A&P 1: Chapter 8

The basic structure of the knee joint permits flexion and extension. True/False

True

The synovial membrane reabsorbs fluid and may help remove substances from an infected joint cavity. True/False

True

The type of synovial joint in which only rotation may occur is a pivot joint. True/False

True

Your friend trips and you lift your hand to help them up. In the process, you rotate your forearm so that your palm faces upward. This forearm movement is supination. True/False

True

The radial collateral ligament is associated with the shoulder joint. knee joint. hip joint. elbow joint.

elbow joint

Lining of joint cavity; secretes fluid

synovial membrane

The hip joint has less freedom of movement than the shoulder joint because the hip joint capsule is less elastic than the shoulder. the hip has less synovial fluid than the shoulder joint. the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder. the joint capsule of the hip is surrounded by muscles and the shoulder is not.

the articulating parts of the hip are closer together than those of the shoulder

If the synovial membrane could not secrete synovial fluid, the onset of arthritis would be slowed because synovial fluid generates friction within the joint capsule. new cartilage would not be generated because synovial fluid is a stimulant for cartilage production. blood would not directly flow into the joint capsule to nourish cartilage. the cartilage contained within the capsule would not receive nutrients from synovial membrane blood vessels.

the cartilage contained within the capsule would not receive nutrients from synovial membrane blood vessels

Synarthrotic joints are

immoveable

Which of the following correctly pairs a term with its definition? Extension—bending the leg at the knee to bring the heel closer to the buttocks Adduction—moving the arm forward so its is in front of the body Flexion—bringing the arm from overhead back down to the side of the body Abduction—lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground

Abduction-lifting the arm out to the side of the body so that it is parallel to the ground

Suppose all synarthrotic joints were fused in an individual. Which of the following would be true of this individual? The person would not be able to flex their fingers and grasp objects. The person would not be able to bend forward because their vertebral column would be fused. Head-turning would be impossible because the atlas and axis would be fused. Braces would not work to straighten the person's teeth because their teeth would not move.

Braces would not work to straighten the person's teeth because their teeth would not move.

Ossification typically completes after age 40. True/False

False

The pubic symphysis is a fibrous joint. True/False

False

A person works an office job that requires them to be in a sitting position for 10 hours a day. They go home and sit until they go to bed. This person never exercises and rarely gets up to move around after being seated. Their joints begin to constantly feel stiff and painful. On a physiological level, what has happened to cause these symptoms? Disuse of the joint causes ossification of the fibrocartilage, creating arthritic joints. Being stuck in the same position for long periods of time causes the ligaments to physically decay, stiffening the joints. Lack of movement hinders blood from moving through the vessels of the synovial membrane, which starves the ligaments of nutrients and causes them to lose elasticity. Lack of movement drives the synovial membranes to stop producing synovial fluid, which then causes friction to generate upon movement of the joints.

Lack of movement hinders blood from moving through the vessels of the synovial membrane, which starves the ligaments of nutrients and causes them to lose elasticity.

Which of the following best describes the causes of common forms of arthritis? Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are autoimmune diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are caused by effects of aging. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by effects of aging and osteoarthritis is an autoimmune disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease and osteoarthritis is caused by effects of aging

The presence of a joint capsule is associated with what type of joint? Cartilaginous Synovial Fibrous

Synovial

In craniosynostosis, the bones of the skull fuse together at the sutures prematurely, causing the brain to grow abnormally. Why would this cause abnormal brain growth? Because the sutures contain ligaments, blows to the skull can be absorbed by plate movement. Removal of the sutures will cause any slight blow to damage the brain. The sutures are synarthrotic and do not move, only allowing expansion from within as the brain grows to fill the brain case. Fusion at the sutures will prevent this expansion. Sutures are large gaps between bones that are filled with synovial fluid. This synovial fluid allows for the brain to expand into the spaces. Ossification of the sutures would prevent the expansion of the brain. The sutures are amphiarthrotic and slightly move during brain growth, so the plates of the skull can easily move to suit any direction of brain growth. Fusion at the sutures will prevent this free movement.

The sutures are amphiarthrotic and slightly move during brain growth, so the plates of the skull can easily move to suit any direction of brain growth. Fusion at the sutures will prevent this free movement.

Which of the following is an example of a fibrous joint? The knee joint The sutures in the skull The intervertebral discs in the vertebral column The shoulder joint

The sutures in the skull

A professional wrestler ends a match early due to severe pain and loss of function in their lower arm and hand. Upon examination by a doctor, a major tear is discovered in one of the ligaments of the elbow. Which of the following could be the torn ligament? The coracohumeral ligament The ulnar collateral ligament The transverse humeral ligament The oblique popliteal ligament

The ulnar collateral ligament

A meniscus cushions articulating surfaces of bones. True/False

True

A saddle joint forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both convex and concave regions. True/False

True

In a push-up, the elbow joint flexes as the person lowers. True/False

True

Doing jumping jacks requires that you alternate __________ and __________ your lower extremities. abducting; adducting rotating; circumducting pronating; supinating flexing; extending

abducting; adducting

Protective layer that covers bone ends

articular cartilage

Name the area highlighted in this photo of the knee joint. Articular surface of tibia Articular surface of fibula Articular surface of femur Articular surface of patella

articular surface of femur

Joints are also called affectations. articulations. affiliations. annotations.

articulations

fluid-filled sacs

bursae

The outer covering of a joint capsule is comprised of ___________ , and the inner lining is comprised of _____________. dense connective tissue fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue; loose connective tissue

Displacement of a joint is called sprain. bursitis. dislocation. arthritis.

dislocation

A suture is an example of a fibrous joint. synovial joint. cartilaginous joint. plane joint.

fibrous joint

What type of joint is comprised mainly of Dense connective tissue? Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

fibrous joints

When you sit in a chair with your feet on the floor, you have to __________ your hips and __________ your knees. extend; extend flex; extend flex; flex extend; flex

flex; flex

The shoulder joint is a synovial joint that allows for different types of movement. Select all the movement types the shoulder joint allows. Flexion and extension Inversion and eversion Abduction and adduction Sliding or twisting Supination and pronation Medial and lateral rotation Protraction and retraction

flexion and extension abduction and adduction medial and lateral rotation

Diarthrotic joints are

freely moveable

Bones of a synovial joint are held together by a synovial membrane. articular cartilage. a meniscus. a joint capsule.

joint capsule

Activity and exercise keep joints functional longer. hasten osteoarthritis. make joints more vulnerable to injury. increase joint stiffness.

keep joints functional longer

The largest and most complex synovial joint is the knee joint. elbow joint. shoulder joint. hip joint.

knee joint

Name the highlighted structure shown in this anterior view of the knee joint. Fibular collateral ligament Tibial collateral ligament Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus

lateral meniscus

While standing, twisting your lower limb at the hip so that your toes point off to the side is called _______ rotation. Twisting your lower limb at the hip so that your toes point toward your other foot is called _______ rotation. lateral; medial medial; lateral

lateral; medial

Describe the location of synovial membranes. Lining joint capsules Connecting the flat bones of the skull Covering the ends of long bones Forming the outer layer of joint capsules

lining joint capsules

fibrocartilage discs within joints

menisci

A muscle end attached to a less movable or relatively fixed part is called the origin. insertion. articulation. symphysis.

origin

What type of synovial joint involves a cylindrical shape for one bone end that rotates in a ring formed by another bone and a ligament? Pivot (trochoid) joint Hinge joint Plane joint Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint Saddle (sellar) joint

pivot (trochoid) joint

What type of synovial joint involves two flat (or nearly flat) bone surfaces? Plane joint Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint Hinge joint Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint Saddle (sellar) joint Pivot (trochoid) joint

plane joint

Movement that brings the foot farther from the shin is a rotation. dorsiflexion. hyperextension. plantar flexion.

plantar flexion

Movement of a body part backward along the transverse plane is called __________ . retraction supination protraction pronation

retraction

What type of synovial joint involves two bone ends that each have both concave and convex regions? Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint Plane joint Hinge joint Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint Pivot (trochoid) joint Saddle (sellar) joint

saddle (sellar) joint

An athlete, after years of pitching, requires surgery to repair his glenohumeral ligaments. Which joint has been injured? Shoulder Knee Hip Elbow

shoulder

Amphiarthrotic joints are

slightly moveable

Articular cartilage receives oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels in underlying spongy bone. surrounding synovial fluid. a direct blood supply. chondrocytes.

surrounding synovial fluid

A fibrous joint in which an interosseous ligament binds bones is a synchonrosis. syndesmosis. gomphosis. symphysis.

syndesmosis