaded from the manufacturer's website and installed.

superuser

Refers to a Linux or Mac OS X user who is logged in to the root account.

Application Virtualization (App-V)

Software by Microsoft used for application virtualization.

virtual machine manager (VMM)

Software that creates and manages virtual machines on a server or on a local computer. (also called hypervisor).

hypervisor

Software that creates and manages virtual machines on a server or on a local computer. Also called virtual machine manager (VMM).

Type 2 hypervisor

Software to manage virtual machines that is installed as an application in an operating system.

Type 1 hypervisor

Software to manage virtual machines that is installed before any operating system is installed.

ext3

The Linux file system that was the first to support journaling, which is a technique that tracks and stores changes to the hard drive and helps prevent file system corruption.

GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader)

The current Linux boot loader, which can handle dual boots with another OS installed on the system. Also see LILO (LInux boot LOader).

ext4

The current Linux file system, which replaced the ext3 file system. Stands for "fourth extended file system."

Bash shell

The default shell used by the terminal for many distributions of Linux.

OS X

The latest version of the proprietary operating system only available for Macintosh computers by Apple Inc. (apple.com). OS X was originally based on UNIX.

LILO (LInux boot LOader)

The outdated Linux boot loader that could handle a dual boot and has been replaced by GRUB.

19. How often does Time Machine create new backups, and how long are these backups kept?

Time Machine keeps hourly backups for 24 hours, daily backups for a month, and weekly backups until the disk is full.

20. What file format is used for OS X disk images?

Time Machine keeps hourly backups for 24 hours, daily backups for a month, and weekly backups until the disk is full.

4. What are the four main ways to secure a VM?

Use security features within the VM as you would for a physical machine, isolate the VM, protect the underlying files that are used to hold the VM, and secure the host computer.

client-side virtualization

Using this virtualization, a personal computer provides multiple virtual environments for applications.

presentation virtualization

Using this virtualization, a remote application running on a server is controlled by a local computer.

server-side virtualization

Using this virtualization, a server provides a virtual desktop or application for users on multiple client machines.

application virtualization

Using this virtualization, a virtual environment is created in memory for an application to virtually install itself.

client-side desktop virtualization

Using this virtualization, software installed on a desktop or laptop manages virtual machines used by the local user.

virtualization

When one physical machine hosts multiple activities that are normally done on multiple machines.

5. What is the Linux command to find out which shell you are using?

echo $SHELL

11. Which Linux file system was the first to implement journaling?

ext3

14. Why is the scroll bar typically hidden from view in OS X?

pages can be scrolled by swiping two fingers up or down the track pad.

9. In Linux, when logged in as a normal user with root privileges, which command must precede the apt-get command in the command line in order to install a program?

sudo

16. Which app provides tools for customizing the Mac interface?

system preferences