A&P 1 Lab Exercise 1: Introduction to the Human Body

frontal plane (coronal plane)

Separates the body into anterior and posterior portions

Which plane divides the body into unequal right and left halves?

parasagittal (B)

Consider standard anatomical position and choose the anatomical plane that best fits. Amputating an arm at the shoulder?

parasagittal plane

This serous membrane attaches the heart to the body cavity.

parietal pericardium

This term pertains to the anterior surface of the knee.

patellar

Which term pertains to the trunk below the abdomen?

pelvic

What is/are the sensory receptor(s) that detect blood pressure?

Barorecepters in blood vessels

What is the control center that governs blood pressure?

Brain

The testes belong to these two organ systems.

endocrine and reproductive

midsgittal plane

Divides the body into equal left and right portions

transverse plane (horizontal plane)

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

parasagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right portions

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Brain

Dorsal/ Cranial

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Spinal cord

Dorsal/ Vertebral

Which of the following systems uses hormones to control cell function and helps control homeostasis?

Endocrine

Why is homeostatic regulation important to humans?

Homeostasis is necessary to maintain a normal lifestyle. Since it is dynamic, it adjusts conditions in the body to be maintained within the narrow parameters. Our body responds in order to restore balance of the internal environment.

Research the physiological consequences of having high blood pressure (hypertension) and low blood pressure (hypotension). Write a brief summary of your findings in the space that follows.

Hypertension can lead to severe health complications and increase risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure and aneurysm. Severe hypotension can deprive the brain and other vital organs of oxygen and nutrients and can indicate serious heart, endocrine and neurological disorders.

What would indicate the failure of the body to maintain homeostasis?

Illness and fatality can occur if you cannot support or if your lifestyle interferes with the body's ability to maintain homeostasis. A disorder of a structure or the structure's function can impair your body's ability to maintain controlled conditions. A disease can affect the body locally or systematically. Diseases can alter the body's structures and functions.

Which organ system(s) would fight off a cold or flu?

Immune

Which organ system(s) would be affected by an allergic rash?

Integumentary

The spleen is part of this organ system.

Lymphatic system

This system causes the movement of bones.

Muscular system

oblique plane/section

Separates the body at an angle

Which organ system(s) is responsible for communication between sensory receptors and control centers?

Nervous

Which system controls muscles and glands by electrical impulses and helps control homeostasis?

Nervous

Which organ system(s) maintains homeostasis?

Nervous and Endocrine

Would a mid-sagittal plane be helpful in locating a lesion in the lung? Explain?

No, a mid-sagittal plane would go directly through the heart and each lung would be intact on the left and right portions.

This system provides the framework for the body and protects body organs.

Skeletal system

What is/are the effector(s) that alter blood pressure?

Smooth muscle in blood vessels and the heart

What is the effector (during childbirth)?

Smooth muscles in uterus

What is the control center(s) (during childbirth)?

The brain

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Heart

Ventral/ Thoracic/ Mediastinum/ Pericardial

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Lungs

Ventral/ Thoracic/ Pleura

T/F: "Olecranal" pertains to the posterior surface of the elbow.

True

T/F: Hair is part of the integumentary system.

True

T/F: The nervous system includes the spinal cord.

True

T/F: The term "axilla" (noun) refers to the armpit area.

True

T/F: The term "digital" pertains to the fingers and toes.

True

T/F: The visceral peritoneum covers the surface of abdominal organs.

True

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Kidneys

Ventral/ Abdominopelvic/ Abdominal

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Stomach

Ventral/ Abdominopelvic/ Abdominal

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Ovaries

Ventral/ Abdominopelvic/ Pelvic

List the body cavities in order from large (general) to small (specific) for the organ: Urinary bladder

Ventral/ Abdominopelvic/ Pelvic

Blood is often drawn from the front of the elbow or the _______ marking.

antecubital

Which term pertains to the anterior surface of the elbow region?

antecubital

Identify the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is _____ to the heart.

anterior

This term refers to the arm (noun).

brachial

This term pertains to the cheek.

buccal

proximal

closer to the point of origin

If the heart rate decreases, blood pressure would increase or decrease?

decrease

What physically separates the area labelled C from the area labeled D?

diaphragm

Hormonal or electrical signals are sent from the control center to the ______________________.

effectors

This is the area between the hip and knee.

femoral

If the heart rate increases, blood pressure would increase or decrease?

increase

In the diagram, the femoral area is _____ to the cervical area?

inferior

The right humerus and the right radius are ________.

ipsilateral

The ears are ____________ to the nose.

lateral

prone

laying face down

Choose the correct abdominopelvic region(s) of the following organ: Spleen

left hypochondriac region

Choose the correct abdominopelvic region(s) of the following organ: Stomach

left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical and left lumbar regions

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Stomach

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Descending colon

left upper quadrant (LUQ) and left lower quadrant (LLQ)

The heart is ________ to the lungs.

medial

Which term pertains to the nose?

nasal

What type of feedback is used to maintain body temperature?

negative feedback system

What type of feedback system maintains blood pressure?

negative feedback system

The two organ systems that predominantly regulate and maintain homeostasis are ______________ and _______________.

nervous and endocrine

Consider standard anatomical position and choose the anatomical plane that best fits. Amputating the thumb only?

oblique plane

This term pertains to the inferior back of the head.

occipital

contralateral

on opposite sides

Which term pertains to the mouth?

oral

This term pertains to the ear.

otic

Which term pertains to the palm of the hand?

palmar

Blood clotting begins when a platelet (thrombocyte) comes into contact with damage to the inner lining of a blood vessel. This activates the platelet which releases chemicals that activate nearby platelets causing a cascade reaction until the blood clot is formed. What type of feedback system is involved in blood clotting?

positive feedback system

What type of feedback system is involved in childbirth?

positive feedback system

The humerus is ________ to the radius.

proximal

Which term pertains to the genital area?

pubic

A component that detects decreasing oxygen concentrations in blood.

receptor

Choose the correct abdominopelvic region(s) of the following organ: Left lobe of liver

right hypochondriac and epigastric regions

Choose the correct abdominopelvic region(s) of the following organ: Right lobe of liver

right hypochondriac region

Choose the correct abdominopelvic region(s) of the following organ: Ascending colon

right hypochondriac, right lumbar and right inguinal regions

Choose the correct abdominopelvic region(s) of the following organ: Appendix

right inguinal and/or hypogastric regions

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Appendix

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Urinary bladder

right lower quadrant (RLQ) and left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Gall bladder

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Right lobe of liver

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Left lobe of liver

right upper quadrant (RUQ) and left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Transverse colon

right upper quadrant (RUQ) and left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Which quadrant and region does the liver predominantly occupy?

right upper quadrant (RUQ) and right hypochondriac region

Choose the correct abdominopelvic quadrant(s) of the following organ: Ascending colon

right upper quadrant (RUQ) and right lower quadrant (RLQ)

Is blood pressure considered a sign or a symptom?

sign

When giving birth, stretch receptors in the cervix signal the brain. The brain secretes oxytocin which acts on the smooth muscles of the uterus to cause contractions. These contractions push the head of the baby further into the cervix, increases the diameter of the cervix. What is the sensory receptor(s)?

stretch receptors

The clavicle is ________ to the ribs.

superior

The knee is ___________ to the foot.

superior

Which term pertains to the calf?

sural

anterior

towards the front

lateral

towards the side

superior

towards the top

Consider standard anatomical position and choose the anatomical plane that best fits. Amputating an arm at the elbow would involve sectioning the body along what anatomical plane?

transverse plane

Put the cavities in order from broadest to most specific in which the urinary bladder is located

ventral, abdominopelvic, pelvic, parietal peritoneal, visceral peritoneal

This serous membrane covers the surface of the lungs.

visceral pleura

In a healthy patient, blood pressure is 120/80mmHG. Baroreceptors in large blood vessels detect changes in blood pressure by measuring the amount of stretch occuring in the blood vessel. The greater the stretch, the more nerve impulses (action potentials) are sent to the brain. Less stretch results in fewer nerve impulses to the brain. The brain interprets the nerve impulses sent by the baroreceptors and responds by sending nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels. The heart rate will speed up or slow down. Blood vessels will either constrict or dilate.

~ 120/80 mmHG