A&P 2 - Exam 2

life span of erythrocytes

120 days

Plasma makes up ___% of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

When trying to diagnose infection that alters the percentages of leukocytes types found in the blood it is useful for clinicians to perform

A white blood cell differential count

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

A, B, E

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

A, B, E

Which statement best describes arteries

All carry blood away from the heart.

Typically, fluid filters out of the ___ end of a capillary

Arterial

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

B, C, E

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

B, C, F

Choose the one answer that best describes what normally happens in a capillary bed

Blood colloid osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

The only pressure component in a capillary bed that changes from the arterial to the Venus and is

Blood hydrostatic pressure

The only pressure components in a capillary bed that changes from the arterial end to the Venus and is

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Which pressure is the only want to change significantly between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Choose the one answer that best describes what normally happens in a capillary bed

Blood hydrostatic pressure drops as blood moves away from the arterial end to the Venus end of the capillary bed

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attached to

Both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the direct primary function of

Capillaries

Which is the correct sequence of veins carry blood from the capillaries back to the heart

Capillaries, post capillary venules, muscular venules, medium veins, heart

Which blood vessel type contains endothelial layer

Capillaries, resistance arteries, and large veins

Which of the following is an example of a molecule that is normally reabsorbed why capillaries in systemic tissues (example skeletal muscle) during the process of exchange

Carbon dioxide

The primary force driving reabsorption is

Colloid osmotic pressure

The formation of a web like polymer of fiber and occurs late in the ____ pathway

Common

Which capillary type is most common in the body

Continuous

In the brain fluid that filters are capillaries is tightly regulated to prevent pathogens and toxic materials from damaging nervous tissue what class of capillaries would you expect to find in the brain

Continuous capillaries

Which type of capillary exhibits tight junctions making these vessels the least porous

Continuous capillaries

Which is going to result in significant agglutination

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole which of the following statements best describes the structure of the aorta that allows this function

Elastic fibers are extensive to help dampen the pressure generated by the heart

Which of the following statements about erythrocyte structure is correct

Erythrocytes lack most organelles including mitochondria

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

The primary force driving filtration is

Hydrostatic pressure

If a patient is administered injection of Erythroprotein you would expect to see

Increase red blood cell count

Which of the following would lead to an increase in blood flow

Increase the vessel radius

Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arterial end of the capillary bed

Increasing plasma protein concentration

Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the Venus end of the capillary bed

Increasing the concentration of large proteins in the nearby interstitial fluid

In order to allow for the transport of gasses, oxygen will bind to the ____ of hemoglobin, while carbon dioxide will bind to the ____.

Iron, globin

The velocity of blood is slow and pressure is low in capillary beds which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow flow and low pressure in capillary beds

Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure and the venous circulation to aid and blood flow

Which cell types include B cells T cells and natural killer cells

Lymphocytes

Which cells are functional units of the immune system?

Lymphocytes

Which of the following is not a structural characteristic that contributes to the gas transport function of erythrocytes

Mitotically active

In hematopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _____ line.

Myeloid

Why do fluids leave the capillaries at the arterial end

Net hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic pressure the net filtration pressure of the blood is higher at the arterial end than it is at the venous end.

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (all leukocytes except lymphocytes/NK cells)

The "Buffy coat "in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

Platelets and leukocytes

______ are single smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow to a capillary bed by either relaxing to allow perfusion or contracting to force blood to bypass the capillary bed

Precapillary sphincters

Under normal circumstances which of the following is the most important components of resistance to blood flow

Radius of the vessels

Where in the body are hematopoetic stem cells found

Red bone marrow

The highest pressure exerted on the arterial walls during cardiac cycle is

Systolic blood pressure

What is hydrostatic pressure

The FORCE EXERTED ON THE CAPILLARY WALLS by the volume of fluid within the intravascular space.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

What is oncotic pressure

The difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and that of the tissue fluid

Which characteristic distinguishes the lymphatic capillaries from the blood capillaries

The lymphatic vessels are closed ended

What is net filtration pressure?

The net force favoring filtration of fluid from vocabulary or venueual when all pressure forces of the blood and tissue fluids are taken into accounts

What is colloid osmotic pressure?

The portion of osmotic pressure that is due to the presence of large materials that cannot pass through capillary walls

What is capillary exchange

The two way exchange of materials between the circulating blood and surrounding tissues

Choose the mechanism to aid lymph movement that is different than venous blood movement:

The use of valves

The process that specifically leads to the production of platelets is

Thrombopoiesis

The term "primary lymphoid structure" applies

To Red bone marrow and thymus

Which blood vessel layer is most important for capillaries

Tunica interna

Choose the blood vessel layer that plays an active role in regulating blood pressure

Tunica media

Choose the best answer the best describes the role that valves play in Venus blood flow

Valves prevent backflow of blood so that blood only moves towards the heart

Which of the following is the first response to damage to a blood vessel as a part of hemostasis

Vascular spasm

Choose the correct order of steps that are carried out to seal brakes and vessels and stop bleeding via homeostasis

Vascular spasm then platelet plug formation then coagulation

Fluid will renter circulation via reabsorption at the _____ end

Venous

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood a. Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b. Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c. Always has Rh (D) antigen d. only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e. Is inherited independent of the ABO group

b & e

Which cells aid in the body's defense processes by secreting histamine and heparin?

basophils

The first phase of hemostasis involves

blood vessel constriction

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

c, a, e, b, d, f

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

changes in arterial pressure

During platelet plug formation platelets begin to stick to

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease

If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to EXCEPT one. Select the LEAST likely response to substantial blood loss.

decreased heart rate

A reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by

decreasing blood colloid osmotic pressure

The main function of leukocytes is

defend against pathogens

mean arterial pressure

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

The viscosity of blood is due more to the presence of __________ than to any other factor.

erythrocytes

Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis

fibrinolysis

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

four

The percentage of volume of red blood cells is called the _______________.

hematocrit

Which of the following is not normally found in plasma

hemoglobin

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation?

increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart

Leukocytes are the ___ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have _____.

largest, prominent nuclei

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the:

liver and spleen

Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?

loss of blood clotting

T lymphocytes are category of

lymphocytes

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence of the tissues as a macrophage is a

monocyte

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________.

monocytes and lymphocytes

Lymphatic capillaries are

more permeable than blood capillaries

In hemopoiesis granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the_____ line

myeloid

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

neutrophil

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

platelet repellant

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are:

proplatelets

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow.

sinusoid capillaries

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

_____ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.

thrombopoietin

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

thymus gland

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system

transporting respiratory gases

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.

urinary output