A&P 1551: Test 2 Review-College of Dupage
Two types of bone formation:
Intramembranous and endochondral ossification
Bones extracellular matrix is comprised of:
25 water, 25 collagen fibers, 50 crystallized mineral salts
Melanocytes:
Activated by UV light which produces more pigment
Bone Deposition:
Addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone byb osteoblasts
Lacunae:
Are the small spaces between the Lamellae which contain osteocytes
Metaphyses:
Area between epiphysis and diaphysis where the epiphyseal line and plate are found
Development of primary ossification center:
Area in center of cartilage begins to ossify; bone tissue starts to replace cartilage
Osteoblast cells:
Bone building cells that get caught in their own extracellular matrix, then becoming Osteocytes
Calcification:
Calcium and minerals deposited in matrix harden
Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation:
Cells produce collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of bones
Another name for Haversian canals:
Central canals
Haversian / Central canals:
Connects with vessels and nerves of the Volkmann's canals
Lunula:
Crescent shape at proximal end of nail
Bone Remodeling:
Dead portions of once fractured bone are broken down by osteoclasts; compact bone replaces spongy bone around fracture
Nail Matrix:
Deep to nail root; cells divide there to produce new nail cells
Stratum Basale:
Deepest layer of epidermis
Periosteum:
Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the diaphysis
Osteoblasts:
Deposit bone matrix on top of the cartilage; cartilage is digested away leaving bone tissue
Endochondral ossification:
Dev & growth of cartilage model, Primary ossification center, medullary cavity, secondary ossification center, articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate
Two types of sudoriferous glands:
Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
Epiphyses:
End of long bone
Blood Reservoir:
Extensive network of blood vessels in skin
Stratum Lucidum:
Extra layer found only in fingertips, palms, soles
Osteoclasts:
Formed from monocytes, a form of white blood cell, and break down extracellular matrix
Cutaneous sensations:
Function of the skin
Protection:
Function of the skin
Formation of Trabeculae:
Fuses w/each other to create spongy bone; blood vessels will grow in spaces and red bone marrow will develope
Two stages of hair growth:
Growth and resting
Articular cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage that covers both ends of the epiphyses
Papilla of the hair:
Indentation in the hair bulb: blood vessels in papilla nourish the hair
Reticular region:
Inferior portion of the dermis; made of dense irregular tissue; provides skin with strenght
Four types of cells:
Kertinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel
Cuticle:
Layer of stratum corneum
Intramembranous ossification:
Ossification center, calcification, trabeculae, periosteum
Subcutaneous layer:
Made up of areolar and adipose tissue
Osteocyte cells:
Mature bone cells that maintain exchanges of waste and nutrients
3 rings in hair
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
Dermis:
Middle part of skin; mostly connective tissue
Growth of cartilage model:
Model grows in length and thickness; some cartilage begins to calcify
Ceruminous glands:
Modified sweat glands of external ear; produces wax for protection
StratumCorneum:
Most superficial layer; 25-30 layers thick
Volkmann's / Perforating canals:
Nerves and vessles penetrate compact bone through these canals
Development of Secondary Ossification Center
Occurs in the epiphyses; osteoblasts lay new bone and matrix, some of which will be digested away
Sebaceous glands:
Oil-sebum prevents drying out of skin; prevents water evaporation
Development of Medullary Cavity:
Osteoclasts come along and break down some of newly formed bone to form cavity
Four types of cells present in bone tissue:
Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts
Another name for Volkmann's canals:
Perforating canals
Development of Periosteium:
Periosteum develops at more superficial layers of bone
Root:
Portion of hair below skin
Shaft:
Portion of hair you can see
Nail root:
Portion of nail under skin
Eccrine glands:
Present on majority of body; found in axillary and groin area; puberty
Canaliculi:
Radiate in all directions from the lacunae within extracellular matrix
Apocrine sweat glands:
Releases lipids and proteins; bacteria feed off proteins an multiply
Osteons / Haversian systems:
Repeating structural units of compact bone tissue
Concentric Lamellae:
Rings of calcified extracellular matrix that surround central canals
3 types of skin glands:
Sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous
Diaphysis:
Shaft of bone
Arrector Pili Muscle:
Smooth muscle that contracts to make hair follicle stand on end
Medullary Cavity:
Space inside diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow
Bony callus formation:
Spongy bone will begin to form
Hair Follicle:
Structure that surrounds root of hair
Papillary region:
Superior part of dermis; made mostly of areolar tissue with elastic fibers
Stratum Spinosum:
Superior to the basale layer; 8-10 layers of skin cells; provides strenght & flexibility to epidermis
Stratum Granulosum:
Superior to the spinosum layer; 3-5 layers were cells start to undergo cell death
Sudoriferous glands:
Sweat glands
Bulb:
The base; houses papilla
Formation of Fracture Hematoma:
Tissue around injury site will die; blood leakage from injured blood vessels will form clot
Osteogenic cells:
Unspecialized stem cells that undergo cell division which produces Osteoblasts
Nail body:
Visible portion of nail
Two functions of sudoriferous glands:
Waste removal and regulation of body temperature
Bone Remodeling:
Where bone continually renews itself by resorption and deposition
Matrix:
Where new hair cells are born
Thermoregulation Low body temperature:
blood vessels constrict, production of sweat decreases, heat retained
Thermoregulation High body temperature:
blood vessels dilate, blood rushes to ares; heat escapes through skin
Growth in thickness:
by production of new lamellae
Growth in length:
happens at epiphyseal plate due to cartilage being replaced by bone
Endosteum:
lines inside of medullary cavity
Melanin:
pigment produced by melanocytes
Bone resorption:
removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
