AAMI - Anatomy 2 - Final
ascending colon
"ascends" on the right side of the abdomen
triquetrum
3 cornered shaped carpal in the proximal row
head, body, tail
3 portions of the pancreas
Secum, Colon, Rectum and anal canal
4 main regions of the large intestine
ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
4 parts of the colon
sella turcica
A bony saddle shaped structure on the superior surface of the sphenoid bone
Line or linea
A less prominent ridge of bone than a crest
pancreas, liver and gall bladder
A major portion of digestion and absorption occurs here, the small intestine, and receives pancreatic juice and bile from ducts which lead from the ____ _____ ______, into the duodenum
visceral peritoneum
A portion of the serosa covering is part of the____ ______
epicondyle
A projection above a condyle
talus/astragalus
A singular bone and is the most superior bone of the ankle. It articulates with the tibia and fibula forming the ankle joint
Vestibule of the oral cavity
A space bounded externally by the cheeks and lips and internally by the gums/gingivae and teeth
oral cavity proper
A space that extends from the gums and teeth to the fauces
dens or odontoid process
A tooth or peg-like process that process that projects upward and articulates with the atlas
The area between the diaphragm and the pelvis
Abdomen
The superior portion of the ventral body cavity containing the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine.
Abdominal
To take away from the midline of the body
Abduction
(auxiliary; assisting) This term is applied to a lesser structure that resembles in structure and function, a similar organ, as an example, the accessory pancreatic duct
Accessory
topmost
Acrom means
Hydrochloric acid
Activates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin, an active enzyme necessary to break down proteins
206
Adult human skeleton bone number
the digestive system tube from the mouth to the anus, including the mouth or buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and small and large intestines
Alimentary canal
space
All bone has some ___ between its hard components
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid, wormian
All bones in the body can be classified into these six categories
foramina, singular vertebral foramen and the paired transverse foramen
All cervical vertebrae have three _____ , they are:
soluble and absorbable
All the food that we eat must be changed into a _____ and _____ form before our cells can use it
rugae
Allow for expansion and contraction when the stomach contains food
superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)
Allow for filtration of the inhaled air and to also warm and moisten air
singular vertebral foramen
Allows for passage of the spinal cord through the cervical vertebrae
paired transverse foramen
Allows for passage of the vertebral arteries through the cervical vertebrae
dens or odontoid process
Allows the head to pivot and permits a side to side motion of the head, saying No, Is on the axis
fibula
Also known as the calf bone
smaller
Although it is longer, it is considerably ______ than the tibia
membrane
Although the obturator foramen is covered by a ______, it allows blood vessels and nerves to pass
vestibule
An entrance to a canal
fauces
An opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx
esophageal hiatus
An opening in the diaphragm
Foramen
An opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
The last 2 or 3 cm. (1 in.) of the rectum; opens to the exterior through the anus
Anal canal
before or in front of; refers to the ventral or abdominal side of the body
Anterior (ventral)
coronoid fossa
Anterior depression of the humerus and receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
at the angles of the 2 parietal bones and the frontal bone
Anterior fontanel location
coronoid process
Anterior portion of the ramus and serves as the point of attachment for the temporalis muscle
hard palate
Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
lesser tubercle
Anterior projection of the humerus
coronoid process
Anterior projection of the ulna
pubis
Anterior, inferior portion of the hip bone
pyloric valve/sphincter
Antrum/pylorus connects with the duodenum by the _____
internal anal sphincter, skeletal
Anus guards the ____ _____ ____, made up of "involuntary" smooth muscle and an external anal sphincter composed of _______muscle (voluntary)
spine
Any sharp, slender process
pertaining to an appendix; pertaining to the limbs
Appendicular
the bony structure that makes up the shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvis and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
alvelolar process
Arch or horse show shaped portion of the mandible that contains 16 alveolar sockets
superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)
Are 2 thin, scroll shaped projections on the lateral masses of the ethmoid bone
do not attach directly to the sternum
Are called false ribs because their costal cartilage...
medial and lateral condyles
Are expanded portion of the metaphysis and articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
sublingual duct
Are located beneath the tongue; superior to the submandibular glands in the anterior portion of the floor of the mouth
Cuneiform Bones
Are three in number and are wedge shaped. They are located anterior to the navicular bone
superior nuchal line
Are two bony ridges that extend laterally from each side of the external occipital protuberance
The part of the upper limb from the shoulder to the elbow.
Arm
humerus
Arm bone
hyaline
Articular cartilage is a thin layer of _____ cartilage at articulation joints
fibula
Articulates proximally with the tibia
head of the femur
Articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone
acromian process
Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle, forming the acromioclavicular articulation
head of the fibula
Articulates with the inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia below the level of the knee joint
condylar process
Articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone forming the temporomandibular joint
medial and later condyle of the tibia
Articulates with the medial and lateral condyle of the femur respectively
clavicular notch
Articulates with the sternal end of the clavicle forming the sternoclavicular articulation
temporal bone
Articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone forming the zygomatic arch
the place of union between two or more bones; a joint
Articulation
tendon
As a sesamoid bone the patella develops in the _____ of the quadriceps femoris muscle
smooth, disappear
As the stomach fills the rugae ______ out and ______
the part of the large intestine that passes superiorly from the cecum to the inferior border of the liver, where it bends at the right colic (hepatic) flexure to become the transverse colon
Ascending colon
one of the three small bones of the middle ear called the malleus, incus and stapes
Auditory ossicle
6, 3/ear
Auditory ossicles number
The tube that connects the middle ear with the nose and nasopharynx region of the throat.
Auditory tube
skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Axial skeleton major bones
The small hollow beneath the arm where it joins the body at the shoulder. Also called the armpit.
Axilla
The posterior part of the body; the dorsum
Back
distal, carpal
Base of the metacarpals articulate with the ____ row of the _____ bones
cecum
Beginning of the large intestine
curve
Bend or curved portion between the body and the rami in the mandible, where the body meets the rami
A secretion of the liver consisting of water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, lecithin and several ions; it emulsifies lipids prior to their digestion
Bile
common hepatic duct
Bile flows out of the liver through the right and left hepatic ducts, which come together to form the _________
cystic duct
Bile will leave the gall bladder by the ____ _____
pertaining to bile
Biliary
the organs and ducts that participate in the secretion, storage and delivery of bile in the duodenum
Biliary tract
a membranous sac or receptacle for a secretion
Bladder
greater and lesser tubercle
Blunt projections of the humerus
navicular or scaphoid
Boat shaped and largest carpal bone
corpus
Body aka
gladiolus
Body of the sternum aka
ossification or osteogenesis
Bone formation aka (2)
joining one bone to another, attaching muscle to bone, or allowing structures to pass
Bones have surface marking that function in (3)
126
Bones in appendicular skeleton
80
Bones in axial skeleton
pectoral/shoulder girdle, upper extremities, pelvic girdle, lower extremities
Bones of appendicular skeleton
Frontal Bone (1), Parietal Bone (2), Temporal Bone (2), Occipital bone (1), Sphenoid Bone (1), Ethmoid Bone (1)
Bones of the cranium and number
carpal
Bones of the wrist called the _____ bones
humerus, ulna radius, carpal, metacarpal, phalanges
Bones of upper extremities
irregular bones
Bones of very complex space that do not fit into any other category
short bones
Bones that make up the wrist and ankle
long bones
Bones with greater length than width and consists of a main portion called the diaphysis
fibrous membrane or hyaline cartilage
Both are shaped like bones and provide the medium for the process of bone formation which is known as ossification or osteogenesis
points of attachment
Both spines of the iliac crest serve as ______ ___ _____ for the muscle of the abdominal wall
thigh, buttocks
Both trochanters of the femur serve as points of attachment for the muscles of the ____ and ____
insertions
Both tubercles function as _______ for many muscle of the upper extremeties
digestion
Breakdown of food by both mechanical and chemical means
duodenal gland
Bruners gland aka
tubular submucosal
Bruners glands are compound ______ ______ glands
cheek
Bucca means
relating to the cheek or mouth
Buccal
A sac or pouch synovial fluid located at friction points, especially joints
Bursa
atlas
C1 vertebrae aka
a narrow tube, channel or passageway
Canal
meatus
Canal aka
smooth muscle
Cardiac sphincter is composed of _____ ______
a canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bone that transmits the internal carotid artery and the internal carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves
Carotid canal
The eight bones of the wrist. Also called carpals.
Carpal bones
transverse, four
Carpal bones are arranged in two _____ rows, one proximal and distal of ___
ligaments
Carpal bones are united to each other by ____
metacarpal
Carpal bones in the distal row will articulate with the ______ bones
8/wrist
Carpal number (upper)
A collective term for the eight bones o the wrist
Carpus
A type of connective tissue consisting of chondrocytes in lacunae embedded in a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers and a matrix of chondroitin sulfate
Cartilage
8,9,10
Cartilage of ribs ___ ____ and ____ attach to each other and then attach to the cartilage of the 7th rib
A joint without a synovial (joint) cavity where the articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage, allowing little or no movement
Cartilagenous joint
Pertaining to any tail-like structure; inferior in position
Caudal
ethmoidal sinuses
Cavities that communicate, drain or empty into the nasal cavity
sphenoidal sinuses
Cavities within the sphenoid bone that are lined with a mucous membrane and drain into the nasal cavity
sinus
Cavity within a bone
A blind pouch at the proximal end of the large intestine that attaches to the ileum
Cecum
situated at or pertaining to a center
Central
7, 7
Cervical vertebrae number in adults and infants
Atlas or C1
Cervical vertebrae that has no body or spinous process and is described as being a ring of bone
C2 or Axis
Cervical vertebrae the has a body or structure called the dens or odontoid process
enzymes
Chemical digestion is accomplished by
principle enzyme pepsinogen
Chief cells secrete...
cartilage
Chondro
The milky-appearing fluid found in the lacteals of the small intestine after absorption of lipids in food.
Chyle / Chyli
The semi-fluid mixture of partly digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine during digestion of a meal
Chyme
The origin of the thoracic duct
Cisterna Chyli
superior
Clavicle lie ____ to the first rib
2
Clavicle number
on each side of the jugular notch
Clavicular notch location
funnel-shaped openings, especially of the posterior nares; one of the communicating passageways between the nasal fossae and the pharynx
Cloanae
The fused bones at the inferior end of the vertebral column
Coccyx
1,4
Coccyx vertebrae number in adults and infants
clavicle
Collar bones
The large intestine from the end of the cecum to the anal canal that surrounds the anus; the portion of the large intestine consisting of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions
Colon
gastric juice
Combination of all muscle cell secretions
A tube formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct that empties bile into the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
Common Bile Duct
ductus choledochus
Common bile duct aka
zygomatic or malar bones
Commonly called cheek bones
Bone tissue that contains few spaces between osteons
Compact (dense)Bone Tissue
diaphysis, epiphysis
Compact or dense bone is thicker in the _____ than in the ____
one of the three nasal conchae; a scroll-like bone
Concha
temporoandibular joint
Condylar process articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and forms the
a rounded protuberance at the end of the bone forming an articulation
Condyles
One of the most abundant of the four basic tissue types in the body; performing the functions of binding and supporting; consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix (the ground substance and fibers betweenthe cells)
Connective Tissue
Upper esophageal sphincter
Consists of skeletal muscleregulates the movement of food from the pharynx to the esophagus
neck
Constricted portion of the femur located just distal to the head
Alveolar Process
Contains 16 sockets for the teeth
cribiform plate or horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone
Contains olfactory foramina through which the olfactory nerves pass
frontal and two parietal bones
Coronal suture located between the
Pertaining to a rib
Costal
Hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum
Costal cartilage
hip
Coxal bone aka
A subdivision of the dorsal body cavity formed by the cranial bones and containing the brain
Cranial cavity
The skeleton of the skull that protects the brain and the organ of sight, hearing and balance; includes the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones
Cranium
horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone
Cribiform plate aka
A crest or ridged structure. A small elevation in the ampulla of each semicircular duct that contains receptors for dynamic equilibrium
Crista
short bones
Cube shaped bones nearly equal in length and width
a normal or abnormal bending or sloping away; a curve
Curvature
of or pertaining to a cyst; pertaining to the gallbladder; pertaining to the urinary bladder
Cystic
The discharge of feces from the rectum
Defecation
elimination
Defecation from those substances that are indigestible and cannot be absorbed
The act of swallowing
Deglutition
periosteum
Dense connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage
Movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly
Depression
jugular notch or suprasternal notch
Depression in the medial superior portion of the manubrium
intercondylar fossa
Depression on the posterior surface of the femur, situated between the medial and lateral condyles
The part of the large intestine descending from the left colic (splenic) flexure to the level; of the left iliac crest
Descending colon
liver
Destroys certain bacteria and old, worn out white and red blood cells
reduction of toxic properties of a poisonous substance
Detoxification
The shaft of a long bone
Diaphysis
shaft
Diaphysis aka
A freely moveable joint; types are gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle and ball-and-socket
Diarthrosis
enzymes
Different organs secrete difference _____ to chemically act on different foods
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food to simple,molecules that can be absorbed and used by body cells
Digestion
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the point of origin or attachment; farthest from the center, from a medial line, or from the trunk; opposite to proximal
Distal
epiphyses
Distal and proximal ends of long bones
capitulum, trochlea, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa
Distal end features of the humerus (4)
multangular major, multangular minor, capitate, hamate
Distal row of metacarpals from lateral to medial
calvaria or calivarium
Domelike superior portion of the cranium
see posterior
Dorsal
The first 25cm. (10 in.) of the small intestine, which connects the stomach and the ileum
Duodenum
single, three, 23
Each hip bone is a _____bone, but is discussed as if it were ______ separate bones. In the infant, the bone is three separate pieces separated by cartilage which fused together by the time we reach ____ years old
maxillary sinus
Each maxilla contain the ______ _____ and are filled with a mucous membrane and communicate with the nasal cavities
base, shaft, distal
Each of the metacarpals has a proximal ____, ____ and distal ____
condylar process, coronoid process and mandibular notch
Each ramus has a (3)
external auditory meatus
Ear canal aka
irregular
Ear ossicles and some facial bones are _____ bones
Malleus/hammer, Incus/Anvil, Stapes/Stirrups
Ear ossicles and their shapes
a prominence or projection, especially of a bone
Eminence
inside
Endo
The layer of the heart wall composed of endothelium and smooth muscle that lines the inside of the heart and covers the valves and tendons that holds the valves open
Endocardium
an internal secretion, pertaining to a gland that secretes directly into the bloodstream
Endocrine
A gland that secretes hormones into intestinal fluid and then the blood; a ductless gland
Endocrine gland
The end of a long bone, usually larger in diameter that the shaft (diaphysis)
Epiphysis
The tissue that forms innermost and outermost surfaces of body structures and forms glands
Epithelial tissue
A mature red blood cell
Erythrocyte
The process by which red blood cells are formed
Erythropoiesis
The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach
Esophagus
laryngopharynx
Esophagus begins at the inferior end of the______
esophageal hiatus
Esophagus passes through the _______ _____(an opening in the diaphragm)
superior portion of the stomach
Esophagus terminates in the...
Feminizing sex hormones produced by the ovaries; govern development of oocytes, maintenance of female reproductive structures, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics; also affects fluid and electrolyte balance and protein anabolism. Examples are beta-estradiol, estrone and estriol
Estrogens
The movement of the sole laterally at the ankle joint
Eversion
humerus, radia, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula
Examples of long bones in extremities (6)
glycogen, fat
Excess glucose (sugar) can be stored as ________ (animal starch) or converted to ___ in the liver
The process of eliminating waste products from the body; also the products excreted
Excretion
a term applied to the external secretion of a gland
Exocrine
A gland that secretes its products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or the outer surface of the body
Exocrine gland
medial and lateral condyles
Expanded proximal ends of the tibia
An increased angle between two bones; restoring a body part to its anatomical position after flexion
Extension
exterior; the opposite of internal
External
A curved tube in the temporal bone that leads to the middle ear; the lateral, outer opening of the external auditory canal
External auditory canalor meatus
eye orbit
Eye socket aka
The anterior aspect of the head
Face
A sheet of parietal peritoneum between two principal lobes of the liver. The ligamentum teres or remnant of the umbilical vein lies within its fold
Falciform ligament
parietal peritoneum
Falciform ligament is a fold of the _____ _____
2
Femur number
Fontanels
Fibrous membranes in which ossification has not yet taken place
talus bone of the ankle
Fibula Articulates distally with the _____
2
Fibula number
long
Finger bones, toe bones, metacarpal and metatarsals are _____ bones
villi
Finger-like projections located along the mucosal lining of the small intestines
true ribs
First 7 pair of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by their own costal cartilage
A groove, fold or slit tat may be normal or abnormal
Fissure
ingestion, peristalsis, digestion, absorption, elimination
Five basic activities of digestion
Support and Stabilize surrounding tissue, Protect vital organs, Assists in body movement, storage area for mineral salts, manufacture blood cells
Five functions of a skeleton
acromion process
Flattened, expanded portion of the spine
Movement in which there is a decrease in the angle between two bones
Flexion
thoracic
Floating ribs only point of attachment is posteriorly to the ____ vertebrae
A fibrous connective tissue membrane-filled space where bone formation is not yet complete, especially between the cranial bones of an infant's skull
Fontanel
ease, override
Fontanels ___ the process of birth because they allow bones to ______ each other to help accommodate the skull to the size of the birth canal -
soft spots
Fontanels aka
chime or chili
Food becomes a milky white substance known as
The terminal part of the lower limb, from the ankle to the toes
Foot
A passage or opening; a communication between two cavities of an organ, or a hole in a bone for passage of vessels or nerves. Plural is foramina
Foramen
hole
Foramen
An opening in the fetal heart in the septum between the right and left atria
Foramen ovule
The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
Forearm
squama / squamous portion
Form the anterior and superior part of the temple (region of the head in front of the ear)
acetabulum
Formed by the fusion of the ilium, pubis, and ischium
olecran process
Forms the bump in the elbow
tongue
Forms the floor of the oral cavity
xiphoid or ensiform process
Forms the most inferior portion of the sternum
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
a furrow or shallow depression
Fossa
lambdoidal suture
Found between the parietal and occipital bones
squamosal suture
Found between the parietal and temporal bone
sagittal suture
Found between the two parietal bones
lambdoidal suture
Found between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
sternal angle or angle of Louis
Found where the manubrium meets the body
Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid
Four paranasal sinuses
cardia/cardiac, fundus, body/corpus, pylorus/antrum
Four parts of the stomach
multangular minor/trapezoid
Four sided carpal figure with NO two sides parallel
multangular major/Trapezium
Four sided carpal figure with two sides parallel
forehead, anterior portion of the roof of the skull, part of the eye orbit
Frontal bone forms the (3)
a rounded prominence on either side of the median line and a little below the center of the frontal bone
Frontal eminence
18 to 24 month
Frontal fontanel closes in about
an irregular cavity in the frontal bone on either side of the midline above the nasal bridge, One may be larger than the other
Frontal sinuses
Gall bladder
Function is to store and concentrate the bile produced by the liver until it is needed in the small intestines
completion of water absorption, manufacture and absorption of certain vitamins, formation and elimination of feces
Function of large intestine (3)
lower extremities.
Functionally this pelvis provides strong support for the_____
protect, mechanical effort
Functionally, sesamoid bones _____ the tendon and increase its ______ _____
Softens and lubricates food, Dissolves a portion of the food so that it can be tasted, Cleanses the mouth and teeth.
Functions of saliva (3)
A small pouch located inferior to the liver that stores bile and empties by means of the cystic duct; a pear-shaped sac on the underside of the right lobe of the liver that stores bile received from the liver
Gall bladder
liver
Gall bladder is attached to the underside of the _____
pear shaped sac/organ
Gall bladder shape
combining form that means stomach
Gaster-
A continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity extending from the mouth to the anus. Also called the alimentary canal
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Alimentary Tract, Alimentary Canal
Gastrointestinal Tract aka (2)
They cover the alveolar process of the mandible and maxilla and extend slightly into each socket
Gingivae Gums.
on the lower part of the forehead just above the medial ends of the eyebrows
Glabella location
Specialized epithelial cell or cells that secrete substances; may be exocrine or endocrine; a secretory organ or structure; a cell or group of cells that can manufacture secretion discharged and used in some other part of the body
Gland
glenoid fossa
Glenoid cavity aka
glenoid cavity, cavity of the scapula
Glenoid fossa aka (2)
transverse colon
Goes across the abdomen
descending colon
Goes down (descends) on the left side of the abdomen to the iliac crest (part of the colon)
below the posterior superior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch location
ileum
Greatest number of peyers patches found in the____
gingivae
Gums aka
Pertaining to taste
Gustatory
The anterior portion of the roof of the mouth, formed by the maxillae and palatine bones and lined by mucous membrane
Hard palate
petrous portion of the temporal bone
Hardest part of the temporal bone
The superior part of a human; cephalic to the neck. The superior or proximal part of a structure
Head
glenoid fossa, cavity of the scapula
Head of the humerus that articulates with the ________ or _______
capitate
Head shaped carpal on the distal row
zygomatic bones or malar bones
Help form the prominences of the cheek and the latter wall and floor of the eye orbit
sphenoid bone
Helps form part of the floor, side walls and rear wall of the eye orbit
Blood cell production, which occurs in red bone marrow after birth. Also called hematopoiesis
Hemopoiesis
the liver
Hepar
Refers to the liver
Hepatic
The flow of blood from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver before returning to the heart
Hepatic portal circulation
ampulla of vater
Hepato pancreatic duct aka
A small, raised area in the duodenum where the combined bile duct and main pancreatic duct empty into the duodenum. Also called the ampulla
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
a gland that has both endocrine and exocrine functions (ex:Pancreas]
Heterocrine :
medullary canal or cavity
Hollow chamber within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow which consist of a lot of fat cells
coracoid process
Hook like projection located on the anterior, superior surface of the lateral end of the scapula
hamate
Hooked shaped carpal on the distal row
body
Horizontal portion of the mandible
palatine process of the maxilla
Horizontal portion that forms the anterior portion of the hard palate
petrous portion of the temporal bone
Houses the internal and middle ear, the structures involved in hearing and equilibrium
axial and appendicular
Human skeleton divisions
scapula, radius, ulna
Humerus articulates proximally with the _______ and distally with the ____ and ____
2
Humerus number
does not articulate with any other bone
Hyoid bone articulation
styloid process, temporal
Hyoid bone is suspended from the _____ _____ of the ______ bone by ligaments and muscles
1
Hyoid bone number
cervical, mandible, thyroid cartilage, larynx
Hyoid is located in the _____ region and is inferior to the _______ and superior to the ______ cartilage of the _____
A fold of mucous membrane that guards the opening from the ileum into the large intestine. Also called the ileocecal valve
Ileocecal sphincter
The terminal part of the small intestine
Ileum
ileocecal valve
Ileum joins the ______ _____, the opening into the large intestines which allows materials from the small intestines to pass into the large intestines
anterior superior iliac spine
Iliac crest ends anteriorly as the ____
posterior superior iliac spine
Iliac crest ends posteriorly as the _____
coronal suture
Immovable joint found only between skull bones
metaphysis
In growing bones ______ is where the cartilage is replaced with bone
greater sciatic notch
In the ilium, this allows for passage of the sciatic nerve
pituitary gland
In the sella turcica, the depression of the saddle contains the ______ ____
Away from the head or towards the lower part of a structure. May also be referred to as caudad or caudal. Beneath; lower; used medically in reference to the undersurface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure
Inferior
lesser trochanter
Inferior and medial to the greater trochanter
a facial bone
Inferior nasal concha
laryngopharynx
Inferior portion of the pharynx
shock absorbers
Intervertebral discs as a
C2 to Sacrum
Intervertebral discs location
peristalisis
Involuntary muscle contractions
peristalsis
Involuntary physical movement of food through the body
saliva
Is a combination of the different enzymes produced by each of the salivary gland
mandibular fossa
Is a depression located on the inferior, posterior surface of the zygomatic process on each temporal bone
lateral malleolus of the fibula
Is a lateral projection of the fibula that articulates with the talus bone of the ankle. You can also feel this at the lateral surface of the ankle
medial malleolus
Is a medial projection which articulates with the talus bone of the ankle. You can feel this on the medial side of the ankle
external occipital protuberance
Is a prominent midline projection on the posterior surface just above the foramen magnum
tibial tuberosity
Is a roughened process for the attachment of the patellar ligament
cuboid bone
Is a singular and cubed shaped bone that lies lateral to the cuneiform bones
mandible
Is a singular bone and forms the lower jaw
Patella Surface
Is a slight depression on the anterior surface of the femur situated between the condyles. The patella or kneecap is situated in front of this
Crista Galli
Is a triangular process that serves as a point of attachment for the meninges, which are the membranes that cover the brain
mechanical / physical digestion
Is accomplished by a process known as peristalsis and by chewing which grinds the food into smaller particles
alveolar process
Is and arch or horse-shoe shaped portion of the bone
mastoid process of the temporal bone
Is located posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus (the ear canal, where you insert the Qtip) which directs sound waves into the ear
muscularis/muscular coat
Is located under the serosa and is composed of visceral (smooth involuntary) muscle tissue
oropharynx
Is the central portion of the pharynx
mucosa
Is the innermost layer of the stomach, which secretes mucous to protect the stomach from its own digestive juices
anal canal
Is the terminal (last) 1 inch of the colon
a tiny isolated mass of one kind of tissue within the another type
Islet
cluster of cells in the pancreas
Islets of Langerhans
submucosa
It binds the mucosa to the muscularis
stomach
It connects the esophagus to the duodenum, the first part of the small intestines and has the capability of stretching, BUT is not meant to hold large quantities of food
larger
It extends from the ileum to the anus and is wider, not longer, than the small intestine
external occipital protuberance
It is the bump you feel at the back of the head
epigastric, left hypochondriac and umbilical regions
It lies inferior to the diaphragm in the ______, _____ ______ and _____ regions of the body on the left side of the body
external auditory meatus
It runs from the outer ear to the middle ear allowing sound to enter the ear
stomach
It serves as a reservoir for food
mastoid process of the temporal bone
It's the bump you feel behind your ear
Esophagus
Its function is to simply transport the food (bolus) from the pharynx to the stomach
The middle part of the intestine
Jejunum
the point of juncture between two bones; A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage
Joints
cranial sutures
Joints of the cranial bones are called
suprasternal notch
Jugular notch aka
head, metacarpal
Knuckles are formed by the _____ of the ______ bones when the hand is closed
One of many lymphatic vessels in villi of the intestines that absorbs triglycerides and other lipids from digested foods
Lacteal
body/corpus
Large central portion of the stomach inferior to the fundus
semi lunar or trochlear notch
Large curved area of the humerus between the olecranon process and the coronoid process
bodies
Large disc shaped portion of the vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae
Large in size than the cervical vertebrae and the spinous processes project inferiorly
The portion f the gastrointestinal tract extending from the ileum of the small intestine to the anus, divided structurally into the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal
Large intestine
ileum, anus
Large intestine extends from the ____ to the ____
5 feet, 2.5 inches
Large intestine length and diameter
foramen magnum
Large opening located in the inferior portion of the occipital bone
greater trochanter
Large roughened projection, located on the lateral side of the femur
head
Large rounded portion of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid fossa or cavity of the scapula
scapula (s)
Large, flat, triangular bone referred to as your shoulder blade
tuberosity
Large, rounded, usually roughened projection larger than a tubercle
tibial tuberosity
Large, rounded, usually roughened projection of the tibia
condyle
Large, roundlike protuberance at the end of a bone at a point of articulation with another bone
Tibia
Larger and medial bone of the leg
humerus
Largest and strongest bone of the upper extremeties
mandible
Largest and strongest of the facial bones
lumbar vertebrae
Largest and strongest vertebrae
liver
Largest digestive organ
obturator foramen
Largest foramen of the skeleton
parotid glands
Largest of the three salivary glands
colon
Largest part of large intestine
patella
Largest sesamoid bone
femur
Largest, heaviest and strongest bone in the body
The inferior portion of the pharynx, extending downward from the level of the hyoid bone that divides posteriorly into the esophagus and anteriorly into the larynx.
Laryngopharynx
hyoid, anteriorly, posteriorly
Laryngopharynx begins at level of _____ bone and opens ______ to the larynx and ______ to the esophagus
respiratory, digestive
Laryngopharynx function in both____ and ____
The voice box, a short passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea
Larynx
rectum
Last 8 in of the GI tract
aromial end
Later end of the clavicle
Farther from the midline of the body or a structure; pertaining to the side
Lateral
acromion process
Lateral end of the spine of the scapula
greater tubercle
Lateral projection just distal to the head of the humerus
submucosa
Layer under the muscularis where the blood vessels and nerves are found
Esophagus
Least complex portion of the digestive tract
greater curvature, convex lateral, left gastric
Left side of stomach is referred to as the _____ ______, has a _____ _______ border, and is supplied by the ____ _____ artery
The part of the lower limb between the knee and ankle
Leg
9 to 10 in
Length of esophagus
linea aspera
Less prominent ridge of bone than a crest of the femur
ethmoid bone
Lies anterior to the sphenoid bone and posterior to the nasal bone... is a bone
external auditory meatus
Lies below the squama and in front of the mastoid process
linea
Line aka
thigh
Linear Aspera serves as muscle attachments for the ____ muscles
right hypochondriac, epigastric
Liver is located the _____ _____ region and ______ regions
falciform ligament
Liver is separated into a right and left lobe by the_____ ______
diaphragm
Liver located just below the _____
circle of willis
Located around the pituitary gland
inferior nasal conchae
Located inferior to the middle conchae, these filter and warm air
cribiform plate
Located on the anterior floor of the cranium and forms the roof of the nasal cavity
in the duodenum
Location of bruners glands
right side of body
Location of secum
slightly curved
Long bones are ____ _____ for strength
Diaphysis or shaft
Long, cylindrical, main portion of long bone
sciatic nerve
Longest nerve in the body is the
Capitulum, lateral
Looks like a round know and articulates with the head of the radius, it is located on the _____ side of the humerus
cardiac sphincter
Lower esophageal sphincter aka
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal, phalanges
Lower extremities consist of
Region of the back and side between the ribs and pelvis; loin
Lumbar
5,5
Lumbar vertebrae number in adults and infants
An oval or bean-shaped structure located along lymphatic vessels
Lymph node
A large vessel that collects lymph from lymphatic capillaries and converges with other lymphatic vessels to form the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts
Lymphatic vessel
large
Magnum
internal carotid artery
Main blood supply to the brain
Bruners Glands
Main function is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)
protect duodenum from acidic content of chyme, provide alkaline conditions for intestinal enzymes to be active, lubricates the intestinal walls
Main function is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate) in order to (3)
ethmoid bone
Major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
body, rami, angle
Mandible consists of (3)
the depression in the temporal bone into which the condyle of the mandible fits
Mandibular fossa
a boundary such as the edge of a structure of the anatomy
Margin
Soft, sponge-like materials in the cavities of bone; Red bone marrow produces blood cells; yellow bone marrow contains adipose tissue that stores triglycerides
Marrow
Chewing
Mastication
mandible
Maxillae articulate with every other facial bone except the
floor of the eye orbits, lateral walls and floor of the nasal cavity, most of the hard palate (roof of the mouth)
Maxillae help form (3)
a passage or opening
Meatus
chewing or mastication
Mechanical digestion in the mouth results from_____ or ______
Nearer the midline of the body or a structure; pertaining to the middle
Medial
sternal end
Medial end of the clavicle that articulates with the clavicular notch forming the sternoclavicular articulation
ulna
Medial/pinky side bone of the forearm
The space within the diaphysis of a bone that contains yellow bone marrow. Also called marrow cavity
Medullary cavity
A thin, flexible sheet of tissue composed of epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer, as in a epithelial membrane, or of areolar connective tissue only, as in a synovial membrane
Membrane
chin
Mentum
A fold of peritoneum attaching the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesentery
5/palm
Metacarpal (upper) number
A collective term for the five bones that make up the palm
Metacarpus
grows
Metaphyses is where bone _____
5/foot
Metatarsal number
body or gladiolus
Middle and largest portion of the sternum
metacarpus
Middle region of the hand
metacarpal bone
Middle region of the hand is made up of these five bones
A vertical plane through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides. Also called a median plane
Midsagittal plane
deciduous teeth
Milk teeth aka
tall centers never take shots from corners (Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Third Cuneiform, Second Cuneiform, First Cuneiform, Cuboid)
Mnemonic for learning the ankle bones
lunate
Moon shaped carpal in the proximal row
endochondral ossification
Most bones in the body are formed in this way
coccyx
Most inferior portion of the vertebral column
C7 or cervical prominens
Most prominent of the cervical vertebrae because it possesses a large Non-Bifid spinous process
cheeks, hard and soft palate and tongue.
Mouth is formed by the (4)
mucous
Mucous cells secrete _____ which protects the stomach from its own digestive juices
A membrane that lines a body cavity that opens to the exterior. Also called the mucosa
Mucous membrane
The thick fluid secretion of goblet cells, mucous cells, mucous glands, and mucous membranes
Mucus
An organ composed of one of three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac or smooth), specialized for contraction to produce voluntary or involuntary movement of parts of the body
Muscle
A muscular layer (coat or tunic) of an organ
Muscularis
serosa, visceral, smooth involuntary
Muscularis is located under the ______ and is composed of _______ (_____ _____) muscle tissure
serosa, muscularis/muscular coat, submucosa, mucosa
Name the four layers of the stomach
parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands
Name the three pair of salivary glands
Milk/deciduous teeth and permanent teeth
Name two sets of teeth
pylorus/antrum
Narrow inferior portion of the stomach that connects with the duodenum (first part of the small intestines) by the pyloric valve /sphincter
crest
Narrow ridge of bone
iliac crest
Narrow ridge of bone of the hip bone
fissure
Narrow slit between adjacent parts of bone through which blood vessels or nerves pass
a vertical portion of bone (perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer) and cartilage, covered with a mucous membrane, separating the nasal cavity into left and right sides; the partition that divides the nasal cavity into two nasal cavities
Nasal septum
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (superior), vomer (inferior and posterior), septal cartilage (anterior and inferior)
Nasal septum is formed by these three structures
The superior portion of the pharynx, lying posterior to the nose and extending inferiorly to the soft palate
Nasopharynx
respiration
Nasopharynx functions only in
nasal cavity, soft palate
Nasopharynx lies posterior to the ______and extends to the_____
scaphoid
Navicular aka
scaphoid bone
Navicular bone aka
Intrinsic factor
Necessary chemical for the body's absorption of Vitamin B12, a vitamin necessary for hemopoiesis
The part of the body connecting the head and the trunk. A constricted portion of the an organ such as the neck of the femur or uterus
Neck
chemical
No ______digestion occurs in the esophagus
peristalsis.
No mechanical digestion occurs in the esophagus as a result of ______
mandibular notch
Notch or depression between the condylar and coronoid process
8
Number of carpal bones in each wrist
10 including the two pair of floating ribs (11 and 12)
Number of false ribs, including
20 or 10/jaw
Number of milk teeth
32 or 16/jaw
Number of permanent teeth
14
Number of phalanges per hand
12 pairs
Number of ribs
24
Number of ribs
26, 33
Number of vertebrae in adults and infants
anatomical neck
Oblique groove that lies distally to the head of the humerus
between the pubis and the ischium
Obturator foramen location
in the midline between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
Occipital Fontanel location
two months
Occipital fontanel closes about ___ _______ after birth
distal and posterior portion of the humerus
Olecranon fossa
Pertaining to smell
Olfactory
sense of smell
Olfactory meaning
mandible
Only moveable bone of the skull
The bony pyramid-shaped cavity of the skull that holds the eyeball
Orbit
A structure composed of two or more different kinds of tissues with a specific function and usually a recognizable shape
Organ
accessory organs
Organs that lie outside the gastrointestinal tract are called
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Organs that lie outside the gastrointestinal tract include (6)
Any aperture or opening; the mouth, entrance, or outlet of any anatomical structure; opening
Orifice
The intermediate portion of the pharynx, lying posterior to the mouth and extending from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
Oropharynx
soft palate to hyoid
Oropharynx extends from the ____ to the ____ bone
digestive and respiratory
Oropharynx is both ____ and ____ in function
oral cavity proper.
Oropharynx lies posterior to the...
Bony
Osseous
any small bone, especially one of the three bones of the ear the small bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
Ossicles
Formation of bone. Also called osteogenesis
Ossification
osteogenesis
Ossification aka
6th or 7th
Ossification begins around the ___ or ___ week of embryonic life and continues into adulthood
intramembrano
Ossification that occurs only in formation of bones in the cranium
Intramembrano ossification
Ossification that occurs within the fibrous membrane
A mature bone cell that maintains the daily activities of bone tissue
Osteocyte
The study of bones
Osteology
greater curvature of the stomach
Pacrease lies posterior to the...
maxillae
Paired bones that unite to form the upper jaw
nasal bones
Paired oblong shaped bones that sit side by side at the upper and middle parts of the face
lacrimal bones
Paired thin bones the size and shape of fingernails
The horizontal structure separating the oral and nasal cavities, the roof of the mouth
Palate
A soft, oblong organ lying along the greater curvature of the stomach and connected by a duct to the duodenum. It is both an exocrine gland (secreting pancreatic juice) and an endocrine gland (secreting insulin, gluagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide)
Pancreas
small oblong shaped organ 6in long
Pancreas shape and size
A single large tube that unites with the common bile duct from the liver and fall bladder and drains pancreatic juice into the duodenum at the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vader). Also called the duct of Wirsung
Pancreatic duct
A cluster of endocrine gland cells in the pancreas that secretes insulin, glucagons, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. Also called an islet of Langerhans
Pancreatic islet
A mucus-lined air cavity in a skull that communicates with the nasal cavity; they are located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Paranasal sinus
pertaining to, or forming, the wall of a cavity; pertaining to the parietal bone
Parietal
HCL/hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Parietal cells secrete (2)
stensens duct
Parotid duct aka
One of the paired salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears and connected to the oral cavity via a duct (Stensen's) that opens into the inside of the cheek opposite the maxillary (upper) second molar tooth
Parotid gland
parotid duct or stensens duct
Parotid glands secretion gain entrance to the mouth by way of the (2)
trochlea
Part of humerus that looks like a pulley or spool shaped surface
flat
Part of pelvic bone is a ____ bone
nasopharynx
Part of the pharynx behind the nose
head
Part of the ulna that articulates with the carpal bones
olecranon process
Part of the ulna that forms the prominence of the elbow
absorption
Passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the cells of the body
anterior to the knee joint
Patella location
2
Patella number
small, triangular, sesamoid
Patella size, shape and type of bone
pisiform
Pea shaped carpal in the proximal row
concerning the chest; Pertaining to the chest or breast
Pectoral
clavicle and scapula
Pectoral girdle composed of
clavicle and scapula
Pectoral girdle consists of these (2)
Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity that contains urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and internal female and male reproductive structures
Pelvic cavity
hip or coxal bone
Pelvic girdle composed of
The basin-like structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The expanded, proximal portion of the ureter, lying within the kidney and into which the major calyces open
Pelvis
The membrane that covers cartilage
Perichondrium
The membrane that covers bone and consists of connective tissue, osteogenic cells and osteoblasts; is essential for bone growth, repair and nutrition
Periosteum
Successive muscular contractions along the wall of a hollow muscular structure
Peristalsis
The largest serous membrane of the body that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera
Peritoneum
at right angles to another surface
Perpendicular
Rami
Perpendicular/Vertical portion of the mandible on each side
rock
Petrous means
14/hand
Phalanges (upper) number
14/foot
Phalanges number (lower)
The throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck, where it opens into the esophagus posteriorly and larynx anteriorly
Pharynx
digestive and respiratory
Pharynx is both ______ and _____in function and takes air from the nasal cavity to the larynx and food from the mouth to the esophagus
intervertebral discs
Pieces of fibrous cartilage located between the bodies of each vertebrae from C2 to sacrum
hypophysis
Pituitary gland aka
foramina
Plural of foramen
concerning an entrance to an organ, especially that through which the blood is carried to the liver
Portal
oropharynx
Portion of the pharynx behind the mouth
calvaria or calivarium
Portion of the skull removed during cranial autopsy
Nearer to or at the back of the body; opposite of anterior
Posterior (dorsal)
ischium
Posterior and inferior portion of the hip bone
smaller
Posterior fontanel is _____ than the anterior fontanel
soft palate
Posterior portion of the mouth and located between the oropharynx and nasopharynx
condylar process
Posterior portion of the ramus
Endochondral ossification
Process is which bone forms in cartilage
ossification or osteogenesis
Process of bone formation
trochlea of the humerus
Process shaped like a pulley or spool of the humerus
trochlea
Process shaped like a pulley or spool of thread
styloid process
Projects from the inferior surface of the temporal bone
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Projects inferiorly from the cribiform plate
temporal process
Projects posteriorly from the zygomatic bone
Crista Galli
Projects superiorly from the cribiform plate
periosteum
Protects, nourishes and assists in fracture repair of bones
a part that is prominent beyond a surface, like a knob
Protuberance
superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates)
Provide a turbulence for inhaled air trapping many inhaled particles in the mucous membrane
hyoid bone
Provides attachment sites of the tongue and neck muscles
compact/dense bone
Provides protection, support and helps long bones resist the stress of weight placed on them
nearest point of attachment, center of body or point of reference, the opposite of distal
Proximal
medial and lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity
Proximal end of the tibia contains (2)
carpus/wrist
Proximal portion of the hand
Navicular/scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Proximal row of carpals from lateral to medial
A slightly moveable cartilaginous joint between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones; the junction of the public bones in the midline in front; the bony eminence under the pubic hair
Pubic symphysis
fibrocartilage
Pubis consists of a disc of ______
A thickened ring of smooth muscle through which the pylorus of the stomach communicates with the duodenum. Also called the pyloric valve; the smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
antrum
Pylorus aka
2
Radius number
olecran fossa
Receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is extended
The last 20 cm. (8 in.) of the gastrointestinal tract, from the sigmoid colon to the anus
Rectum
anterior
Rectum lies ____ to sacrum and coccyx
articular cartilage
Reduces friction and shock at freely moveable joints
metaphyses
Regions in mature bones where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis
Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
Regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach
floating ribs
Ribs 11 and 12 (pairs) are designated as
false ribs
Ribs 8 through 12
flat
Ribs are ____ bones
posteriorly, anteriorly, costal
Ribs attach ____ to the thoracic vertebrae and _____ to the sternum by way of the ______ cartilage
floating ribs
Ribs having no anterior attachment to the sternum directly or indirectly
first, seventh, twelfth
Ribs increase in length from the ____ to the ____ then decrease in length to the _____
A vessel of the lymphatic system that drains lymph from the upper right side of the body and empties it into the right subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct
lesser curvature, concave medial, right gastric artery
Right side of stomach is referred to as the _____ ______, has a _____ _______ border, and is supplied by the ____ _____ artery
bolus
Round mass of soft, flexible, easily swallowed food
head of the femur
Rounded articular projection of the femur
head
Rounded articular projection supported on the constricted portion of the neck
sigmoid colon
S shaped portion of the colon
1,5
Sacrum vertebrae number in adults and infants
A clear, alkaline, somewhat viscous secretion produced mostly by the three pairs of salivary glands: contains various salts, mucin, lysozyme, salivary amylase and lingual lipase (produced by glands in the tongue)
Saliva
99
Saliva is ___ % water
pertaining to, producing or formed from saliva
Salivary
One of the three pairs of glands that lie external to the mouth and pour their secretory product (saliva) into ducts that empty into the oral cavity; the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands; a gland of the oral cavity that secretes saliva
Salivary gland
submandibular glands
Salivary gland found below the base of the tongue and in the floor of the mouth
accessory glands, exocrine glands, produce watery secretion of different chemical compounds called saliva
Salivary glands are (3)
adjacent to the mouth
Salivary glands are located...
side of the rami of the mandible, infererior, anterior
Salivary glands located and the side of the ______... and _____ and ______ to the ear
flat
Scapula is a ____ bone
dorsal, 2nd, 7th
Scapula location is located in the ______ portion of the thorax, situated between the ___ and ___ ribs
2
Scapula number
trochlear notch
Semi lunar notch aka
elbow
Semi lunar notch also forms part of the ____ joint
gustation or gustatory
Sense of taste aka (2)
a wall dividing two cavities
Septum
biliary system
Series of small ducts that transfer secretions produced and stored in the liver, gall bladder and pancreas into the small intestine
A membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior. The external layer of an organ formed by a serous membrane. The membrane that lines the pleural, pericardial and peritoneal cavities. Also called a serosa
Serous membrane
styloid process
Serves as a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the tongue,neck and hyoid bone
superior nuchal line
Serves as the origin for the occipitofrontalis muscle
Small bones usually found in tendons; an oval nodule of bone or fibrocartilage in a tendon playing over a bony surface. The patella is the largest one
Sesamoid bone
wrist, foot
Sesamoid bones can be found in the ____ and ____
frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal, zygomatic
Seven bones that help form the eye orbit/socket
fossa
Shallow depression
turbinates
Shaped like a top or any of the nasal conchae
spine
Sharp ridge that runs diagonally along the dorsal aspect of the scapula
spinous process of the vertebra
Sharp, slender process of the vertebra
tibia
Shin bone aka
spongy except for a thin layer of compact bone at surface
Short bones texture
The S-shaped part of the large intestine that begins at the level of the left iliac crest, projects medially and terminates at the rectum at about the level of the third sacral vertebra
Sigmoid colon
iliac crest
Sigmoid colon begins near the _____ ____ and projects medially
phalanx
Single finger bone is called a
vomer
Single triangular shaped bone that form the inferior and posterior portion of the nasal septum
occipital bone
Singular bone situated at the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
sphenoid bone
Singular bone, bat or wing shaped, and situated at the middle part of the base of the skull
sternum
Singular bone, flat, sword or dagger shaped and called the breast bone
hyoid bone
Singular, U shaped or horse shoe shaped bone that supports the tongue
ethmoid bone
Singular, light, spongy irregular shaped bone located on the midline in the anterior part of the floor of the cranium between the orbits
A hollow in a bone (paranasal sinus) or other tissue; a channel for blood (vascular sinus); a cavity within a bone; a dilated channel for venous blood; any cavity having a relatively narrow opening
Sinus
nasal bones
Sit side by side and form part of the bridge of the nose
pertaining to the skeleton
Skeletal
An organ specialized for contraction, composed of striated muscle fibers (cells), supported by connective tissue, attached to a bone by a tendon or an aponeurosis and stimulated by somatic motor neurons
Skeletal muscle
vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Skeleton of the trunk of the body is formed by
The skeleton of the head consisting of the cranial and facial bones
Skull
22, 8 cranium and 14 facial
Skull includes how many bones
clavicles
Slender S shaped bone that lies horizontally in the superior and anterior part of the thorax
styloid process
Slender process that projects form the posterior portion of the ulna for muscle attachment
glenoid cavity or glenoid fossa
Slight indentation on the lateral aspect of the scapula
Intercondylar eminence of the tibia
Slight upward projection between the medial and lateral condyle of the tibia
glabella
Small bump you can feel between the medial ends of the eyebrows
wormian or sutural bones
Small clusters of isolated bones that are found in the joints of cranial bones
A long tube of the gastrointestinal tract hat begins at the pyloric sphincter o the stomach, coils through the central and inferior part of the abdominal cavity and at ends at the large intestine; divided into three segments: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Small intestine
23 feet and 1 inch wide
Small intestine length and width
central, lower
Small intestine located in the ____ and ____ portion of the abdominal cavity
sesamoid bones
Small nodular bones typically found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint
tubercle
Small rounded projection, usually blunt
Glabella
Small smooth elevation that lies between the superciliary arches
lacrimal
Smallest of the facial bones and are located posterior
xiphoid or ensiform process
Smallest portion of the sternum
facet
Smooth flat articular surface
superior facet
Smooth flat articular surface of the vertebra
A tissue specialized for contraction, composed of smooth muscle fibers (cells), located in the walls of hollow internal organs, and innervated by automatic motor neurons
Smooth muscle
oropharynx, nasopharynx, mucous membrane
Soft palate is located between the ______ and the ______ and is covered by a ____ _____
flat
Some cranial bones are ____ bones
posterior and slightly superior to the nasal cavities
Sphenoid bone location
keystone
Sphenoid bone referred to as the _______ of the cranial floor, because it articulates with all other cranial bones
a circular muscle constricting an orifice
Sphincter
A sharp or thorn-like process or projection. Also called a spine. A sharp ridge running diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula
Spinous process
cancellous bone
Spongy bone aka
body of short, flat, irregular shaped bones and ephiphysis of long bones
Spongy bone locations
Flat or scale-like
Squamous
angle of Louis
Sternal angle aka
sternal end of the clavicle and the clavicular notch
Sternoclavicular articulation is made up of the
clavicle
Sternum articulates with the
flat
Sternum is a ____ bone
anterior midline of the chest
Sternum location
The J-shaped enlargement of the gastrointestinal tract directly inferior to the diaphragm in the epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen, between the esophagus and small intestine
Stomach
vertebral column
Strong, flexible group of vertebrae that allows us to move anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally
wrist
Styloid process also provides attachment for the ligaments of the ___
rivinus duct
Sublingual duct aka
sublingual ducts or the Rivinus duct
Sublingual ducts gain entrance into the mouth by way of the ...
One pair of salivary glands situated in the floor of the mouth deep into the mucous membrane and to the side of the lingual frenulum, with a duct (Rivinus') that opens into the floor of the mouth
Sublingual gland
whartons duct
Submandibular duct aka
One pair of salivary glands found inferior to the base of the tongue deep to the mucous membrane in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth, posterior to the sublingual glands, with a duct (Wharton's) situated to the side of the frenulum. Also called the submaxillary gland
Submandibular gland
submandibular duct or whartons duct
Submandibular glands gain entrance to mouth by the (2)
A layer of connective tissue located deep to a mucous membrane, as in the gastrointestinal tract or the urinary bladder; the submucosa connects the mucosa to the muscularis layer
Submucosa
enzyme
Suffix -ase will always indicate an
Toward the head or upper part of a structure. Also called cephalad; higher than; situated above something else
Superior
ilium
Superior and largest portion of the hip bone
iliac crest
Superior border of the ilium
sphenoid
Superior orbital fissure is a narrow slit of the ___ bone
manubrium
Superior triangular portion of the sternum
C1 or atlas
Supports the skull and articulates with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone
Lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter
Surrounds the esophagus just as it enters the stomach
relating to a suture (the line of union in an immovable articulation, as those between skull bones)
Sutural
A small bone located within a suture between certain cranial bones. Also called Wormian bone
Sutural bone
An immovable fibrous joint that joins skull bones
Suture
deglutition
Swallowing aka
A line of union. A slightly movable cartilaginous joint such as the pubic symphysis; a line of fusion between two bones that are separated in early development
Symphysis
coccyx
Tail bone aka
ingestion
Taking food into the body
astragalus
Talus aka
The seven bones of the ankle
Tarsal bones
7/ankle
Tarsal number
A collective term for the seven bones of the ankle
Tarsus
Accessory structures of digestion composed of calcified connective tissue and embedded in bony sockets of the mandible and maxilla that cut, shred, crush and grind food. Also called dentes
Teeth
dentes
Teeth aka
alveolar sockets, mandible and maxillae
Teeth or Dentes are accessory organs of the digestive system located in the _________of the alveolar processes (the arch) of the _______ and ______
A white fibrous cord of regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Tendon
sigmoid colon
Terminates at the rectum
dens, odontoid
The Axis has a body and a structure called a _____ or ______ process
bifid/split/forked
The C2 through C6 vertebrae has a _____ spinous process
superciliary arches
The Supraorbital margins lie inferior to the
head
The ___ of the metacarpals articulates with the proximal phalanges
neck
The ____ of the femur is usually the part that gets broken
head
The ____ of the pancreas fits in the C shaped curve of the duodenum
exocrine portion
The _____ ______ of the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes called pancreatic juices which leave the pancreas through the pancreatic duct
medial mealleolus
The _____ is on the distal end of the tibia
zygomatic process
The ______ ______ projects from the inferior portion of the squama
pelvic girdle
The _______ of the bony pelvis connects the bones of the lower extremity to the axial skeleton
vermiform
The _________ (worm shaped) appendix projects from the cecum
stomach
The ______is described a being a J-shaped organ
liver, liver
The _____contains various enzymes that either breakdown poisons or transforms them into less harmful substances. If the body cannot break them down and excrete them, the_____ will store them
fossa
The acetabulum is a deep ____
aromial end of the clavicle and the acromian process of the scapula
The acromioclavicular articulation is made up of the
horizontal plate of the palatine bone
The actual part of the palatine bone that forms the posterior portion of the hard palate
gingivae
The alveolar processes are covered by the _____
cardia/cardiac
The area of the stomach that surrounds the cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal sphincter
2,3
The big toe or hallux has __ phalanges while the remaining four toes have ___phalanges
smaller
The bodies of the cervical vertebrae are ______ than the other vertebrae
prominent, non bifid
The cervical prominens is the most _____ of the cervical prominens and possesses a large ____ _____ spinous process
lateral walls of the oral cavity.
The cheeks form the...
mental eminence
The chin or bony projection of the chin
common bile duct or ductus choledochus.
The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct unite and form the...(2)
cystic duct
The common hepatic duct joins with the duct coming from the gall bladder called the _____ _____ to form the common bile duct
humerus
The coronoid fossa is a shallow depression of the _____
coronoid fossa, humerus, trochlea
The coronoid process receives the _____ of the ____ when the forearm is flexed. It also receives the ____ of the humerus
gall bladder.
The cystic duct comes out of the _____ _____
insulin
The endocrine portion is called the Islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets and secretes the hormone ______directly into the bloodstream
islets of Langerhans or pancreatic islets
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is called the ______ or _______ and secretes the hormone insulin directly into the bloodstream
bone forming
The endosteum contains_____ ______ cells
two, upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter/cardiac sphincter
The esophagus has ____ sphincters. Name them
1: part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, 2: medial wall of the eye orbits, 3: superior part of the nasal septum, 4: most of the sidewall of the nasal cavities
The ethmoid bone helps form (4)
temporal bone
The external auditory meatus is a canal of the
tibial
The fibula Lies parallel and lateral to the ¬¬¬¬____
tarsals
The foot is made up of the ____ bones
occipital
The foramen magnum is an foramen of the _____ bone
frontal
The frontal sinus is a cavity of the ____ bone
superciliary, nasal
The frontal sinuses lie medially behind the ________ arches and drain into the _____ cavities
head, humerus, glenoid cavity
The glenohumeral articulation is formed by the articulation of the ______ of the _____ and the ______ ______
hip/coxal
The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum forming the ____ joint
independent
The inferior nasal conchae are completely _______ of the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone
medulla oblongata
The inferior portion of the brain stem that connects to the spinal cord
patella
The kneecap
medial
The lacrimal bones help form the ______ border of the eye orbits
anterior or frontal
The largest of the fontanels
femur
The lateral and medial condoyle is a large roundlike protuberance of the ____
left lobe of the liver.
The left hepatic duct emerges from the...
fat, duodenum, hepatic ducts
The liver Produces bile salts that breakdown ____. These bile salts are sent to the _______ of the small intestines for the emulsification and absorption of fats by the right and left _____ _____
Urea, kidney or the sweat glands
The liver converts ammonia to ______ (which is harmless) that is then excreted by the_____ or the _____
accessory
The liver is an _____ organ of digestion
falciform ligament
The liver is divided into two principal lobes, a right lobe and a smaller left lobe, by the _____ _____
heparin, prothrombin, thrombin
The liver manufactures the anticoagulant _____ and most other plasma proteins, such as ______ and _______ which are involved in the clotting mechanism of blood
62
The lower extremities and pelvic girdle consist of ___ bones
pepsin
The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins by the enzyme_____
temporal, condylar, temporamandibular articulation (TMJ)
The mandibular fossa of the ______ bone articulates with the ______ process of the mandible (lower jaw) forming the_______
hematopoiesis
The manufacture of blood cells is known as
femur
The medial epicondyle is a projection above a condyle in the ____
foramen magnum
The medulla oblongata and the vertebral arteries pass through this opening
yellow
The medullary canal contains ____ bone marrow
diaphysis
The medullary canal is a hollow chamber located within the
oral, buccal cavity
The mouth also referred to as the ______ or ______ ___
sesamoid bones
The number of these bones varies in everyone
Atlas
The occipital condyle articulates with the _____, the first cervical vertebrae and allows you to nod your head up and down
extension of forearm
The olceran process and fossa unite with this body action
anus
The opening of the anal canal to the exterior of the body is called the_____
Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine
The organs of the gastrointestinal tract include(6)
serosa
The outermost (superficial) layer of the stomach
hard palate, nasal cavity, eye orbit
The palatine bone helps form the posterior portion of the ____ ____, a part of the floor and lateral wall of the ______ _______ and a very small portion of the ____ ____
heterocrine
The pancreas is a ______ gland
Hepato-pancreatic duct or ampulla of vater
The pancreatic duct and the common hepatic duct unit to form the...
pancreas.
The pancreatic duct emerges from the...
64
The pectoral girdle and the upper extremities are composed of ____ bones
vertebral column
The pectoral girdle does not articulate with the ______ _______
two hip bones called the coxal bones
The pelvic girdle consist of
blood vessels, nerves
The periosteum contains ____ _____ and _____
width, length
The periosteum contains bone forming cells that enables bones to grow in ___ but not ___
carotid canal, foramen
The petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the ______ _____ or ______, through which the internal carotid artery passes
sphenoid and occipital bones
The petrous portion of the temporal bone is located between the
cranium
The portion of the skull that encloses the brain
Spongy or compact
The region of bone may be categorized as
thoracic vertebrae
The ribs articulate with these vertebrae
common hepatic duct
The right and left hepatic duct unit to form the...
axial
The right and left pectoral girdle attach the bones of the upper extremity to the _____ skeleton
right lobe of the liver.
The right hepatic duct emerges from the...
fundus
The rounded portion of the stomach located above (superior) and to the left of the cardia
posterior, medial, pelvic girdle
The sacrum if is positioned at the ______ portion of the pelvic cavity, _____ to the two hip bones and serve as a strong foundation for the _____ _____
intramembrano
The simpler and more direct method of ossification
Fibrous membrane , hyaline cartilage
The skeleton of the human embryo is composed of either________ _______ or ______ ______.
pyloric sphincter, ileocecal valve
The small intestine is a gastrointestinal organ that originates at the _____ ______of the stomach and terminates at the _____ _____of the large intestine
Peyer's Patches
The small intestines also contain an aggregation (group) of lymph nodes, called ______ _____(Anatomy I), located along the entire length of the small intestine
channels, lighter
The spaces between bones provide ____ for blood vessels and make bones ____
inferiorly
The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae project _____
15,25
The stomach gently mixes food about every ___ to ___ seconds
inferior, parietal
The temporal bones lie _____ to the _____ bones
the condylar process of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
The temporomandibular joint if formed by
pubic symphysis
The two pubic portions (right and left) unite and join anteriorly to form the
short, thick
The various processes of the lumbar vertebrae are ____ and ____
lacteals
The villi contain_____, small ducts that convey chyme or chyli from the villi of small intestines to the thoracic duct so that these nutrients may enter the circulatory system to be transported to the trillions of cells in the body
process, bone, arch
The zygomatic ______ of the temporal bone articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic ____ forming the zygomatic ____
zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone
The zygomatic arch is formed by the
tongue
The______ is an accessory organ is the special organ for the sense of taste (called gustation or gustatory) via taste buds
14
There are __ phalanges in each foot
wormian or sutural bones
These bones are never included in the total number of bones as the number greatly varies with the individual
parotid glands
These salivary glands become infected with the mumps
tract
These secretions of enzymes are produced by cells along the____ and will break food down chemically
pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joints
These two hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the _______ and posteriorly with the sacrum at the ______
villi
They increase the absorption area for nutrients of the small intestines
axillary border
Thick lateral border of the scapula, located near the axilla
The portion of the lower limb between the hip and the knee
Thigh
Flat bones
Thin bones found wherever there is a need for extensive muscle attachment
Articular cartilage
Thin layer of hyaline cartilage cover the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation joint with another bone
vertebral border
Thin medial border of the scapula
endosteum
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity
squama or squamous portion
Thin vertical, flat portion of the temporal bone
hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum
This complete ring of bone made up of the 2 _____, _______ and the ____ forms a deep basin-like structure called the bony pelvis
olecran process
This inserts into the olecran fossa of the humerus when the forearm is extended or straightened
Gastrointestinal Tract
This is long continuous tube running through the ventral body cavity and extends from the mouth to the anus. These organs contain the food from the time it is ingested to the time it is eliminated as a solid mass
pyloric valve / sphincter
This valve or sphincter prevents the back flow of partially digested food-stuff and digestive juices from the duodenum to the stomach
A lymphatic vessel that begins as a dilation called the cisternachili, receives lymph form the left side of the head, neck and chest, the left arm and the entire body below the ribs, and empties into the left subclavian vein. Also called the left lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
12,12
Thoracic vertebrae number in adults and infants
the chest
Thorax
Duodenum (12in), Jejunum (8 ft), ileum (14 ft)
Three division of the small intestine in order and their lengths
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Three divisions of the pharynx
Amylase, protease, lipase
Three enzymes secreted by the pancreas
pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii
Three muscles that attach to the coracoid process
Manubrium, body or gladiolus, xiphoid or ensiform process
Three portions of the sternum
chief/zymogenic cells, parietal cells, mucous cells
Three types of stomach secreting cells
pharynx
Throat aka
pollex
Thumb aka
proximally
Tibia articulates _____ with the femur and fibula
distally
Tibia articulates _____ with the fibula and the talus bone of the ankle
2
Tibia number
anterior surface of the tibia
Tibial tuberosity location
palatine bones
To facial bones described as L-shaped
A large skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane located on the floor of the oral cavity
Tongue
assists chewing, lubricates and boluses food, forces bolus to back of mouth for swallowing
Tongue provides the following three functions
The portion of the large intestine extending across fro the abdomen from the right colic (hepatic) flexure of the left colic (splenic) flexure
Transverse colon
sacrum
Triangular bone formed by the union of the five sacral vertebrae of the infant
coccyx
Triangular in shape and formed by the fusion of the four coccygeal vertebrae
petrous portion of the temporal bone
Triangular in shape and located in the floor of the cranial cavity
ulna
Trochlea articulates with the ____
distal end of the humerus and medially to the capitulum
Trochlea location
half moon
Trochlear notch shape
The part of the body to which the upper and lower limbs are attached
Trunk
canal or meatus
Tube like opening or a tunnel coursing through a bone
blunt
Tubercles are usually
consisting of tubes and alveoli; as in a tubulo-alveolar salivary gland
Tubulo-alveolar
temporal bones
Two bones situated at the sides (lateral aspect of the cranium) and the base of the skull (cranial floor)
parietal bones
Two bones that form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity
Anterior/Frontal and Posterior/Occipital
Two main fontanels
Gastrointestinal tract and Accessory Organs
Two main groups of the digestive system
Hard outer shell/compact/dense and Inner spongy/porous/ called cancellous or spongy
Two main layers of bones
Depressions / openings and Processes that are projections / outgrowths
Two major types of surface markings
occipital condyle
Two oval shaped processes locate on either side of the foramen magnum
frontal eminences
Two rounded prominences located at the upper part of the forehead
Supraorbital Margins
Two things that appear where the frontal bones thickens above both of the eye sockets
superciliary arches
Two things that extend laterally from the glabella
Intramembrano us ossification and Endochondral Ossification
Two types of bone formation
Mechanical/physical and chemical digestion
Two types of digestion
greater and lesser trochanter of the femur
Two very large projections found only on the femur
inferior nasal conchae or turbinates
Two, thin, scroll shaped bones on the lateral walls of the nasal cavities
humerus, carpal/wrist, radius
Ulna articulates proximally with the ______ and distally with the _____ bones and is longer than the ____
2
Ulna number
The appendage attached at the shoulder girdle, consisting of the arm, forearm, wrist, hand and fingers. Also called upper extremity
Upper limb
supraorbital margins
Upper rim of the eye socket
flat bones
Usually curved and afford considerable protection for soft or vital parts of the body
any one of various membranous structures in a hollow organ or passage that temporarily closes to permit the flow of fluid in one direction only
Valve
A twisted, coiled tube attached to the cecum; a long, narrow, worm shaped tube connected to the cecum
Vermiform appendix
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Vertebrae from top to bottom
irregular
Vertebrae is considered an ______ bone
vertebral column
Vertebral border lies closer to the ______ _____
A cavity within the vertebral column formed by the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae and containing the spinal cord. Also called the spinal canal
Vertebral canal
The 26 vertebrae of an adult and the 33 vertebrae of a child; encloses and protects the spinal cord and serves as a point of attachment for the ribs and back muscles. Also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column
Vertebral column
spinal cord, head, ribs
Vertebral column encloses and protects the ____ ____, supports the _____ and serves as a point of attachment for the _____
26, 33 in infants
Vertebral column number
linear aspera
Vertical ridge located on the posterior surface of the diaphysis of the femur
trochanter
Very large projection found only on the femur
A small space or cavity at the beginning of the canal, especially the inner ear, larynx, mouth, nose and vagina
Vestibule
A projection of the intestinal mucosal cells containing connective tissue, blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel; functions in the absorption of the end products of digestion. Pleural is villi
Villus
The organs inside the ventral body cavity. Singular is viscus
Viscera
Pertaining to the organs or the covering of an organ; pertaining to viscera (internal organs enclosed within a cavity, especially the abdominal organs)
Visceral
4lbs
Weight of liver
maxillae and palatine bone
What two bones form the hard palate
common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
What two ducts join to form the common bile duct?
mucous membrane
What type of membrane covers the hard palate
ischium
What we sit on
bond matrix
When blood calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is stored in the ____ ____ of bones
glycogen and fat
When needed, the liver can then transform _____ and ____into glucose
right colic hepatic flexure
When the ascending colon reaches the inferior or undersurface of the liver, it turns to the left to form the...
left colic splenic flexure
When the transverse colon reaches the inferior end of the spleen on the left side, it turns and forms the...
rugae
When there is no food in the stomach, the mucosa lies in large muscular folds called____
manubrium
Where the clavicles and the first rib articulate
sternal angle or angle of Louis
Where the second rib articulates
sutural bones
Wormian aka
intramembranous ossification
Wormian bones form as a result of ________ _____
Sword-shaped. The inferior portion of the sternum is the xiphoid process
Xiphoid
sword
Xiphoid means
angle of the mandible
You can feel the submandibular glands medial to the ...
a thin projection from the temporal bone bounding its squamous portion; a part of the malar bone helping to form the zygoma
Zygomatic process
red
_____ bone marrow can be found in the large spongy spaces of spongy/cancellous bones
Teeth or dentes
_____ or _____ are accessory organs of the digestive system located in the alveolar sockets of the alveolar processes (the arch) of the mandible and maxillae
Pharynx or Throat
_____ or_____is a funnel shaped organ that is located posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and larynx
the aromial end, acromioclavicular articulation
______ is the thinner, flatter, and broader end of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion process of the scapula form the _________ _______
Navicular or scaphoid bone
_______is a singular bone and is located immediately anterior to the talus bone. Like the navicular in the wrist, it is also shaped like a boat
Amylase
______breaks down carbohydrates into glucose
Lipase
______breaks down fats into glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Protease
______breaks down proteins into amino acids
Phalanges
______make up the distal portion of the foot and resemble those in the hand both in number and arrangement
Bile
_____acts as an emulsifying agent
Calcaneus
_____is the heel bone. It is a singular bone and is located in the posterior part of the foot. It is the largest and strongest tarsal bone
a secretion of endocrine cells that alters the physiological activity of target cells in a body
hormone
either side of the nasal septum.
superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates) are located on