A&P 1551: Test 2 Review-College of Dupage

Two types of bone formation:

Intramembranous and endochondral ossification

Bones extracellular matrix is comprised of:

25 water, 25 collagen fibers, 50 crystallized mineral salts

Melanocytes:

Activated by UV light which produces more pigment

Bone Deposition:

Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone byb osteoblasts

Lacunae:

Are the small spaces between the Lamellae which contain osteocytes

Metaphyses:

Area between epiphysis and diaphysis where the epiphyseal line and plate are found

Development of primary ossification center:

Area in center of cartilage begins to ossify; bone tissue starts to replace cartilage

Osteoblast cells:

Bone building cells that get caught in their own extracellular matrix, then becoming Osteocytes

Calcification:

Calcium and minerals deposited in matrix harden

Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation:

Cells produce collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of bones

Another name for Haversian canals:

Central canals

Haversian / Central canals:

Connects with vessels and nerves of the Volkmann's canals

Lunula:

Crescent shape at proximal end of nail

Bone Remodeling:

Dead portions of once fractured bone are broken down by osteoclasts; compact bone replaces spongy bone around fracture

Nail Matrix:

Deep to nail root; cells divide there to produce new nail cells

Stratum Basale:

Deepest layer of epidermis

Periosteum:

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the diaphysis

Osteoblasts:

Deposit bone matrix on top of the cartilage; cartilage is digested away leaving bone tissue

Endochondral ossification:

Dev & growth of cartilage model, Primary ossification center, medullary cavity, secondary ossification center, articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate

Two types of sudoriferous glands:

Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands

Epiphyses:

End of long bone

Blood Reservoir:

Extensive network of blood vessels in skin

Stratum Lucidum:

Extra layer found only in fingertips, palms, soles

Osteoclasts:

Formed from monocytes, a form of white blood cell, and break down extracellular matrix

Cutaneous sensations:

Function of the skin

Protection:

Function of the skin

Formation of Trabeculae:

Fuses w/each other to create spongy bone; blood vessels will grow in spaces and red bone marrow will develope

Two stages of hair growth:

Growth and resting

Articular cartilage:

Hyaline cartilage that covers both ends of the epiphyses

Papilla of the hair:

Indentation in the hair bulb: blood vessels in papilla nourish the hair

Reticular region:

Inferior portion of the dermis; made of dense irregular tissue; provides skin with strenght

Four types of cells:

Kertinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel

Cuticle:

Layer of stratum corneum

Intramembranous ossification:

Ossification center, calcification, trabeculae, periosteum

Subcutaneous layer:

Made up of areolar and adipose tissue

Osteocyte cells:

Mature bone cells that maintain exchanges of waste and nutrients

3 rings in hair

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

Dermis:

Middle part of skin; mostly connective tissue

Growth of cartilage model:

Model grows in length and thickness; some cartilage begins to calcify

Ceruminous glands:

Modified sweat glands of external ear; produces wax for protection

StratumCorneum:

Most superficial layer; 25-30 layers thick

Volkmann's / Perforating canals:

Nerves and vessles penetrate compact bone through these canals

Development of Secondary Ossification Center

Occurs in the epiphyses; osteoblasts lay new bone and matrix, some of which will be digested away

Sebaceous glands:

Oil-sebum prevents drying out of skin; prevents water evaporation

Development of Medullary Cavity:

Osteoclasts come along and break down some of newly formed bone to form cavity

Four types of cells present in bone tissue:

Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts

Another name for Volkmann's canals:

Perforating canals

Development of Periosteium:

Periosteum develops at more superficial layers of bone

Root:

Portion of hair below skin

Shaft:

Portion of hair you can see

Nail root:

Portion of nail under skin

Eccrine glands:

Present on majority of body; found in axillary and groin area; puberty

Canaliculi:

Radiate in all directions from the lacunae within extracellular matrix

Apocrine sweat glands:

Releases lipids and proteins; bacteria feed off proteins an multiply

Osteons / Haversian systems:

Repeating structural units of compact bone tissue

Concentric Lamellae:

Rings of calcified extracellular matrix that surround central canals

3 types of skin glands:

Sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous

Diaphysis:

Shaft of bone

Arrector Pili Muscle:

Smooth muscle that contracts to make hair follicle stand on end

Medullary Cavity:

Space inside diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow

Bony callus formation:

Spongy bone will begin to form

Hair Follicle:

Structure that surrounds root of hair

Papillary region:

Superior part of dermis; made mostly of areolar tissue with elastic fibers

Stratum Spinosum:

Superior to the basale layer; 8-10 layers of skin cells; provides strenght & flexibility to epidermis

Stratum Granulosum:

Superior to the spinosum layer; 3-5 layers were cells start to undergo cell death

Sudoriferous glands:

Sweat glands

Bulb:

The base; houses papilla

Formation of Fracture Hematoma:

Tissue around injury site will die; blood leakage from injured blood vessels will form clot

Osteogenic cells:

Unspecialized stem cells that undergo cell division which produces Osteoblasts

Nail body:

Visible portion of nail

Two functions of sudoriferous glands:

Waste removal and regulation of body temperature

Bone Remodeling:

Where bone continually renews itself by resorption and deposition

Matrix:

Where new hair cells are born

Thermoregulation Low body temperature:

blood vessels constrict, production of sweat decreases, heat retained

Thermoregulation High body temperature:

blood vessels dilate, blood rushes to ares; heat escapes through skin

Growth in thickness:

by production of new lamellae

Growth in length:

happens at epiphyseal plate due to cartilage being replaced by bone

Endosteum:

lines inside of medullary cavity

Melanin:

pigment produced by melanocytes

Bone resorption:

removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts